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Author: Katherine Loraine Pitts Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Clouds continue to be a large source of uncertainty within global climate models. While satellites provide the only global datasets for comparison with these models, satellite retrievals provide inferences of cloud properties, rather than direct measurements. Therefore, comparisons between climate model simulations and satellite retrievals require careful construction of globally-gridded and time-averaged (Level 3) satellite datasets. For some types of comparisons, existing Level 3 datasets may not be sufficient, necessitating the generation of gridded datasets directly from Level 2 products. The current study uses a filtering and gridding algorithm to create a customized globally-gridded (i.e., Level 3) dataset based on Aqua MODIS Level 2 cloud top pressure and cloud optical property retrievals. With the recent release of MODIS Collection 6, we utilize this algorithm to examine the differences between cloud parameters in the MODIS Collection 5 and Collection 6 datasets, and then compare these satellite measurements to the GISS-E2-H model-simulated cloud parameters that were provided for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project - Phase 5 (CMIP5). This comparison study focuses on the vertical distribution of cloud liquid water and ice, especially in the mid-troposphere where mixed-phase clouds are most likely to occur. Results show that the cloud retrieval algorithm improvements with MODIS Collection 6 lead to an overall decrease in uncertainty in cloud water path retrievals, as well as a change in the vertical distribution of clouds (high clouds higher, low clouds lower) and the resulting vertical distribution of cloud water path (increased mid-level cloud water path). When MODIS Collection 6 data are compared with GISS-E2-H climate model simulations, it is clear that the model greatly overestimates ice water path within a double ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone) in the high cloud height regime, but underestimates ice water path in higher latitudes. The model also overestimates low level liquid water path over land, especially over mountainous regions. The filtering and gridding algorithm used in this study is a convenient tool for building custom gridded datasets to address research questions that the official Level 3 datasets were not designed for. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/155013
Author: Katherine Loraine Pitts Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Clouds continue to be a large source of uncertainty within global climate models. While satellites provide the only global datasets for comparison with these models, satellite retrievals provide inferences of cloud properties, rather than direct measurements. Therefore, comparisons between climate model simulations and satellite retrievals require careful construction of globally-gridded and time-averaged (Level 3) satellite datasets. For some types of comparisons, existing Level 3 datasets may not be sufficient, necessitating the generation of gridded datasets directly from Level 2 products. The current study uses a filtering and gridding algorithm to create a customized globally-gridded (i.e., Level 3) dataset based on Aqua MODIS Level 2 cloud top pressure and cloud optical property retrievals. With the recent release of MODIS Collection 6, we utilize this algorithm to examine the differences between cloud parameters in the MODIS Collection 5 and Collection 6 datasets, and then compare these satellite measurements to the GISS-E2-H model-simulated cloud parameters that were provided for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project - Phase 5 (CMIP5). This comparison study focuses on the vertical distribution of cloud liquid water and ice, especially in the mid-troposphere where mixed-phase clouds are most likely to occur. Results show that the cloud retrieval algorithm improvements with MODIS Collection 6 lead to an overall decrease in uncertainty in cloud water path retrievals, as well as a change in the vertical distribution of clouds (high clouds higher, low clouds lower) and the resulting vertical distribution of cloud water path (increased mid-level cloud water path). When MODIS Collection 6 data are compared with GISS-E2-H climate model simulations, it is clear that the model greatly overestimates ice water path within a double ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone) in the high cloud height regime, but underestimates ice water path in higher latitudes. The model also overestimates low level liquid water path over land, especially over mountainous regions. The filtering and gridding algorithm used in this study is a convenient tool for building custom gridded datasets to address research questions that the official Level 3 datasets were not designed for. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/155013
Author: Rucong Yu Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9811000336 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 265
Book Description
This book is based on the project “Development and Validation of High Resolution Climate System Models” with the support of the National Key Basic Research Project under grant No. 2010CB951900. It demonstrates the major advances in the development of new, dynamical Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) and Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) cores that are suitable for high resolution modeling, the improvement of model physics, and the design of a flexible, multi-model ensemble coupling framework. It is a useful reference for graduate students, researchers and professionals working in the related areas of climate modeling and climate change. Prof. Rucong Yu works at the China Meteorological Administration; Prof. Tianjun Zhou works at LASG, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tongwen Wu works at Beijing Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration; Associate Prof. Wei Xue works at the Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University; Prof. Guangqing Zhou works at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Author: Constantin Andronache Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 012810550X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 302
Book Description
Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling presents advanced research topics on mixed-phase clouds. As the societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, there is a continuous need to refine atmospheric observations, techniques and numerical models. Understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital for current applications, such as prediction and prevention of aircraft icing, weather modification, and the assessment of the effects of cloud phase partition in climate models. This book provides the essential information needed to address these problems with a focus on current observations, simulations and applications. Provides in-depth knowledge and simulation of mixed-phase clouds over many regions of Earth, explaining their role in weather and climate Features current research examples and case studies, including those on advanced research methods from authors with experience in both academia and the industry Discusses the latest advances in this subject area, providing the reader with access to best practices for remote sensing and numerical modeling
Author: Xun Zhu Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 9789812387042 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 644
Book Description
This book contains tutorial and review articles as well as specific research letters that cover a wide range of topics: (1) dynamics of atmospheric variability from both basic theory and data analysis, (2) physical and mathematical problems in climate modeling and numerical weather prediction, (3) theories of atmospheric radiative transfer and their applications in satellite remote sensing, and (4) mathematical and statistical methods. The book can be used by undergraduates or graduate students majoring in atmospheric sciences, as an introduction to various research areas; and by researchers and educators, as a general review or quick reference in their fields of interest.
Author: Alexander Kokhanovsky Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030386961 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 242
Book Description
This book reviews the spaceborne and airborne remote sensing of clouds including cloud lidar and radar data analysis, snow and soil reflectance spectroscopy, and single light scattering by nonspherical scatterers. Providing deep insights into the latest technologies, it is a valuable resource for scientists and postgraduate students alike.
Author: Katia Lamer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The representation of clouds and precipitation in the NASA general circulation model ModelE3 is evaluated using observations collected by ground-based millimeter-wavelength radars and near-infrared lidars operated by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program.Using a retrieval, I produced a climatological benchmark to evaluate ModelE3 representation of warm precipitation intensity and occurrence in the Eastern North Atlantic.To objectively evaluate the occurrence of liquid water and ice in single and multi-layer hydrometeor systems produced by ModelE3, I addressed the many factors that differentiate ModelE3 and ARM observations. I constructed a forward-simulator to transform simulated hydrometeor mass-weighted properties to sensor backscattering-based observables. To assess uncertainty in this process, I generated an ensemble of 576 forward simulations using different water-content-to-backscattering relationships which propagated to no more than 3.7 % uncertainty in hydrometeor frequency of occurrence. I also showed that, by considering instrument detection capabilities in forward simulations, it is possible to objectively determine which hydrometeor-containing model grid cells are comparable to observations, bypassing the need to arbitrarily filter trace amounts that may be numerical noise. Then, I applied the same threshold-based water phase retrieval to both forward-simulated and observed depolarization lidar and Doppler radar observables. Using output from a ModelE3 simulation in the forward simulator framework, I evaluated that using fixed empirical thresholds in this retrieval leads to only 7.6 % unphysical water-phase classifications. I addressed the scale difference between ARM observations and ModelE3 by degrading the vertical resolution of observations to match ModelE3 using a backscatter-weighting technique and by increasing ModelE3 horizontal resolution through the distribution of each of its simulated stratiform and convective clouds and precipitation fractions across 5000 horizontally-microphysically-homogenous subcolumns following assumptions consistent with ModelE3s microphysical scheme. Finally, I created a display that summarizes statistics on the vertical distribution of liquid water, ice water and mixed-phase conditions within the context of thirteen different hydrometeor vertical layering regimes, which I defined based on three altitude-defined atmospheric layers. A statistical comparison of ModelE3 and observations for the month of December at the North Slope of Alaska suggested that ModelE3 produced insufficient amounts of cirrus and too much liquid water in low-level clouds.
Author: William R. Cotton Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0080916651 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 826
Book Description
Storm and Cloud Dynamics focuses on the dynamics of clouds and of precipitating mesoscale meteorological systems. Clouds and precipitating mesoscale systems represent some of the most important and scientifically exciting weather systems in the world. These are the systems that produce torrential rains, severe winds including downburst and tornadoes, hail, thunder and lightning, and major snow storms. Forecasting such storms represents a major challenge since they are too small to be adequately resolved by conventional observing networks and numerical prediction models. Provides a complete treatment of clouds integrating the analysis of air motions with cloud structure, microphysics, and precipitation mechanics Describes and explains the basic types of clouds and cloud systems that occur in the atmosphere-fog, stratus, stratocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, cirrus, thunderstorms, tornadoes, waterspouts, orographically induced clouds, mesoscale convection complexes, hurricanes, fronts, and extratropical cyclones Summarizes the fundamentals, both observational and theoretical, of atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, cloud microphysics, and radar meteorology, allowing each type of cloud to be examined in depth Integrates the latest field observations, numerical model simulations, and theory Supplies a theoretical treatment suitable for the advanced undergraduate or graduate level, as well as post-graduate
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 9780309103879 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 460
Book Description
Natural and human-induced changes in Earth's interior, land surface, biosphere, atmosphere, and oceans affect all aspects of life. Understanding these changes requires a range of observations acquired from land-, sea-, air-, and space-based platforms. To assist NASA, NOAA, and USGS in developing these tools, the NRC was asked to carry out a "decadal strategy" survey of Earth science and applications from space that would develop the key scientific questions on which to focus Earth and environmental observations in the period 2005-2015 and beyond, and present a prioritized list of space programs, missions, and supporting activities to address these questions. This report presents a vision for the Earth science program; an analysis of the existing Earth Observing System and recommendations to help restore its capabilities; an assessment of and recommendations for new observations and missions for the next decade; an examination of and recommendations for effective application of those observations; and an analysis of how best to sustain that observation and applications system.
Author: Katherine Loraine Pitts
Author: Katherine Loraine Pitts
Author: Rucong Yu
Author: Honglei Wang
Author: Constantin Andronache
Author: Xun Zhu
Author: Alexander Kokhanovsky
Author: Katia Lamer
Author: William R. Cotton
Author: Raymond Wexler
Author: National Research Council