Author: James C. Paterson
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118896882
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 331
Book Description
"How can you argue with the core principles of Lean, that you focus on what provides value to your customer and eliminate work that is not necessary (muda)? Internal auditors need to understand not only who their primary customers are, but what is valuable to them - which in most cases is assurance that the risks that matter to the achievement of objectives are properly managed. We need to communicate what they need to know and not what we want to say. This incessant focus on the customer and the efficient production of a valued product should extend to every internal audit team. How else can we ensure that we optimize the use of our limited resources to address the dynamic business and risk environment within which our organizations operate?" Norman Marks, GRC Thought Leader Using lean techniques to enhance value add and reduce waste in internal auditing Lean Auditing is a practical guide to maximising value and efficiency in internal audit through the application of lean techniques. It is an ideal book for anyone interested in understanding what progressive, value adding audit can be like. It is also ideal for anyone wondering whether audit activities can be streamlined or better co-ordinated with other activities. The book contains practical advise from the author's experience as CAE of AstraZeneca PLC; from his work as a consultant specializing in this field; as well as insights from leading CAEs in the UK, US and elsewhere. In addition, there are important insights from thought leaders such as Richard Chambers (IIA US) and Norman Marks (GRC thought leader) and Chris Baker (Technical Manager of the IIA UK). Increasing pressure on resources is driving a need for greater efficiency in all areas of business, and Internal Audit is no exception. Lean techniques can help streamline the workflow, but having only recently been applied to IA, lack the guidance available for other techniques. Lean Auditing fills this need by combining expert instruction and actionable advice that helps Internal Auditors: Benchmark their efficiency against lean ways of working Understand warning signs of waste and lower added value Understanding practical ways of working that improve added value and reduce waste Gain confidence about progressive ways of working in internal audit Understand how improved ways of working in audit can positively impact the culture of the wider organization One of the keys to the lean audit is finding out exactly what the stakeholder wants, and eliminating everything else. Scaling back certain operations can delineate audit from advisory, and in the process, dramatically improve crucial outcomes. To this end, Lean Auditing is the key to IA efficiency.
Lean Auditing
Author: James C. Paterson
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118896882
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 331
Book Description
"How can you argue with the core principles of Lean, that you focus on what provides value to your customer and eliminate work that is not necessary (muda)? Internal auditors need to understand not only who their primary customers are, but what is valuable to them - which in most cases is assurance that the risks that matter to the achievement of objectives are properly managed. We need to communicate what they need to know and not what we want to say. This incessant focus on the customer and the efficient production of a valued product should extend to every internal audit team. How else can we ensure that we optimize the use of our limited resources to address the dynamic business and risk environment within which our organizations operate?" Norman Marks, GRC Thought Leader Using lean techniques to enhance value add and reduce waste in internal auditing Lean Auditing is a practical guide to maximising value and efficiency in internal audit through the application of lean techniques. It is an ideal book for anyone interested in understanding what progressive, value adding audit can be like. It is also ideal for anyone wondering whether audit activities can be streamlined or better co-ordinated with other activities. The book contains practical advise from the author's experience as CAE of AstraZeneca PLC; from his work as a consultant specializing in this field; as well as insights from leading CAEs in the UK, US and elsewhere. In addition, there are important insights from thought leaders such as Richard Chambers (IIA US) and Norman Marks (GRC thought leader) and Chris Baker (Technical Manager of the IIA UK). Increasing pressure on resources is driving a need for greater efficiency in all areas of business, and Internal Audit is no exception. Lean techniques can help streamline the workflow, but having only recently been applied to IA, lack the guidance available for other techniques. Lean Auditing fills this need by combining expert instruction and actionable advice that helps Internal Auditors: Benchmark their efficiency against lean ways of working Understand warning signs of waste and lower added value Understanding practical ways of working that improve added value and reduce waste Gain confidence about progressive ways of working in internal audit Understand how improved ways of working in audit can positively impact the culture of the wider organization One of the keys to the lean audit is finding out exactly what the stakeholder wants, and eliminating everything else. Scaling back certain operations can delineate audit from advisory, and in the process, dramatically improve crucial outcomes. To this end, Lean Auditing is the key to IA efficiency.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118896882
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 331
Book Description
"How can you argue with the core principles of Lean, that you focus on what provides value to your customer and eliminate work that is not necessary (muda)? Internal auditors need to understand not only who their primary customers are, but what is valuable to them - which in most cases is assurance that the risks that matter to the achievement of objectives are properly managed. We need to communicate what they need to know and not what we want to say. This incessant focus on the customer and the efficient production of a valued product should extend to every internal audit team. How else can we ensure that we optimize the use of our limited resources to address the dynamic business and risk environment within which our organizations operate?" Norman Marks, GRC Thought Leader Using lean techniques to enhance value add and reduce waste in internal auditing Lean Auditing is a practical guide to maximising value and efficiency in internal audit through the application of lean techniques. It is an ideal book for anyone interested in understanding what progressive, value adding audit can be like. It is also ideal for anyone wondering whether audit activities can be streamlined or better co-ordinated with other activities. The book contains practical advise from the author's experience as CAE of AstraZeneca PLC; from his work as a consultant specializing in this field; as well as insights from leading CAEs in the UK, US and elsewhere. In addition, there are important insights from thought leaders such as Richard Chambers (IIA US) and Norman Marks (GRC thought leader) and Chris Baker (Technical Manager of the IIA UK). Increasing pressure on resources is driving a need for greater efficiency in all areas of business, and Internal Audit is no exception. Lean techniques can help streamline the workflow, but having only recently been applied to IA, lack the guidance available for other techniques. Lean Auditing fills this need by combining expert instruction and actionable advice that helps Internal Auditors: Benchmark their efficiency against lean ways of working Understand warning signs of waste and lower added value Understanding practical ways of working that improve added value and reduce waste Gain confidence about progressive ways of working in internal audit Understand how improved ways of working in audit can positively impact the culture of the wider organization One of the keys to the lean audit is finding out exactly what the stakeholder wants, and eliminating everything else. Scaling back certain operations can delineate audit from advisory, and in the process, dramatically improve crucial outcomes. To this end, Lean Auditing is the key to IA efficiency.
Total Quality Auditing
Author: Amanda Jo Erven
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781733784306
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 160
Book Description
Begin the transformation of the Internal Audit function by applying Total Quality Management (TQM) concepts. The book, Total Quality Auditing, How a Total Quality Mindset Can Help Internal Audit Add Real Value, presents how to put TQM concepts to work in the world of Internal Auditing. The Total Quality Auditing (TQA) Six Points of Focus including Ethics and Culture, Standards of Conduct, Customer Feedback, Lean Auditing, Balance of Audit and Consulting and Internal Audit Leadership provide a framework that can be immediately applied to increase the value of Internal Audit through proactive steps to reduced risks and improved organization effectiveness. TQA is a new and refreshing approach that will change the way Internal Audit goes to work. TQA is a teachable moment for organization leaders, CEO's, CFO's, CAE's and Internal Auditors, not of how auditing is conducted today, but how it can be transformed in the future.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781733784306
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 160
Book Description
Begin the transformation of the Internal Audit function by applying Total Quality Management (TQM) concepts. The book, Total Quality Auditing, How a Total Quality Mindset Can Help Internal Audit Add Real Value, presents how to put TQM concepts to work in the world of Internal Auditing. The Total Quality Auditing (TQA) Six Points of Focus including Ethics and Culture, Standards of Conduct, Customer Feedback, Lean Auditing, Balance of Audit and Consulting and Internal Audit Leadership provide a framework that can be immediately applied to increase the value of Internal Audit through proactive steps to reduced risks and improved organization effectiveness. TQA is a new and refreshing approach that will change the way Internal Audit goes to work. TQA is a teachable moment for organization leaders, CEO's, CFO's, CAE's and Internal Auditors, not of how auditing is conducted today, but how it can be transformed in the future.
Value Added Auditing
Author: Greg Hutchins
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780965466509
Category : Auditing
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Value Added Auditing has its roots in the quality revolution. Its original title was Standard Manual of Quality Auditing (Prentice Hall 1992). Things happened. The market changed. Enron tanked. Financial restatements abound. Many standards are incorporating risk and even enterprise risk management (ERM). Shareholders and senior management now want more detailed operational risk information. Risk management and risk assessments are required more often. ISO 9001 ? 2015 is expanding its focus to risk, process and effectiveness based assessments. Publicly listed companies must now have internal audit departments that conduct value added audits.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780965466509
Category : Auditing
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Value Added Auditing has its roots in the quality revolution. Its original title was Standard Manual of Quality Auditing (Prentice Hall 1992). Things happened. The market changed. Enron tanked. Financial restatements abound. Many standards are incorporating risk and even enterprise risk management (ERM). Shareholders and senior management now want more detailed operational risk information. Risk management and risk assessments are required more often. ISO 9001 ? 2015 is expanding its focus to risk, process and effectiveness based assessments. Publicly listed companies must now have internal audit departments that conduct value added audits.
Value Added Auditing: 4th Edition
Author: Greg Hutchins
Publisher: CERM Academy for Enterprise Risk Management
ISBN: 1732554595
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 483
Book Description
What is Value Added Auditing? Value Added Auditing (540 pages) is a process and risk-based manual for ISO management system and risk-based audits. The manual can be used to conduct performance, operational, IT, cyber, and supply management assessments. The objective of the manual is to enhance: 1. Risk-based, problem solving and 2. Risk-based, decision making. All ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001 companies should read this book to understand and implement Risk Based Thinking (RBT). What This Book Can Do for You? The Value Added Auditing offers the following benefits to you, specifically explaining: • How to plan, conduct and report value added audits so that customers are delighted. • How to clarify and understand the audit customer's requirements. • How to evolve from audit policing to risk based, decision making. • How to identify and manage process risks. • What are the six steps to managing and planning value added audits. • What is process management and why it is critical to value added auditors. • How to develop a tailored value added audit questionnaire. • What are the eight methods of evaluating service internal process controls. • What are the steps to gaining an understanding of the audit client. • How to go beyond compliance to business and process improvement. • What is the most critical red flag in value added auditing. • What are six techniques for gathering evidence. • What are six effective steps for testing quality systems and processes. • What are eight examples of value added audit reports. Bonus Materials/Resources: · Access almost 1,500 risk and quality articles through CERM Academy. · Get free course materials such as using FMEA’s in ISO 9001:2015.
Publisher: CERM Academy for Enterprise Risk Management
ISBN: 1732554595
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 483
Book Description
What is Value Added Auditing? Value Added Auditing (540 pages) is a process and risk-based manual for ISO management system and risk-based audits. The manual can be used to conduct performance, operational, IT, cyber, and supply management assessments. The objective of the manual is to enhance: 1. Risk-based, problem solving and 2. Risk-based, decision making. All ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 14001 companies should read this book to understand and implement Risk Based Thinking (RBT). What This Book Can Do for You? The Value Added Auditing offers the following benefits to you, specifically explaining: • How to plan, conduct and report value added audits so that customers are delighted. • How to clarify and understand the audit customer's requirements. • How to evolve from audit policing to risk based, decision making. • How to identify and manage process risks. • What are the six steps to managing and planning value added audits. • What is process management and why it is critical to value added auditors. • How to develop a tailored value added audit questionnaire. • What are the eight methods of evaluating service internal process controls. • What are the steps to gaining an understanding of the audit client. • How to go beyond compliance to business and process improvement. • What is the most critical red flag in value added auditing. • What are six techniques for gathering evidence. • What are six effective steps for testing quality systems and processes. • What are eight examples of value added audit reports. Bonus Materials/Resources: · Access almost 1,500 risk and quality articles through CERM Academy. · Get free course materials such as using FMEA’s in ISO 9001:2015.
Public Sector Auditing
Author: Sir John Bourn
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9780470725344
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 426
Book Description
Drawing on 20 years of experience as Comptroller and Auditor General, and head of the United Kingdom National Audit Office, Public Sector Auditing: Is it Value for Money? is Sir John Bourn’s own account of the role and influence value for money auditing has in holding governments to account and in helping public bodies improve the ways in which they deliver services. Key features include: In-depth case studies from UK, US, Canada, China, India and Australia; Detailed analysis of complex areas of public expenditure such as health, education, privatisation, regulation, defence and IT; Examples of how auditing can promote positive outcomes rather than negative post mortems. This book is relevant for people working in both the public and private sectors, and should be essential reading for the staff of public sector audit institutions around the world, as well as commercial accountancy firms and students of accountancy, politics, economics and public management.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9780470725344
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 426
Book Description
Drawing on 20 years of experience as Comptroller and Auditor General, and head of the United Kingdom National Audit Office, Public Sector Auditing: Is it Value for Money? is Sir John Bourn’s own account of the role and influence value for money auditing has in holding governments to account and in helping public bodies improve the ways in which they deliver services. Key features include: In-depth case studies from UK, US, Canada, China, India and Australia; Detailed analysis of complex areas of public expenditure such as health, education, privatisation, regulation, defence and IT; Examples of how auditing can promote positive outcomes rather than negative post mortems. This book is relevant for people working in both the public and private sectors, and should be essential reading for the staff of public sector audit institutions around the world, as well as commercial accountancy firms and students of accountancy, politics, economics and public management.
Beyond Audit
Author: Robert L. Mainardi
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119789605
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 258
Book Description
Your game plan for strategic success in today’s remote audit department Beyond Audit is your guide to taking advantage of this unique moment to review and enhance your audit methodology to improve execution, operations, and audit product. Change has been thrust upon the audit industry, and every company must adapt to business interruptions and remote work environments. Now is the perfect time for audit departments to step back and turn a critical eye on their own operations. We have an opportunity to identify new ways of increasing product offerings and building more effective and efficient operations, ultimately creating better results for our partners and clients. This book will take you from a foundational understanding of the business environment through to a reflective review of your own operational effectiveness and efficiency. You’ll gain access to the Audit Risk Barometer (ARB), an innovative self-assessment tool that scores audit department strengths and opportunities for improvement. This book also includes a detailed methodology for working with your business partner to ensure clear identification of business objectives. You’ll also learn how to identify “true process risks” to ensure that testing remains focused and adds value. Finally, you'll learn critical skills and team development ideas for every level. Gain a fundamental understanding of today's business environment and how traditional and remote auditing fits into the new business puzzle Use the exclusive Audit Risk Barometer to conduct a valuable self-assessment and uncover your team’s strengths and weaknesses Learn how to effectively and efficiently work with your business partner to identify objectives and value-add opportunities Access online resources, including video summaries and interactive tools to revamp your audit department Beyond Audit incorporates links to online video summaries, templates mentioned throughout the book, interviews with experienced professionals, and an audit tracking software tool. This book is an enormously valuable resource for audit teams of any size and shape.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119789605
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 258
Book Description
Your game plan for strategic success in today’s remote audit department Beyond Audit is your guide to taking advantage of this unique moment to review and enhance your audit methodology to improve execution, operations, and audit product. Change has been thrust upon the audit industry, and every company must adapt to business interruptions and remote work environments. Now is the perfect time for audit departments to step back and turn a critical eye on their own operations. We have an opportunity to identify new ways of increasing product offerings and building more effective and efficient operations, ultimately creating better results for our partners and clients. This book will take you from a foundational understanding of the business environment through to a reflective review of your own operational effectiveness and efficiency. You’ll gain access to the Audit Risk Barometer (ARB), an innovative self-assessment tool that scores audit department strengths and opportunities for improvement. This book also includes a detailed methodology for working with your business partner to ensure clear identification of business objectives. You’ll also learn how to identify “true process risks” to ensure that testing remains focused and adds value. Finally, you'll learn critical skills and team development ideas for every level. Gain a fundamental understanding of today's business environment and how traditional and remote auditing fits into the new business puzzle Use the exclusive Audit Risk Barometer to conduct a valuable self-assessment and uncover your team’s strengths and weaknesses Learn how to effectively and efficiently work with your business partner to identify objectives and value-add opportunities Access online resources, including video summaries and interactive tools to revamp your audit department Beyond Audit incorporates links to online video summaries, templates mentioned throughout the book, interviews with experienced professionals, and an audit tracking software tool. This book is an enormously valuable resource for audit teams of any size and shape.
Operational Auditing
Author: Hernan Murdock
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000388247
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 378
Book Description
Operational Auditing: Principles and Techniques for a Changing World, 2nd edition, explains the proven approaches and essential procedures to perform risk-based operational audits. It shows how to effectively evaluate the relevant dynamics associated with programs and processes, including operational, strategic, technological, financial and compliance objectives and risks. This book merges traditional internal audit concepts and practices with contemporary quality control methodologies, tips, tools and techniques. It explains how internal auditors can perform operational audits that result in meaningful findings and useful recommendations to help organizations meet objectives and improve the perception of internal auditors as high-value contributors, appropriate change agents and trusted advisors. The 2nd edition introduces or expands the previous coverage of: • Control self-assessments. • The 7 Es framework for operational quality. • Linkages to ISO 9000. • Flowcharting techniques and value-stream analysis • Continuous monitoring. • The use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and Key Risk Indicators (KRIs). • Robotic process automation (RPA), artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML); and • Adds a new chapter that will examine the role of organizational structure and its impact on effective communications, task allocation, coordination, and operational resiliency to more effectively respond to market demands.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000388247
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 378
Book Description
Operational Auditing: Principles and Techniques for a Changing World, 2nd edition, explains the proven approaches and essential procedures to perform risk-based operational audits. It shows how to effectively evaluate the relevant dynamics associated with programs and processes, including operational, strategic, technological, financial and compliance objectives and risks. This book merges traditional internal audit concepts and practices with contemporary quality control methodologies, tips, tools and techniques. It explains how internal auditors can perform operational audits that result in meaningful findings and useful recommendations to help organizations meet objectives and improve the perception of internal auditors as high-value contributors, appropriate change agents and trusted advisors. The 2nd edition introduces or expands the previous coverage of: • Control self-assessments. • The 7 Es framework for operational quality. • Linkages to ISO 9000. • Flowcharting techniques and value-stream analysis • Continuous monitoring. • The use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and Key Risk Indicators (KRIs). • Robotic process automation (RPA), artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML); and • Adds a new chapter that will examine the role of organizational structure and its impact on effective communications, task allocation, coordination, and operational resiliency to more effectively respond to market demands.
Internal Audit Quality
Author: Sally-Anne Pitt
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118715519
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 405
Book Description
Deliver increased value by embedding quality into internal audit activities Internal Audit Quality: Developing a Quality Assurance and Improvement Program is a comprehensive and authoritative guide to better practice internal auditing. Written by a global expert in audit quality, this guide is the first to provide complete coverage of the elements that comprise an effective internal audit quality assurance and improvement program. Readers will find practical solutions for monitoring and measuring internal audit performance drawn from The IIA's International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, and complemented by advice and case studies from leading audit practitioners from five different continents. Major corporate and financial collapses over the past decade have challenged the value of internal audit. With an increased focus on internal audit's role in good governance, management is increasingly demanding that internal audit provides assurance of the quality of its own activities. The IIA standards provide a framework for audit quality in the form of mandatory guidance . Recent research indicates that the majority of internal audit functions do not fully comply with the standards and, as a result, are not servicing the needs of their organizations as well as they might. Internal Audit Quality offers a roadmap to internal audit quality, providing readers the guidance they need to: Embed quality into all elements of internal audit from strategic and operational planning down to day-to-day tasks Create well-defined internal audit programs and procedures Independently self-assess internal audit quality and performance Conform with the IIA standards and better practice Provide assurance over internal audit efficiency and effectiveness Deliver value by meeting stakeholder expectations As a key component of good governance, internal audit is on the rise. The days of retrospective, compliance-focused auditing is a thing of the past. Organizations expect more of internal audit, and many internal audit activities are accepting the challenge. Rather than relying on audit supervision and external assessments, modern auditors are embedding quality into audit activities to create effective programs. For the auditor looking to distinguish themselves as leading edge, Internal Audit Quality provides the guidance that enables the right work, at the right time, in the right way.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118715519
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 405
Book Description
Deliver increased value by embedding quality into internal audit activities Internal Audit Quality: Developing a Quality Assurance and Improvement Program is a comprehensive and authoritative guide to better practice internal auditing. Written by a global expert in audit quality, this guide is the first to provide complete coverage of the elements that comprise an effective internal audit quality assurance and improvement program. Readers will find practical solutions for monitoring and measuring internal audit performance drawn from The IIA's International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, and complemented by advice and case studies from leading audit practitioners from five different continents. Major corporate and financial collapses over the past decade have challenged the value of internal audit. With an increased focus on internal audit's role in good governance, management is increasingly demanding that internal audit provides assurance of the quality of its own activities. The IIA standards provide a framework for audit quality in the form of mandatory guidance . Recent research indicates that the majority of internal audit functions do not fully comply with the standards and, as a result, are not servicing the needs of their organizations as well as they might. Internal Audit Quality offers a roadmap to internal audit quality, providing readers the guidance they need to: Embed quality into all elements of internal audit from strategic and operational planning down to day-to-day tasks Create well-defined internal audit programs and procedures Independently self-assess internal audit quality and performance Conform with the IIA standards and better practice Provide assurance over internal audit efficiency and effectiveness Deliver value by meeting stakeholder expectations As a key component of good governance, internal audit is on the rise. The days of retrospective, compliance-focused auditing is a thing of the past. Organizations expect more of internal audit, and many internal audit activities are accepting the challenge. Rather than relying on audit supervision and external assessments, modern auditors are embedding quality into audit activities to create effective programs. For the auditor looking to distinguish themselves as leading edge, Internal Audit Quality provides the guidance that enables the right work, at the right time, in the right way.
Defining, Measuring, and Communicating the Value of Internal Audit
Author: Marc Eulerich
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781634541039
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781634541039
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Internal Audit
Author: David Coderre
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470392428
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 276
Book Description
Internal Audit: Efficiency Through Automation teaches state-of-the-art computer-aided audit techniques, with practical guidelines on how to get much needed data, overcome organizational roadblocks, build data analysis skills, as well as address Continuous Auditing issues. Chapter 1 CAATTs History, Chapter 2 Audit Technology, Chapter 3 Continuous Auditing, Chapter 4 CAATTs Benefits and Opportunities, Chapter 5 CAATTs for Broader Scoped Audits, Chapter 6 Data Access and Testing, Chapter 7 Developing CAATT Capabilities, Chapter 8 Challenges for Audit,
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470392428
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 276
Book Description
Internal Audit: Efficiency Through Automation teaches state-of-the-art computer-aided audit techniques, with practical guidelines on how to get much needed data, overcome organizational roadblocks, build data analysis skills, as well as address Continuous Auditing issues. Chapter 1 CAATTs History, Chapter 2 Audit Technology, Chapter 3 Continuous Auditing, Chapter 4 CAATTs Benefits and Opportunities, Chapter 5 CAATTs for Broader Scoped Audits, Chapter 6 Data Access and Testing, Chapter 7 Developing CAATT Capabilities, Chapter 8 Challenges for Audit,