Using Drosophila Melanogaster as a Model for Viral Infection PDF Download

Author: Brennen Lee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 86

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Author: Stanislava Chtarbanova
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320

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Insects are exposed in their environement to many viruses, and these infections can have a significant economic or medical impact. At present, little is known about the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in susceptibility to viral infections. We used the model organism Drosophila melanogaster to study the pathology induced by two RNA viruses: the Drosophila C virus (DCV) and the Flock House Virus (FHV).We compared the transcriptome of DCV and FHV-infected flies by using genome-wide microarrays. DCV infection leads to the strong repression of several hundred of genes, mainly expressed in the midgut of the fly. Many genes repressed by the DCV are also repressed under conditions of starvation, suggesting that infected flies stop feeding. However, DCV-infected flies continue to feed and gain weight until their death. This is due to decreased excretion, associated with an intestinal obstruction in the anterior midgut of the fly that probably occurs at the level of the cardia. The pathology induced by DCV results from the presence of the virus in a particular tissue, rather than from the adverse effect of the host's immune response. On the other hand, we identified the gene dSUR, which encode the subunit of an ATP-dependent potassium channel (KATP). dSUR is expressed in the Drosophila heart and mutants for this gene are more sensitive to FHV and contain higher viral loads than controls. We showed that FHV is cardiotropic virus and that the cardiac KATP activity is related to the major antiviral mechanism RNA interference. Our work shows that DCV and FHV, which appear very similar at first sight, induce very different, organ-specific pathologies in Drosophila.

Author: Farzana Khan Perveen
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535138537
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 270

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This book contains 12 chapters divided into two sections. Section 1 is "Drosophila - Model for Genetics." It covers introduction, chromosomal polymorphism, polytene chromosomes, chromosomal inversion, chromosomal evolution, cell cycle regulators in meiosis and nongenetic transgenerational inheritance in Drosophila. It also includes ecological genetics, wild-type strains, morphometric analysis, cytostatics, frequencies of early and late embryonic lethals (EEL and LEL) and mosaic imaginal discs of Drosophila for genetic analysis in biomedical research. Section 2 is "Drosophila - Model for Therapeutics." It explains Drosophila as model for human diseases, neurodegeneration, heart-kidney metabolic disorders, cancer, pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, dopamine, neuroprotective therapeutics, mitochondrial dysfunction and translational research. It also covers Drosophila role in ubiquitin-carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) protein, eye development, anti-dUCH antibody, neuropathy target esterase (NTE), organophosphorous compound-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). It also includes substrate specificities, kinetic parameters of recombinant glutathione S-transferases E6 and E7 (DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7), detoxification and insecticidal resistance and antiviral immunity in Drosophila.

Author: Wilfredo Lopez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drosophila melanogaster
Languages : en
Pages : 176

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Author: Safia Deddouche
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Viral infections continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. In particular, the past three decades have witnessed the onset of some 25 new viral diseases. Moreover recent outbreaks such as Chikungunya fever in La Réunion demonstrate the enormous public health problem associated with arthropod-borne virus infections. At this stage, our understanding of how the vector responds to virus infection is very limited. The goal of my PhD studies was to use Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study the host response of insects to virus infection. In flies like in mammals, viral infection triggers the expression of a large number of genes. I have provided genetic evidence that the inducible gene Vago limits viral replication. This was the first demonstration that an inducible molecule controls viral replication in drosophila. Interestingly, I have shown that Vago induction is dependant of the Dicer-2 molecule. I also note that Dicer-2 belongs to the same DEXD/H-box helicase family as RIG-I like receptors, which sense viral infection and mediate interferon induction in mammals. I posit that this family represents an evolutionary conserved set of sensors, which detect viral nucleic acids and direct antiviral responses. My work points out that the well known RNaseIII enzyme Dicer-2 plays a dual role during infection: (i) a direct role counteracting viral replication by cutting viral RNA and (ii) a sensing role that triggers antiviral gene expression in Drosophila.

Author: Mazen Habayeb
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783838320212
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 64

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Persistent viral infections have been shown to reside in the host and cause various diseases. On the other hand, Drosophila melanogaster has been widely used as a model organism to study the immune responses against bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Here, I present D. melanogaster as a model to study persistent virus infections. This book covers the strength of using this model system, describes viruses that infect it and give details about the Drosophila innate antiviral immunity. It furthermore explains about persistent infections and clarify definitions used in this field. It finally summarize the work of a newly discovered persistent RNA virus in Drosophila melanogaster, the Nora virus, and its biology and interaction with its host.

Author: Ethan Cordes
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drosophila melanogaster
Languages : en
Pages : 138

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Author: Mazen Habayeb
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789172647817
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 39

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Author: Saikat Samadder
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic books
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Drosophila melanogaster is a widely used, dynamic model organism to study various pathogenic diseases observed ubiquitously in the human population. Drosophila, at present, is extensively used to conduct preclinical studies besides its counterpart rodents. The epidemic and pandemic diseases are discussed in this review to demonstrate Drosophila melanogaster as a key model. Epidemic and pandemic diseases are still claiming more than 5 million lives every year, and these diseases were well studied in flies. Currently there is no cure for the disease like HIV; the bacterial and fungal infections usually seen in HIV/AIDS patients could be demonstrated elaborately in Drosophila melanogaster. Diseases like myocardial infractions and cancer causing viral infection are long term effects of ART (anti-retroviral therapy) that could be experimented in flies. Stable Drosophila S2 cell line, Transgenic flies, transfusion of bacteria and fungi could be implemented to study several infectious diseases and for vaccine development. The latest trends in understanding pathogenic diseases and its potential biochemical markers in flies are discussed in this review to utilize the fruit flies as a functional tool and to explore further it in drug development. The advantages and disadvantages of the fly as a model of infection are discussed along with the epidemiology and the cellular pathophysiology.

Author: Wilfredo A. Lopez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Technology
Languages : en
Pages :

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The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an extremely useful model to study innate immunity mechanisms. A fundamental understanding of these mechanisms as they relate to various pathogens has come to light over the past 30 years. The discovery of Toll-like receptors and their recognition of shared molecules (pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs) among pathogenic bacteria were the first detailed set of receptors to be described that act in innate immunity. The immune deficiency pathway (Imd) described in D. melanogaster functions in a very similar way to the Toll pathway in recognizing PAMPs primarily from Gram-negative bacteria. The discovery of small interfering RNAs (RNAi) provided a means by which antiviral immunity was accomplished in invertebrates. Another related pathway, the JAK/STAT pathway, functions in a similar manner to the interferon pathways described in vertebrates, also providing antiviral defense. Recently, autophagy was also shown to function as a protective pathway against virus infection in D. melanogaster. At least three of these pathways (Imd, JAK/STAT, and RNAi) show signal integration in response to viral infection, demonstrating a coordinated immune response against viral infection. The number of pathways and the integration of them reflect the diversity of pathogens to which innate immune mechanisms must be able to respond. The viral pathogens that infect invertebrates have developed countermeasures to some of these pathways, in particular to RNAi. The evolutionary arms race of pathogen vs. host is ever ongoing.