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Author: Sinclair Stockard Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Women suffering from anorexia nervosa, an extreme case of starvation and energy deficiency, exhibit altered metabolism in response to ingestion of a caloric load. The possibility of this phenomena has yet to be investigated in exercising women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA), a condition which is often secondary to moderate energy deficiency. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare the metabolic profiles of young, exercising women with either amenorrheic or eumenorrheic menstrual statuses. 7 amenorrheic (AMEN) and 9 ovulatory, eumenorrheic control (OV) women, who participated in aerobic or resistance training for at least 3 hr/wk, ingested a 700 kcal liquid mixed macronutrient meal (14% protein, 64% carbohydrate, and 22% fat) and underwent measurements of resting energy expenditure (REE), thermic effect of food (TEF), and respiratory quotient (RQ) by indirect calorimetry over a 6 hour period. Paired t-tests were used to compare REE measurements and TEF area under the curve (AUC). Two-way (group*time) repeated measures ANOVA were conducted to assess differences in absolute TEF (kcal/day), relative TEF (kcal/kgFFM/day), and RQ. Groups did not significantly differ in age, height, body mass, gynecological age, body fat percentage, fat mass, fat free mass, or lean body mass. BMI was different between the groups, where the OV group had a significantly higher BMI than the AMEN group (p=0.024). There were no significant differences between groups for ratio of measured REE to Harris-Benedict predicted REE (p=0.448) or TEF AUC (p=0.692). There were no significant (p>0.05) interaction or main effects for absolute (kcal/day) REE or relative (kcal/kgFFM/day) REE. There was no significant interaction or main effect for group with respect to RQ (p>0.05), but there was a significant main effect for time (p=0.006) with RQ significantly increasing from rest 15 minutes postprandially. These results suggest that metabolic adjustments, such as elevated TEF and a higher postprandial reliance on carbohydrate, typically seen in anorexia nervosa are not present in less severe cases of energy deficiency. However, future research is required to more thoroughly assess energetic status.
Author: Sinclair Stockard Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Women suffering from anorexia nervosa, an extreme case of starvation and energy deficiency, exhibit altered metabolism in response to ingestion of a caloric load. The possibility of this phenomena has yet to be investigated in exercising women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA), a condition which is often secondary to moderate energy deficiency. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare the metabolic profiles of young, exercising women with either amenorrheic or eumenorrheic menstrual statuses. 7 amenorrheic (AMEN) and 9 ovulatory, eumenorrheic control (OV) women, who participated in aerobic or resistance training for at least 3 hr/wk, ingested a 700 kcal liquid mixed macronutrient meal (14% protein, 64% carbohydrate, and 22% fat) and underwent measurements of resting energy expenditure (REE), thermic effect of food (TEF), and respiratory quotient (RQ) by indirect calorimetry over a 6 hour period. Paired t-tests were used to compare REE measurements and TEF area under the curve (AUC). Two-way (group*time) repeated measures ANOVA were conducted to assess differences in absolute TEF (kcal/day), relative TEF (kcal/kgFFM/day), and RQ. Groups did not significantly differ in age, height, body mass, gynecological age, body fat percentage, fat mass, fat free mass, or lean body mass. BMI was different between the groups, where the OV group had a significantly higher BMI than the AMEN group (p=0.024). There were no significant differences between groups for ratio of measured REE to Harris-Benedict predicted REE (p=0.448) or TEF AUC (p=0.692). There were no significant (p>0.05) interaction or main effects for absolute (kcal/day) REE or relative (kcal/kgFFM/day) REE. There was no significant interaction or main effect for group with respect to RQ (p>0.05), but there was a significant main effect for time (p=0.006) with RQ significantly increasing from rest 15 minutes postprandially. These results suggest that metabolic adjustments, such as elevated TEF and a higher postprandial reliance on carbohydrate, typically seen in anorexia nervosa are not present in less severe cases of energy deficiency. However, future research is required to more thoroughly assess energetic status.
Author: International Dietary Energy Consultancy Group. Scientific Meeting Publisher: ISBN: Category : Agriculture and energy Languages : en Pages : 218
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309039940 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 765
Book Description
Diet and Health examines the many complex issues concerning diet and its role in increasing or decreasing the risk of chronic disease. It proposes dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of the major diseases and causes of death today: atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (including heart attack and stroke), cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, and dental caries.
Author: Ashley Paige Binns Publisher: ISBN: 9781267470379 Category : Energy metabolism Languages : en Pages : 162
Book Description
Diet and exercise are key components to overall health maintenance. Aspects contributing to weight maintenance include the thermic effect of food (TEF) and total energy expenditure (TEE), with TEF contributing to upwards of 10% TEE. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction between TEF and exercise on TEE in moderately active females. METHODS: A sample population was established with the use of a health history questionnaire (HHQ). Ten active females of normal body composition, determined by body mass index (BMI) and a dual energy absorptiometry x-ray (DEXA) scan, participated in the study. Maximal aerobic capacity was determined using the standard Bruce graded exercise treadmill test. Participants returned for three additional testing sessions, each consisting of a different feeding protocol combined with 30 minutes of exercise performed at 60% VO2max . RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant time effect for the feeding protocols (&agr; = .05). Post-hoc analyses indicated significantly greater TEF with high protein content compared to low and fasted as well as in low protein compared to the fasted condition. Combined with exercise, TEE was significantly greater under high protein conditions compared to fasted. No significance was found between the high and low protein conditions combined with exercise or with the low protein compared to fasted. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study indicate a relationship between protein content of a meal, TEF, and TEE with moderate-intensity exercise. High protein meal (45%) consumption potentiated a greater TEF and overall TEE in comparison to low protein meal (15%) consumption. In relation to exercise and TEE, significance was only found when comparing high protein meal consumption and exercise to the fasted state with exercise. Trends for increased TEF with exercise were present for exercise performed after consumption of a low protein meal compared to the high protein meal and the fasted state, though not statistically significant. Further research should be conducted examining chronic exposure to a high protein diet combined with exercise to observe potential increased interactions longitudinally. Additionally, a broader spectrum of populations should be studied to better understand protein metabolism and TEE potentiated through TEF and exercise.
Author: Institute of Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309175593 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 584
Book Description
This book reviews the research pertaining to nutrient requirements for working in cold or in high-altitude environments and states recommendations regarding the application of this information to military operational rations. It addresses whether, aside from increased energy demands, cold or high-altitude environments elicit an increased demand or requirement for specific nutrients, and whether performance in cold or high-altitude environments can be enhanced by the provision of increased amounts of specific nutrients.
Author: Claude Bouchard Publisher: ISBN: Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 352
Book Description
The fact that about 30-40% of the adults in the Western world are overweight or obese testifies to the frequency of the disturbances in body weight regulation. Scientists have established that caloric intake, macronutrient composition of the diet, basal and resting metabolic rate, thermic response to food, energy expenditure associated with movement and physical activity, and preferential storage of the surplus of calories as fat or lean tissues are critical determinants of energy balance and body weight. While much has been learned, the field is poised for major advances with the advent of a variety of imaging techniques, progress in quantitative and molecular genetics, use of transgenic rodent models and of breeding experiments with informative inbred strains, availability of stable isotopes for metabolic and behavioral studies, and a growing number of useful experimental animal and human models. This volume takes an integrative approach to obesity. It is structured around four major topics: (1) the animal and human models currently available for the study of body weight regulation with their strengths and limitations, (2) the molecular and genetic basis of the regulation of body weight, (3) the metabolic and physiological mechanisms involved, and (4) the behavioral and social determinants. The 13 background papers provide a critical overview of the present knowledge base while the group reports summarize the extensive deliberations of 38 international experts. Particular emphasis has been given to promising research areas and on the advances needed to ensure a better understanding of the biological and behavioral mechanisms of the regulation of body weight, with a particular emphasis on overweight and obesity.
Author: Geoffrey Howard Bourne Publisher: ISBN: Category : Health & Fitness Languages : en Pages : 284
Book Description
Abstract: A reference text for dietitians, nutrition scientists, and nutritional epidemiologists presents 5 major technical reviews on selected topics related to the intake of energy and other nutrients by women. Specifically, the reviews address: (1) the nutritional status and needs of women from adolescence to older age; (2) the utilization of nutrients during pregnancy; (3) the effects of total energy and individual nutrient intakes and other dietary factors on energy balance; (4) energy and protein intakes and nutritional status of adult Brazilians; and (5) dietary intake of phytate its effect on the bioavailability of minerals in humans. Data tabulations and copious references are provided throughout the text.
Author: Institute of Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309089964 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 277
Book Description
The primary purpose of fitness and body composition standards in the U.S. Armed Forces has always been to select individuals best suited to the physical demands of military service, based on the assumption that proper body weight and composition supports good health, physical fitness, and appropriate military appearance. The current epidemic of overweight and obesity in the United States affects the military services. The pool of available recruits is reduced because of failure to meet body composition standards for entry into the services and a high percentage of individuals exceeding military weight-for-height standards at the time of entry into the service leave the military before completing their term of enlistment. To aid in developing strategies for prevention and remediation of overweight in military personnel, the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command requested the Committee on Military Nutrition Research to review the scientific evidence for: factors that influence body weight, optimal components of a weight loss and weight maintenance program, and the role of gender, age, and ethnicity in weight management.
Author: Isabelle Romieu Publisher: IARC Working Group Report ISBN: 9789283225195 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Understanding the relationship between energy balance and obesity is essential to develop effective prevention programs and policies. The International Agency for Research on Cancer convened a Working Group of world-leading experts in December 2015 to review the evidence regarding energy balance and obesity, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries, and to consider the following scientific questions: (i) Are the drivers of the obesity epidemic related only to energy excess and/or do specific foods or nutrients play a major role in this epidemic? (ii) What are the factors that modulate these associations? (iii) Which types of data and/or studies will further improve our understanding? This book provides summaries of the evidence from the literature as well as the Working Group's conclusions and recommendations to tackle the global epidemic of obesity.
Author: Sinclair Stockard
Author: Sinclair Stockard
Author: International Dietary Energy Consultancy Group. Scientific Meeting
Author: National Research Council
Author: Ashley Paige Binns
Author: Institute of Medicine
Author: Claude Bouchard
Author: Carolyn Ann Booth
Author: Geoffrey Howard Bourne
Author: Institute of Medicine
Author: Isabelle Romieu