Author: Patrick M. Hoyt Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 6
Book Description
Government-wide testing of COBOL compilers is the responsibility of the Federal COBOL Compiler Testing Service, an activity of the Department of the Navy's Automatic Data Processing Equipment Selection Office, Software Development Division. In May 1974, the American National Standards Institute approved ANS Programming Language COBOL, X3.23-1974 as the national standard for the COBOL language. Specifications for this revision were drawn from USA Standard COBOL X3.23-1968 and the CODASYL COBOL Journal of Development, dated 31 December 1971. As a result, the Testing Service is engaged in the development of a COBOL Compiler Validation System for this new Standard, incorporating tests for the revised language into the existing 1968 COBOL Compiler Validation System. The first part of the paper focuses on the rationale behind changes from the '68 to '74 COBOL Standard as well as highlighting the new features in the language. The second part of the paper discusses evolution within the COBOL language itself with respect to the CODASYL COBOL Journal of Development and several other CODASYL language activities. (Author).
Author: Mark Jones Lorenzo Publisher: Independently Published ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 512
Book Description
Grace Hopper's remarkable innovations in computing led to COBOL, which for decades was the most widely used programming language in the world. Everlasting Code offers an in-depth look at Hopper's work, while also chronicling the entire history of COBOL. The development of COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) was the strangest, wildest, and most dramatic story in the early history of computing. Everlasting Code covers it all, from Grace Hopper's pioneering work with compilers to the many contentious committee meetings that repeatedly put the birth of the language in jeopardy; from the race to build the world's first COBOL compiler to the numerous standardization efforts; and from the Y2K bug to the COVID-19 pandemic, times when public scapegoating of COBOL shifted into high gear. Even though it was the work of a committee and she was only indirectly involved in its creation, COBOL has Grace Hopper's fingerprints all over it. Therefore, since Everlasting Code tells two interrelated stories (that of Hopper's breakthroughs as well as the history of COBOL), the book is split into two parts. In the first part, we meet one of the most prolific computer scientists of the twentieth century and examine how Hopper's varied life experiences--as a student, professor, military officer, and programmer--led to her revolutionary ideas, setting the stage for the birth of COBOL. Hopper developed some of the earliest working compilers--programs that translated human-readable source code into machine code, a language computers could make sense of--including MATH-MATIC, for algebraic problems, and FLOW-MATIC, for data processing. Source code for Hopper's compilers had to be written in a form of everyday English, which proved eminently readable to some people and endlessly frustrating for others. FLOW-MATIC was the key influence for COBOL, as we discover in the second part of Everlasting Code. By the late 1950s, with the FORTRAN programming language dominating the engineering, scientific, and mathematical landscape, the need for a corresponding business data-processing language emerged. With Grace Hopper's full support, in early 1959 a programmer named Mary Hawes publicly suggested developing an industrywide common business language (CBL) capable of running the same programs on different computers. Thanks to Hopper's many government and military connections, the U.S. Department of Defense sponsored the CBL effort, taking the unprecedented step of bringing together many competing manufacturers and computer users for a high-stakes meeting at the Pentagon. Before long, subcommittees of CODASYL (the Committee on Data Systems Languages, which was formed to write the CBL) were at war with each other. Meanwhile, the chairman of CODASYL received a mysterious crated package. Inside was a tombstone with a reclining lamb statuette at the top and a single word engraved on the front: COBOL. Was this intended as a threat? Did someone want the language dead? Or was the tombstone merely delivering a warning: That if CODASYL couldn't get its act together, COBOL was sure to die an early death? Author Mark Jones Lorenzo takes you behind the scenes and inside the meeting rooms where the fate of a programming language hung in the balance. Filled with intrigue, conflict, suspense, drama, technical details, and the biographies of many larger-than-life personalities, Everlasting Code traces the precedents, the development, and the history of the COBOL programming language, which came to rule the world.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aeronautics Languages : en Pages : 662
Book Description
Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Author: Wayne Russell Publisher: Emereo Publishing ISBN: 9781488524998 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 234
Book Description
There has never been a COBOL Guide like this. It contains 177 answers, much more than you can imagine; comprehensive answers and extensive details and references, with insights that have never before been offered in print. Get the information you need--fast! This all-embracing guide offers a thorough view of key knowledge and detailed insight. This Guide introduces what you want to know about COBOL. A quick look inside of some of the subjects covered: Categorical list of programming languages - Procedural languages, Assembly language Historical perspective, University of Pennsylvania - Research, innovations, and discoveries, COBOL - Data types, COBOL - Hello, OS/360 circa 1972, Database 1980s desktop databases, Eclipse (software), Computer programming History, ICL VME - Application development tools, Binary-coded decimal Packed BCD, Packed decimal - Fixed-point packed decimal, FACT computer language - Ever working?, Database model Network model, Hexadecimal - Using 0-9 and A-F, Jean Sammet - Works, High-level programming language, Binary-coded decimal Signed variations, Object-oriented programming - OOP languages, OpenCOBOL - Documentation, Burroughs large systems, COBOL - Lack of structurability, Grace Hopper - Standards, COBOL - ANS COBOL 1968, Categorical list of programming languages - Imperative languages, CODASYL - History, Bill Gates - Early life, Library (computing) - History, Naming convention (programming) - Multiple-word identifiers, Picture clause - Formatting, Object-oriented programming - History, Copybook (programming), SQL - Standardization, Compiler - History, Software engineering - History, OpenCOBOL - Philosophy, COBOL - History of COBOL standards, NCR Corporation - Post-war, David Taylor Model Basin - Computing, PL/I - Early history, and much more...
Author: Richard L. Wexelblat Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 1483266168 Category : Reference Languages : en Pages : 784
Book Description
History of Programming Languages presents information pertinent to the technical aspects of the language design and creation. This book provides an understanding of the processes of language design as related to the environment in which languages are developed and the knowledge base available to the originators. Organized into 14 sections encompassing 77 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the programming techniques to use to help the system produce efficient programs. This text then discusses how to use parentheses to help the system identify identical subexpressions within an expression and thereby eliminate their duplicate calculation. Other chapters consider FORTRAN programming techniques needed to produce optimum object programs. This book discusses as well the developments leading to ALGOL 60. The final chapter presents the biography of Adin D. Falkoff. This book is a valuable resource for graduate students, practitioners, historians, statisticians, mathematicians, programmers, as well as computer scientists and specialists.
Author: Edmund C. Arranga Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780132611404 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 532
Book Description
Walks COBOL users through the next phase of COBOL: Object-Oriented COBOL. Teaches how to integrate COBOL with object-oriented methodologies.
Author: Mark Jones Lorenzo Publisher: Independently Published ISBN: 9781082395949 Category : Languages : en Pages : 326
Book Description
At the dawn of the computer age, an elite development team at IBM built the most influential computer programming language in history: FORTRAN. Abstracting Away the Machine tells the epic story of how they did it--and what happened next. Over the past six decades, programming languages like ALGOL, BASIC, C/C++, COBOL, Java, LISP, LOGO, Pascal, PL/I, Python, Visual Basic, and many others opened up the field of computer science, and of computer programming in general, to the masses. But all of these high-level languages (HLLs)--computer languages that automate, hide, or otherwise abstract away the underlying operations of the machine--owe a huge debt of gratitude to FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), the first HLL to achieve widespread adoption. Many programming practices that we take for granted now came about as a result of FORTRAN. Created over a three-year period at IBM by a development team led by a brilliant but wayward mathematician named John W. Backus, FORTRAN was implemented initially on the IBM 704 mainframe computer in the mid-1950s, with dialects of the language quickly spreading thereafter to other platforms. FORTRAN's powerful compiler, which translated human-readable code into code a computer could understand, produced incredibly clean and optimized standalone executable programs, all of which could be run independently of the compiler, setting the standard for decades to come--and overcoming the doubts of many skeptics along the way, who thought the FORTRAN project would never succeed. In the 1960s the language was standardized, with machine-dependent commands excised, and many platform-independent implementations followed. With the language now portable, able to run on any computer (at least in theory), FORTRAN, almost by accident, secured a stranglehold in the fields of science and engineering. The language also came to dominate in the supercomputing industry. But FORTRAN, a blue-collar workhorse more concerned with results than with style, was a victim of its own success--the language sowed the seeds of its own demise. New high-level languages sprouted up, stealing the good bits from FORTRAN while simultaneously defining themselves in opposition to it. FORTRAN had become the foil. As these new languages pierced the cutting edge of the programming landscape, they redefined computing paradigms (e.g., with structured programming, object-oriented programming, and the like), and FORTRAN--though eventually (and repeatedly) modernized and formally renamed Fortran--struggled to keep up through multiple standardization efforts, finally ceding significant ground to its successors as it slowly withdrew from the spotlight. To add insult to injury, even John Backus eventually turned against his creation. This is not a book on how to program in FORTRAN, nor is it a technical manual. Rather, the focus in Abstracting Away the Machine, which chronicles the complete history and development of the FORTRAN programming language, is set squarely on telling three interlocking stories: (1) How an elite group of computing trailblazers built FORTRAN, (2) Why the conditions at the time were ripe for them to succeed, and (3) What happened after they did. Tracing the long arc of FORTRAN's development and maturation is integral to understanding not only the history of programming but also the state of computer science today. The birth of FORTRAN planted a seed that led to the full flowering of high-level languages, since FORTRAN overcame initial skepticism by demonstrating to the world that a well-made HLL really could abstract away the machine.
Author: Patrick M. Hoyt
Author: Mark Jones Lorenzo
Author: 
Author: United States. National Bureau of Standards
Author: Wayne Russell
Author: 
Author: Richard L. Wexelblat
Author: Edmund C. Arranga
Author: American National Standards Institute
Author: Mark Jones Lorenzo