Author: Sapna SwaroopPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 440
Book Description
The Social Consequences of Racial Residential Integration
Author: Sapna SwaroopThe Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicinePublisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309679540
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 107
Book Description
Despite the changing demographics of the nation and a growing appreciation for diversity and inclusion as drivers of excellence in science, engineering, and medicine, Black Americans are severely underrepresented in these fields. Racism and bias are significant reasons for this disparity, with detrimental implications on individuals, health care organizations, and the nation as a whole. The Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine was launched at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in 2019 to identify key levers, drivers, and disruptors in government, industry, health care, and higher education where actions can have the most impact on increasing the participation of Black men and Black women in science, medicine, and engineering. On April 16, 2020, the Roundtable convened a workshop to explore the context for their work; to surface key issues and questions that the Roundtable should address in its initial phase; and to reach key stakeholders and constituents. This proceedings provides a record of the workshop.
A Memorandum on Social Consequences of Racial Residential Segregation
Author: Jitsuichi MasuokaPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : African Americans
Languages : en
Pages : 98
Book Description
Cycle of Segregation
Author: Maria KrysanPublisher: Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN: 1610448693
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 outlawed housing discrimination by race and provided an important tool for dismantling legal segregation. But almost fifty years later, residential segregation remains virtually unchanged in many metropolitan areas, particularly where large groups of racial and ethnic minorities live. Why does segregation persist at such high rates and what makes it so difficult to combat? In Cycle of Segregation, sociologists Maria Krysan and Kyle Crowder examine how everyday social processes shape residential stratification. Past neighborhood experiences, social networks, and daily activities all affect the mobility patterns of different racial groups in ways that have cemented segregation as a self-perpetuating cycle in the twenty-first century. Through original analyses of national-level surveys and in-depth interviews with residents of Chicago, Krysan and Crowder find that residential stratification is reinforced through the biases and blind spots that individuals exhibit in their searches for housing. People rely heavily on information from friends, family, and coworkers when choosing where to live. Because these social networks tend to be racially homogenous, people are likely to receive information primarily from members of their own racial group and move to neighborhoods that are also dominated by their group. Similarly, home-seekers who report wanting to stay close to family members can end up in segregated destinations because their relatives live in those neighborhoods. The authors suggest that even absent of family ties, people gravitate toward neighborhoods that are familiar to them through their past experiences, including where they have previously lived, and where they work, shop, and spend time. Because historical segregation has shaped so many of these experiences, even these seemingly race-neutral decisions help reinforce the cycle of residential stratification. As a result, segregation has declined much more slowly than many social scientists have expected. To overcome this cycle, Krysan and Crowder advocate multi-level policy solutions that pair inclusionary zoning and affordable housing with education and public relations campaigns that emphasize neighborhood diversity and high-opportunity areas. They argue that together, such programs can expand the number of destinations available to low-income residents and help offset the negative images many people hold about certain neighborhoods or help introduce them to places they had never considered. Cycle of Segregation demonstrates why a nuanced understanding of everyday social processes is critical for interrupting entrenched patterns of residential segregation.
American Apartheid
Author: Douglas S. MasseyPublisher: Harvard University Press
ISBN: 9780674018211
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
This powerful and disturbing book clearly links persistent poverty among blacks in the United States to the unparalleled degree of deliberate segregation they experience in American cities. American Apartheid shows how the black ghetto was created by whites during the first half of the twentieth century in order to isolate growing urban black populations. It goes on to show that, despite the Fair Housing Act of 1968, segregation is perpetuated today through an interlocking set of individual actions, institutional practices, and governmental policies. In some urban areas the degree of black segregation is so intense and occurs in so many dimensions simultaneously that it amounts to "hypersegregation." The authors demonstrate that this systematic segregation of African Americans leads inexorably to the creation of underclass communities during periods of economic downturn. Under conditions of extreme segregation, any increase in the overall rate of black poverty yields a marked increase in the geographic concentration of indigence and the deterioration of social and economic conditions in black communities. As ghetto residents adapt to this increasingly harsh environment under a climate of racial isolation, they evolve attitudes, behaviors, and practices that further marginalize their neighborhoods and undermine their chances of success in mainstream American society. This book is a sober challenge to those who argue that race is of declining significance in the United States today.
A Place-based Examination of Racial Residential Integration in U.S. Suburbs, 2000-10
Author: Ankit RastogiPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 135
Book Description
What futures emerge as racial and ethnic diversity expands, and people of color become the majority in the United States? The nation is experiencing immense demographic changes in which populations of color are growing as the white population ages and declines. With this shift, racial and ethnic diversity has moved from the city core to places typically thought of as white spaces. Most people of color now live in suburbs and immigration to rural areas is a demographic lifeline for declining small towns. As racial segregation is the norm in the U.S., this growing diversity has far-reaching implications for racial inequality and may provide the basis for a more equitable society. However, there is a dearth of research on diversity outside the city and its outcomes. Will these demographic shifts lead to greater racial integration or fragmentation in American society? My dissertation grapples with this question by exploring the emergence of racial residential integration in suburbs across the nation. Drawing from Census data, the first article makes use of spatial analyses to identify the features of places that support integration. While prior research suggests that integrated communities are mere anomalies in a ubiquitously segregated landscape, I find that millions of people live in stably integrated communities. Destabilizing stereotypes of the "vanilla suburb," integrated places are most frequently multiethnic across Blacks, Latinxs, Asians, and whites. Furthermore, whites do not flee from multiethnic suburbs, precluding the homogenizing forces of re-segregation. Beyond racial and ethnic composition, specific local characteristics facilitate the emergence of these communities: unincorporated suburbs that lack local governments, which historically excluded people of color; new housing stock built after the passage of antidiscrimination legislation; and economies that support racial integration in workplaces like the military and public sector. Where conventional urban sociology focuses on industrial cities like Chicago or New York, my work points outward to sprawling metro areas like DC, Miami, and Riverside to understand a new sociology of suburbs, where whites and people of color live near each other in ways that are stable across time. From a Civil Rights Movement perspective, residential integration may remedy the ills of segregation. For my second and third articles, I focus on two key outcomes, public education and income, to assess whether racial integration in communities indicates movement towards racial equality. Using geocoded data from the National Center for Education Statistics, I investigate the relationship between integrated communities and integration in schools. Historically, public schools are crucial institutions for the upkeep of segregation; however, I find that integrated suburbs host public schools with both high white enrollment and multiethnic diversity. Thus, students of color attend schools with white students, generally representing substantive cross-racial contact within institutions. Second, I explore economic inequality as it materializes across suburbs. Using median household income data, I find that integrated suburbs display smaller racial-economic disparities compared to other areas types like predominantly Black, predominantly Latinx, and micro-segregated, diverse environments. Both Black and Latinx median household incomes are roughly 20% higher in integrated suburbs compared to other area types, while whites' and Asians' substantially higher median household incomes remain unchanged across areas. Therefore, integrated places show smaller gaps in income between different racial groups, pointing towards greater equality. Using a spatial, place-based approach, I contend that the demography of the twenty-first century requires new theory that centers on multiethnic race relations as the U.S. undergoes rapid demographic change. While study after study details the causes and consequences of rigid urban segregation, this project contributes to an understanding of how multiethnic communities outside the city provide openings for racial integration to emerge and persist. Furthermore, findings may guide the formation of policies that mitigate the social problems of entrenched segregation. Multiethnic diversity in local contexts may attenuate white prejudice, allow communities to unsettle persistent forms of racial discrimination, and signal future trends as the US grows increasingly diverse. Most importantly, racial residential integration may be a path toward a more equitable society that provides people of color access to the higher quality place-based resources generally available to urban and suburban whites.
The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty
Author: David BradyPublisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199914052
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 937
Book Description
The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty builds a common scholarly ground in the study of poverty by bringing together an international, inter-disciplinary group of scholars to provide their perspectives on the issue. Contributors engage in discussions about the leading theories and conceptual debates regarding poverty, the most salient topics in poverty research, and the far-reaching consequences of poverty on the individual and societal level.
Divergent Social Worlds
Author: Ruth D. PetersonPublisher: Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN: 1610446771
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 184
Book Description
More than half a century after the first Jim Crow laws were dismantled, the majority of urban neighborhoods in the United States remain segregated by race. The degree of social and economic advantage or disadvantage that each community experiences—particularly its crime rate—is most often a reflection of which group is in the majority. As Ruth Peterson and Lauren Krivo note in Divergent Social Worlds, "Race, place, and crime are still inextricably linked in the minds of the public." This book broadens the scope of single-city, black/white studies by using national data to compare local crime patterns in five racially distinct types of neighborhoods. Peterson and Krivo meticulously demonstrate how residential segregation creates and maintains inequality in neighborhood crime rates. Based on the authors' groundbreaking National Neighborhood Crime Study (NNCS), Divergent Social Worlds provides a more complete picture of the social conditions underlying neighborhood crime patterns than has ever before been drawn. The study includes economic, social, and local investment data for nearly nine thousand neighborhoods in eighty-seven cities, and the findings reveal a pattern across neighborhoods of racialized separation among unequal groups. Residential segregation reproduces existing privilege or disadvantage in neighborhoods—such as adequate or inadequate schools, political representation, and local business—increasing the potential for crime and instability in impoverished non-white areas yet providing few opportunities for residents to improve conditions or leave. And the numbers bear this out. Among urban residents, more than two-thirds of all whites, half of all African Americans, and one-third of Latinos live in segregated local neighborhoods. More than 90 percent of white neighborhoods have low poverty, but this is only true for one quarter of black, Latino, and minority areas. Of the five types of neighborhoods studied, African American communities experience violent crime on average at a rate five times that of their white counterparts, with violence rates for Latino, minority, and integrated neighborhoods falling between the two extremes. Divergent Social Worlds lays to rest the popular misconception that persistently high crime rates in impoverished, non-white neighborhoods are merely the result of individual pathologies or, worse, inherent group criminality. Yet Peterson and Krivo also show that the reality of crime inequality in urban neighborhoods is no less alarming. Separate, the book emphasizes, is inherently unequal. Divergent Social Worlds lays the groundwork for closing the gap—and for next steps among organizers, policymakers, and future researchers. A Volume in the American Sociological Association's Rose Series in Sociology
Reclaiming Integration and the Language of Race in the "Post-Racial" Era
Author: Curtis L. IveryPublisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 1475815204
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 197
Book Description
The book is divided into two major sections: (1) “Reclaiming Integration”; (2) “Reclaiming the Language of Race.” Both sections are located in the context of the “post-racial” era and analyzed by nationally renowned scholars in various dimensions. The purpose of this organization is to link structural efforts to encourage voluntary integration with discursive efforts to broaden our social understanding of race in ways that advance the project of American democracy. It is our firm belief that we cannot achieve meaningful advances against enduring racial inequalities without linking structural impacts of racialization (e.g., racial inequalities in economics, education, healthcare, etc.) to the social discourse of race, specifically in terms of the rejection of post-racial politics that are based on the false idea that racism and discrimination are no longer obstacles to opportunity in the United States.
The Failures Of Integration
Author: Sheryll CashinPublisher: Palabra
ISBN: 9781586483395
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 420
Book Description
Argues that racial segregation is still prevalent in American society and a transformation is necessary to build democracy and eradicate racial barriers.