Author: Harry Collins Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 0262292939 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 236
Book Description
What can humans do? What can machines do? How do humans delegate actions to machines? In this book, Harry Collins and Martin Kusch combine insights from sociology and philosophy to provide a novel answer to these increasingly important questions.The authors begin by distinguishing between two basic types of intentional behavior, which they call polimorphic actions and mimeomorphic actions. Polimorphic actions (such as writing a love letter) are ones that community members expect to vary with social context. Mimeomorphic actions (such a swinging a golf club) do not vary. Although machines cannot act, they can mimic mimeomorphic actions. Mimeomorphic actions are thus the crucial link between what humans can do and what machines can do. Following a presentation of their detailed categorization of actions, the authors apply their approach to a broad range of human-machine interactions and to learning. Key examples include bicycle riding and the many varieties of writing machines. They also show how their theory can be used to explain the operation of organizations such as restaurants and armies. Finally, they look at a historical case—the technological development of the air pump—applying their categorization of actions to the processes of mechanization and automation. Automation, they argue, can occur only where what we want to bring about can be brought about through mimeomorphic action.
Author: Joshua Shepherd Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0198866410 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 209
Book Description
This book offers an account of agency which explains the control agents have over their behaviour, the nature of intentional action, the nature of skill, and the role that knowledge plays in extending the reach of an agent's action and skill.
Author: Helen Margetts Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 0691177929 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 297
Book Description
How social media is giving rise to a chaotic new form of politics As people spend increasing proportions of their daily lives using social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, they are being invited to support myriad political causes by sharing, liking, endorsing, or downloading. Chain reactions caused by these tiny acts of participation form a growing part of collective action today, from neighborhood campaigns to global political movements. Political Turbulence reveals that, in fact, most attempts at collective action online do not succeed, but some give rise to huge mobilizations—even revolutions. Drawing on large-scale data generated from the Internet and real-world events, this book shows how mobilizations that succeed are unpredictable, unstable, and often unsustainable. To better understand this unruly new force in the political world, the authors use experiments that test how social media influence citizens deciding whether or not to participate. They show how different personality types react to social influences and identify which types of people are willing to participate at an early stage in a mobilization when there are few supporters or signals of viability. The authors argue that pluralism is the model of democracy that is emerging in the social media age—not the ordered, organized vision of early pluralists, but a chaotic, turbulent form of politics. This book demonstrates how data science and experimentation with social data can provide a methodological toolkit for understanding, shaping, and perhaps even predicting the outcomes of this democratic turbulence.
Author: Harry Collins Publisher: University of Chicago Press ISBN: 0226113825 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 201
Book Description
Much of what humans know we cannot say. And much of what we do we cannot describe. For example, how do we know how to ride a bike when we can’t explain how we do it? Abilities like this were called “tacit knowledge” by physical chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi, but here Harry Collins analyzes the term, and the behavior, in much greater detail, often departing from Polanyi’s treatment. In Tacit and Explicit Knowledge, Collins develops a common conceptual language to bridge the concept’s disparate domains by explaining explicit knowledge and classifying tacit knowledge. Collins then teases apart the three very different meanings, which, until now, all fell under the umbrella of Polanyi’s term: relational tacit knowledge (things we could describe in principle if someone put effort into describing them), somatic tacit knowledge (things our bodies can do but we cannot describe how, like balancing on a bike), and collective tacit knowledge (knowledge we draw that is the property of society, such as the rules for language). Thus, bicycle riding consists of some somatic tacit knowledge and some collective tacit knowledge, such as the knowledge that allows us to navigate in traffic. The intermixing of the three kinds of tacit knowledge has led to confusion in the past; Collins’s book will at last unravel the complexities of the idea. Tacit knowledge drives everything from language, science, education, and management to sport, bicycle riding, art, and our interaction with technology. In Collins’s able hands, it also functions at last as a framework for understanding human behavior in a range of disciplines.
Author: Harry M. Collins Publisher: ISBN: 9780262270687 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 217
Book Description
What can humans do? What can machines do? How do humans delegate actions to machines? In this book, Harry Collins and Martin Kusch combine insights from sociology and philosophy to provide a novel answer to these increasingly important questions.The authors begin by distinguishing between two basic types of intentional behavior, which they call polimorphic actions and mimeomorphic actions. Polimorphic actions (such as writing a love letter) are ones that community members expect to vary with social context. Mimeomorphic actions (such a swinging a golf club) do not vary. Although machines cannot act, they can mimic mimeomorphic actions. Mimeomorphic actions are thus the crucial link between what humans can do and what machines can do. Following a presentation of their detailed categorization of actions, the authors apply their approach to a broad range of human-machine interactions and to learning. Key examples include bicycle riding and the many varieties of writing machines. They also show how their theory can be used to explain the operation of organizations such as restaurants and armies. Finally, they look at a historical case--the technological development of the air pump--applying their categorization of actions to the processes of mechanization and automation. Automation, they argue, can occur only where what we want to bring about can be brought about through mimeomorphic action.
Author: Scott L. Montgomery Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 140088425X Category : History Languages : en Pages : 509
Book Description
How four revolutionary ideas from the Enlightenment shaped today's world This panoramic book tells the story of how revolutionary ideas from the Enlightenment about freedom, equality, evolution, and democracy have reverberated through modern history and shaped the world as we know it today. A testament to the enduring power of ideas, The Shape of the New offers unforgettable portraits of Adam Smith, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Charles Darwin, and Karl Marx—heirs of the Enlightenment who embodied its highest ideals about progress—and shows how their thoughts, over time and in the hands of their followers and opponents, transformed the very nature of our beliefs, institutions, economies, and politics. Yet these ideas also hold contradictions. They have been used in the service of brutal systems such as slavery and colonialism, been appropriated and twisted by monsters like Stalin and Hitler, and provoked reactions against the Enlightenment's legacy by Islamic Salafists and the Christian Religious Right. The Shape of the New argues that it is impossible to understand the ideological and political conflicts of our own time without familiarizing ourselves with the history and internal tensions of these world-changing ideas. With passion and conviction, it exhorts us to recognize the central importance of these ideas as historical forces and pillars of the Western humanistic tradition. It makes the case that to read the works of the great thinkers is to gain invaluable insights into the ideas that have shaped how we think and what we believe.
Author: William G. Bowen Publisher: ISBN: 9780691050195 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 472
Book Description
A groundbreaking study of the nature, effectiveness, and long-term consequences of race-sensitive admission policies in colleges and universities analyzes students' personal histories before and after college, offering findings greatly affecting the national debate on this issue. Tour. UP.
Author: H. G. Wells Publisher: Read Books Ltd ISBN: 1473345529 Category : Fiction Languages : en Pages : 392
Book Description
First published in 1933, "The Shape of Things to Come" is science fiction novel written by H. G. Wells. Within it, world events between 1933 and 2106 are speculated with a single superstate representing the solution to all humanity's problems. A classic example of Wellsian prophesy, this volume is highly recommended for fans of his work and of the science fiction genre. Herbert George Wells (1866 - 1946) was a prolific English writer who wrote in a variety of genres, including the novel, politics, history, and social commentary. Today, he is perhaps best remembered for his contributions to the science fiction genre thanks to such novels as "The Time Machine" (1895), "The Invisible Man" (1897), and "The War of the Worlds" (1898). Many vintage books such as this are becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. We are republishing this book now in an affordable, modern, high-quality edition complete with a specially commissioned new biography of the author.
Author: Tony Dundon Publisher: Springer ISBN: 1137319062 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 257
Book Description
One of the major obstacles unions face in building influence in the workplace is the opposition and resistance from those that own those workplaces, namely, the employers. This volume examines the nature of this anti-unionism, and in doing so explains the ways and means by which employers have successfully maintained their right to manage.
Author: Paula Kotzé Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3642404804 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 817
Book Description
The four-volume set LNCS 8117-8120 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th IFIP TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, INTERACT 2013, held in Cape Town, South Africa, in September 2013. The 55 papers included in the second volume are organized in topical sections on E-input/output devices (e-readers, whiteboards), facilitating social behaviour and collaboration, gaze-enabled interaction design, gesture and tactile user interfaces, gesture-based user interface design and interaction, health/medical devices, humans and robots, human-work interaction design, interface layout and data entry, learning and knowledge-sharing, learning tools, learning contexts, managing the UX, mobile interaction design, and mobile phone applications.
Author: Harry Collins
Author: Joshua Shepherd
Author: Helen Margetts
Author: Harry Collins
Author: Harry M. Collins
Author: Scott L. Montgomery
Author: William G. Bowen
Author: H. G. Wells
Author: Tony Dundon
Author: Paula Kotzé