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Author: Addison Maximus Duvall Publisher: ISBN: Category : Decision making Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Researchers have attempted to measure risk propensity as a single personality trait, but propensity to engage in risk is dependent both on characteristics of the individual and the situation. A dual process theory of decision making seems to describe how three main factors influence risky decision making (RDM). Individuals can have a predisposition for higher valuation in one of the processes, the characteristics of the situation can predispose an individual towards one process over another, and individuals can be differentially affected by the situational differences. I proposed a model that utilizes impulsivity as a measure of individual process predisposition, gambles that differed between frames as losses or gains, and the HEXACO personality traits to predict RDM. 158 participants (M = 19.0 years, SD = 1.04) performed 20 decision-making tasks, 10 framed in terms of losses and 10 framed in terms of gains, and then responded to personality measures. Participants made more risky decisions in the loss frame than in the gain frame. Lack of follow through and conscientiousness were negatively associated with RDM, both being possible measures of process predisposition. The HEXACO personality traits did not moderate the framing effect suggesting interpretation of frames were not dependent upon the HEXACO traits. Future research should be focused on the differences between the five-factor model and the HEXACO model in decision tasks and should further evaluate the dual process theory to better inform future research on decision making.
Author: Addison Maximus Duvall Publisher: ISBN: Category : Decision making Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Researchers have attempted to measure risk propensity as a single personality trait, but propensity to engage in risk is dependent both on characteristics of the individual and the situation. A dual process theory of decision making seems to describe how three main factors influence risky decision making (RDM). Individuals can have a predisposition for higher valuation in one of the processes, the characteristics of the situation can predispose an individual towards one process over another, and individuals can be differentially affected by the situational differences. I proposed a model that utilizes impulsivity as a measure of individual process predisposition, gambles that differed between frames as losses or gains, and the HEXACO personality traits to predict RDM. 158 participants (M = 19.0 years, SD = 1.04) performed 20 decision-making tasks, 10 framed in terms of losses and 10 framed in terms of gains, and then responded to personality measures. Participants made more risky decisions in the loss frame than in the gain frame. Lack of follow through and conscientiousness were negatively associated with RDM, both being possible measures of process predisposition. The HEXACO personality traits did not moderate the framing effect suggesting interpretation of frames were not dependent upon the HEXACO traits. Future research should be focused on the differences between the five-factor model and the HEXACO model in decision tasks and should further evaluate the dual process theory to better inform future research on decision making.
Author: Jean Decety Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 0262044145 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 441
Book Description
A range of empirical and theoretical perspectives on the relationship between biology and social cognition from infancy through childhood. Recent research on the developmental origins of the social mind supports the view that social cognition is present early in infancy and childhood in surprisingly sophisticated forms. Developmental psychologists have found ingenious ways to test the social abilities of infants and young children, and neuroscientists have begun to study the neurobiological mechanisms that implement and guide early social cognition. Their work suggests that, far from being unfinished adults, babies are exquisitely designed by evolution to capture relevant social information, learn, and explore their social environments. This volume offers a range of empirical and theoretical perspectives on the relationship between biology and social cognition from infancy through childhood. The contributors consider scientific advances in early social perception and cognition, including findings on the development of face processing and social perceptual biases; explore recent research on early infant competencies for language and theory of mind, including a developmental account of how young children become moral agents and the role of electrophysiology in identifying psychological processes that underpin social cognition; discuss the origins and development of prosocial behavior, reviewing evidence for a set of innate predispositions to be social, cooperative, and altruistic; examine how young children make social categories; and analyze atypical social cognition, including autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy. Contributors Lior Abramson, Renée Baillargeon, Pascal Belin, Frances Buttelmann, Sofia Cardenas, Michael J. Crowley, Fabrice Damon, Jean Decety, Michelle de Haan, Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, Melody Buyukozer Dawkins, Xiao Pan Ding, Kristen A. Dunfield, Rachel D. Fine, Ana Fló, Jennifer R. Frey, Susan A. Gelman, Diane Goldenberg, Marie-Hélène Grosbras, Tobias Grossmann, Caitlin M. Hudac, Dora Kampis, Tara A. Karasewich, Ariel Knafo-Noam, Tehila Kogut, Ágnes Melinda Kovács, Valerie A. Kuhlmeier, Kang Lee, Narcis Marshall, Eamon McCrory, David Méary, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Olivier Pascalis, Markus Paulus, Kevin A. Pelphrey, Marcela Peña, Valerie F. Reyna, Marjorie Rhodes, Ruth Roberts, Hagit Sabato, Darby Saxbe, Virginia Slaughter, Jessica A. Sommerville, Maayan Stavans, Nikolaus Steinbeis, Fransisca Ting, Florina Uzefovsky, Essi Viding
Author: Steven Michael Estrada Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Risky decision making, and how it changes over the lifespan, is important for theory and public policy. Studies examining decision making from childhood through adolescence on to adulthood have rarely examined choice on the same task. However, this is crucial in order to fully understand the factors that affect decisions through development and to make defensible comparisons. A framing task was administered to groups of 2nd graders (n = 31), adolescents (n = 35), and adults (n = 41). Of interest is how factors affected choices between a sure option and an option that involved risk. In addition to choices, ratings were elicited on a 7-point smiley-face scale to indicate degree of preference. Factors that were examined include frame (gain, loss), risk (.5, .67, and .75), reward magnitude ( $5 , $20, and $150), induced and measured mood of the decision maker (positive, neutral, or negative), and the decision makers' optimism. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that participants chose the gamble option more when options were presented as losses versus when they were presented as gains (a standard framing pattern). Overall, participants chose the gamble most at the lowest risk level (defined as the probability of the bad outcome in the gamble), and chose the gamble less often as the reward magnitude increased. This effect was qualified by a reward magnitude by age group interaction. The decreasing trend in choosing the gamble was found only for adults and adolescents. The decrease in choices of the gamble as magnitude differences increased (favoring the gamble) is further evidence for fuzzy-trace theory's explanation that standard framing results from gist-based processing in adults. Children's opposite trend, favoring larger outcomes in the gamble, is consistent with fuzzy-trace theory's developmental prediction that younger subjects would be more verbatim processors. Negative mood was found to increase verbatim processing, indicated by an increase in reverse framing (greater preference for the gamble in the gain frame than in the loss frame, the opposite of standard framing). Participants in neutral and positive moods showed the standard framing pattern. Decisions were not found to be influenced by the level of optimism.
Author: Paul W. Glimcher Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0123914698 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 606
Book Description
In the years since it first published, Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain has become the standard reference and textbook in the burgeoning field of neuroeconomics. The second edition, a nearly complete revision of this landmark book, will set a new standard. This new edition features five sections designed to serve as both classroom-friendly introductions to each of the major subareas in neuroeconomics, and as advanced synopses of all that has been accomplished in the last two decades in this rapidly expanding academic discipline. The first of these sections provides useful introductions to the disciplines of microeconomics, the psychology of judgment and decision, computational neuroscience, and anthropology for scholars and students seeking interdisciplinary breadth. The second section provides an overview of how human and animal preferences are represented in the mammalian nervous systems. Chapters on risk, time preferences, social preferences, emotion, pharmacology, and common neural currencies—each written by leading experts—lay out the foundations of neuroeconomic thought. The third section contains both overview and in-depth chapters on the fundamentals of reinforcement learning, value learning, and value representation. The fourth section, "The Neural Mechanisms for Choice, integrates what is known about the decision-making architecture into state-of-the-art models of how we make choices. The final section embeds these mechanisms in a larger social context, showing how these mechanisms function during social decision-making in both humans and animals. The book provides a historically rich exposition in each of its chapters and emphasizes both the accomplishments and the controversies in the field. A clear explanatory style and a single expository voice characterize all chapters, making core issues in economics, psychology, and neuroscience accessible to scholars from all disciplines. The volume is essential reading for anyone interested in neuroeconomics in particular or decision making in general. - Editors and contributing authors are among the acknowledged experts and founders in the field, making this the authoritative reference for neuroeconomics - Suitable as an advanced undergraduate or graduate textbook as well as a thorough reference for active researchers - Introductory chapters on economics, psychology, neuroscience, and anthropology provide students and scholars from any discipline with the keys to understanding this interdisciplinary field - Detailed chapters on subjects that include reinforcement learning, risk, inter-temporal choice, drift-diffusion models, game theory, and prospect theory make this an invaluable reference - Published in association with the Society for Neuroeconomics—www.neuroeconomics.org - Full-color presentation throughout with numerous carefully selected illustrations to highlight key concepts
Author: A.J. Maule Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 147576846X Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 364
Book Description
Some years ago we, the editors of this volume, found out about each other's deeply rooted interest in the concept of time, the usage of time, and the effects of shortage of time on human thought and behavior. Since then we have fostered the idea of bringing together different perspectives in this area. We are now, there fore, very content that our idea has materialized in the present volume. There is both anecdotal and empirical evidence to suggest that time con straints may affect behavior. Managers and other professional decision makers frequently identify time pressure as a major constraint on their behavior (Isen berg, 1984). Chamberlain and Zika (1990) provide empirical support for this view, showing that complaints of insufficient time are the most frequently report ed everyday minor stressors or hassles for all groups of people except the elderly. Similarly, studies in occupational settings have identified time pressure as one of the central components of workload (Derrich, 1988; O'Donnel & Eggemeier, 1986).
Author: Anthony R. Beech Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118650913 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 1205
Book Description
Explores how the explosion of neuroscience-based evidence in recent years has led to a fundamental change in how forensic psychology can inform working with criminal populations. This book communicates knowledge and research findings in the neurobiological field to those who work with offenders and those who design policy for offender rehabilitation and criminal justice systems, so that practice and policy can be neurobiologically informed, and research can be enhanced. Starting with an introduction to the subject of neuroscience and forensic settings, The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Forensic Neuroscience then offers in-depth and enlightening coverage of the neurobiology of sex and sexual attraction, aggressive behavior, and emotion regulation; the neurobiological bases to risk factors for offending such as genetics, developmental, alcohol and drugs, and mental disorders; and the neurobiology of offending, including psychopathy, antisocial personality disorders, and violent and sexual offending. The book also covers rehabilitation techniques such as brain scanning, brain-based therapy for adolescents, and compassion-focused therapy. The book itself: Covers a wide array of neuroscience research Chapters by renowned neuroscientists and criminal justice experts Topics covered include the neurobiology of aggressive behavior, the neuroscience of deception, genetic contributions to psychopathy, and neuroimaging-guided treatment Offers conclusions for practitioners and future directions for the field. The Handbook of Forensic Neuroscience is a welcome book for all researchers, practitioners, and postgraduate students involved with forensic psychology, neuroscience, law, and criminology.
Author: Barbara M. Newman Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128154500 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 444
Book Description
Adolescence is both universal and culturally constructed, resulting in diverse views about its defining characteristics. Theories of Adolescent Development brings together many theories surrounding this life stage in one comprehensive reference. It begins with an introduction to the nature of theory in the field of adolescence including an analysis of why there are so many theories in this field. The theory chapters are grouped into three sections: biological systems, psychological systems, and societal systems. Each chapter considers a family of theories including scope, assumptions, key concepts, contributions to the study of adolescence, approaches to measurement, applications, and a discussion of strengths and limitations of this family. A concluding chapter offers an integrative analysis, identifying five assumptions drawn from the theories that are essential guides for future research and application. Three questions provide a focus for comparison and contrast: How do the theories characterize the time and timing of adolescence? What do the theories emphasize as domains that are unfolding in movement toward maturity? Building on the perspective of Positive Youth Development, how do the theories differ in their views of developmental resources and conditions that may undermine development in adolescence? Includes biological, psychological and sociological theories Identifies historical roots, assumptions, key concepts, applications, measurement, strengths, and limitations of each theory Compares and contrasts theories Concludes with an integrated perspective across theories
Author: Addison Maximus Duvall
Author: Addison Maximus Duvall
Author: Jean Decety
Author: Steven Michael Estrada
Author: 
Author: Paul W. Glimcher
Author: A.J. Maule
Author: Anthony R. Beech
Author: Rose McDermott
Author: Sandra L. Schneider
Author: Barbara M. Newman