The Impact of Six Deficit Irrigation Regimes on Yield, Grape, Wine and Sensory Components of Cabernet Sauvignon in 2012 and 2013 PDF Download
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Author: Constantin Heitkamp Publisher: ISBN: 9781321608861 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Six different deficit irrigation regimes with four subsamples each were established in a commercial Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard (Dunnigan Hills AVA) in 2011. This study details the second and third vintage of the experiment (2012/13). Three treatments were maintained at constant leaf water potential targets, notably: a well-watered Control (CTL, -10 bars), the grower control (RHP, -13 bars) and a minimal irrigation (ED-, -14.5 bars). Two more "early deficit" treatments were switched at veraison, namely ED (-14.5/-11 bars) and ED+ (-14.5/>-10 bars). A "late" deficit featured stress exclusively post-veraison (-11/-14.5 bars). Differences in canopy development resulting from water availability were especially apparent in 2012, but the planned remote-sensing/canopy modeling by an academic cooperator did not deliver tangible results. Grapes were harvested when treatments reached a 24 Brix target and analyzed by our industry cooperator. Triplicate fermentations of each treatment were performed at the UC Davis Pilot Winery and resulting wines analyzed again as well as submitted to a full descriptive analysis sensory study. Seasonality presented an overriding effect, with 2012 expressing more extreme examples than 2013. Yields were reduced by up to 60% by deficit treatments in relation to their severity, but partially recovered with late season irrigation (ED+). As previously reported, the number of berries per cluster was a main contributing factor. Grape composition was affected primarily in its polyphenolic content, with increases in total tannin and non-tannin phenols of up to 20% with more extreme and more consistent deficits. ED+ effectively recovered overall yield, but did not significantly differ from the well-watered control with regards to composition. Moreover, ED+ exhibited slow late-season sugar accumulation paired with increasing pH-values. Pyrazines were only registered during the 2012 season and followed the well-documented pattern of number of buds/vine and early season canopy light environment, resulting in LD having the highest (49ppt) and ED+ having the absolute lowest values (18ppt). Wine compositions followed the composition observed in grape, with no apparent indications of extractability differences. Wine color presented the most apparent difference, with RHP, LD and ED- exhibiting greater intensity, but only LD showing a noticeably purple hue. Pyrazines were undetectable in wines. Descriptive Analysis training of 15 judges of diverse demographics produced 13 aroma- and 6 taste/mouthfeel attributes. When assessed by year, wines only differed significantly in astringency and "hot" mouthfeel (2012) or astringency and sour taste (2013), all of which clearly followed the concentrations established by the grape and wine analyses. When analyzing both vintages, a total of 9 attributes returned significant differences mostly driven by seasonality, thus insufficiently characterizing treatment effects other than astringency and alcohol. Future work, as currently already partially underway, should examine deficit irrigation effects across different cultivars while recording specific plant metabolomics measurements or whole-canopy modeling. The quantification of individual anthocyanin- and polyphenol-species may prove helpful in determining extraction and color stabilization patterns. Given the recurrently negligible effect of yield and berry size, viticultural decisions should increasingly be driven by economical considerations supplemented by judgmental winemaking decisions to achieve the desired product.
Author: Constantin Heitkamp Publisher: ISBN: 9781321608861 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Six different deficit irrigation regimes with four subsamples each were established in a commercial Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard (Dunnigan Hills AVA) in 2011. This study details the second and third vintage of the experiment (2012/13). Three treatments were maintained at constant leaf water potential targets, notably: a well-watered Control (CTL, -10 bars), the grower control (RHP, -13 bars) and a minimal irrigation (ED-, -14.5 bars). Two more "early deficit" treatments were switched at veraison, namely ED (-14.5/-11 bars) and ED+ (-14.5/>-10 bars). A "late" deficit featured stress exclusively post-veraison (-11/-14.5 bars). Differences in canopy development resulting from water availability were especially apparent in 2012, but the planned remote-sensing/canopy modeling by an academic cooperator did not deliver tangible results. Grapes were harvested when treatments reached a 24 Brix target and analyzed by our industry cooperator. Triplicate fermentations of each treatment were performed at the UC Davis Pilot Winery and resulting wines analyzed again as well as submitted to a full descriptive analysis sensory study. Seasonality presented an overriding effect, with 2012 expressing more extreme examples than 2013. Yields were reduced by up to 60% by deficit treatments in relation to their severity, but partially recovered with late season irrigation (ED+). As previously reported, the number of berries per cluster was a main contributing factor. Grape composition was affected primarily in its polyphenolic content, with increases in total tannin and non-tannin phenols of up to 20% with more extreme and more consistent deficits. ED+ effectively recovered overall yield, but did not significantly differ from the well-watered control with regards to composition. Moreover, ED+ exhibited slow late-season sugar accumulation paired with increasing pH-values. Pyrazines were only registered during the 2012 season and followed the well-documented pattern of number of buds/vine and early season canopy light environment, resulting in LD having the highest (49ppt) and ED+ having the absolute lowest values (18ppt). Wine compositions followed the composition observed in grape, with no apparent indications of extractability differences. Wine color presented the most apparent difference, with RHP, LD and ED- exhibiting greater intensity, but only LD showing a noticeably purple hue. Pyrazines were undetectable in wines. Descriptive Analysis training of 15 judges of diverse demographics produced 13 aroma- and 6 taste/mouthfeel attributes. When assessed by year, wines only differed significantly in astringency and "hot" mouthfeel (2012) or astringency and sour taste (2013), all of which clearly followed the concentrations established by the grape and wine analyses. When analyzing both vintages, a total of 9 attributes returned significant differences mostly driven by seasonality, thus insufficiently characterizing treatment effects other than astringency and alcohol. Future work, as currently already partially underway, should examine deficit irrigation effects across different cultivars while recording specific plant metabolomics measurements or whole-canopy modeling. The quantification of individual anthocyanin- and polyphenol-species may prove helpful in determining extraction and color stabilization patterns. Given the recurrently negligible effect of yield and berry size, viticultural decisions should increasingly be driven by economical considerations supplemented by judgmental winemaking decisions to achieve the desired product.
Author: Aaron Whitlatch Publisher: ISBN: 9781303444142 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Pre-veraison or "early" deficit irrigation has been shown to produce smaller berry sizes and higher anthocyanin concentrations (Kennedy et al. 2002, Matthews and Anderson 1989, Matthews et al. 1990, Roby and Matthews 2004). However, modification of irrigation regimes following an early deficit treatment has not been studied to the same extent. In order to observe the effects of varying post-veraison irrigation regimes following pre-veraison water stress, six irrigation treatments were applied to Cabernet Sauvignon over the course of one growing season. The treatments differed in target leaf water potentials (LWPs) and included a highly-irrigated control (CTL: greater than -10 bar all season), a grower standard practice (RHP: -11 to -12 bar all season), a post-veraison deficit irrigated treatment (LD: -11 pre-veraison, -14 post-veraison), and three early deficit treatments with -14 bar pre-veraison LWPs. Following veraison, these three treatments had different target LWPs--one continued with water stress (ED-: -14 bar pre-verasion, -14 bar post-veraison), one represented a standard early deficit treatment with little stress following veraison (ED: -14 bar pre-veraison, -11 bar post-veraison), one was irrigated much more than the control (ED+: -14 bar pre-veraison, greater than -9 bar post-veraison). While the ED and ED- were the smallest berries, the ED+ treatment had significantly higher berry elasticity as well as berry diameters equal to the CTL. ED+ had lower anthocyanin concentration than the other EDs, but nearly the same anthocyanin concentration as the RHP (and more than CTL and LD). Measurements were taken for shoot growth, berry elasticity, fruit composition, phenolic content, and 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine concentration. Additionally, a full sensory descriptive analysis was performed for the 2011 wines made from these six treatments as well as for the 2010 and 2009 wines made from similar irrigation treatments from this same vineyard. Across all years, there was no clear relationship between fruit aromas or vegetative aromas with irrigation regime. All treatments and years had very low levels of MIBP bordering on the limit of detection both by sensory analysis (bell pepper aroma) and GC/MS/MS quantification. For 2011 wines, the ED and ED- grouped near red fruit aroma in sensory analysis. While ED+ was not significantly different than these treatments, it did have lower anthocyanins, tannins, as well as higher mean scores in cooked vegetable and barnyard aromas. The ED+ treatment allowed for less berry weight loss prior to harvest and yields equivalent to the CTL while using much less water to do so.
Author: Jason Edward Stout Publisher: ISBN: Category : Grapes Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
RDI significantly reduced soil water availability at veraison, but the deficit was replenished by the end of the season. Water use efficiency was maximized in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' when additional water was applied post-veraison. RDI in 'Concord' initially reduced yields, but the vines adapted over time.
Author: Alexander David Levin Publisher: ISBN: 9781369615692 Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
In recent years, deliveries of water for agricultural use in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California have been reduced, or in some instances cut all together. Since 1980, the acreage of annual crops has decreased by 40%, while the acreage of perennial crops has increased by 77%. Recent research has shown that perennial crops have a higher potential for water conservation. Also, it has been shown that yields do not decrease significantly under some moderate levels of water stress. As trends in California agriculture shift away from traditional field crops, more detailed information is needed on the amount of water required to grow tree and vine crops. Vineyards now account for nearly half of the total acreage of woody perennial crops in California. Worldwide, approximately 10,000 grapevine cultivars are grown on over 8 million hectares of land covering a wide range of climates, from hot and dry to cold and wet. This apparent genetic diversity has led researchers to group different cultivars according to the drought responses of numerous vegetative and reproductive parameters. However, no studies have utilized an established cultivar trial to directly compare multiple cultivars grown at the same site and subjected to the same water stress. Growers in the SJV would have the most potential to conserve water if the more was known about how individual cultivars response to drought at different times of the growing season. Seventeen different red wine grape V. vinifera L. cultivars grafted on to the same rootstock (1103P) were grown in a replicated cultivar trial, and subjected to three different deficit irrigation regimes over four years in order to manipulate [psi][subscript l] at various times throughout the growing season. An early deficit treatment (ED) received no applied water from berry set until veraison, and then was irrigated at 50% of ET[subscript c] from veraison until harvest. A late deficit treatment (LD) was irrigated at 100% ET[subscript c] from berry set until veraison, and then received no applied water until harvest. The sustained deficit treatment (SD) was irrigated at 50% of ET[subscript c] from berry set until harvest. Previous work has categorized wine grape cultivars into ‘isohydric’ or ‘anisohydric’ groups based on the response of stomatal conductance (g[subscript s]) to plant water status (leaf water potential ([psi][subscript l])). Significant differences in l among cultivars were observed during both time periods, but the effects of the water deficits were consistent across growing seasons. There were no significant differences in maximum stomatal conductance (g[subscript max]) among cultivars. Cultivar-specific responses of g[subscript s] to [psi][subscript l] did not separate into two distinct groups, but were broadly distributed based on a negative relationship between the [psi][subscript l] threshold for the beginning of stomatal closure at 95% of g[subscript max] and the rate of stomatal closure. Cultivar mean [psi][subscript l] values were positively related to the [psi][subscript l] threshold for the end of stomatal closure at 25% of g[subscript max]. Potential mechanisms of stomatal closure related to vascular anatomy are discussed. The quantitative models of g[subscript s] response to [psi][subscript l] presented in this study provide baseline threshold [psi][subscript l] values from which to compare cultivars in future research. With increasing competition for water resources, accurate information regarding crop water requirements is needed for informed irrigation management decisions. Early (preveraison) water deficits (ED-treatment) consistently and significantly reduced yields compared to the control across all years and cultivars, but the late (post-veraison) deficit (LD) treatment vines were not different from the control. The reduction in yield with ED was primarily due to a significant reduction in berry fresh weight (FW), and clusters per vine, with little change in berries per cluster. The LD treatment had a limited effect on berry FW and did not affect other yield components. Variation in yield was mostly due to berries per vine rather than berry FW, although this depended on cultivar. There were also cultivar differences in the proportion of variation in berries per vine explained by either clusters per vine or berries per cluster. Irrigation treatment or applied water amounts did not have a consistent effect on the water footprint but it was strongly dependent on yield. Implications of the timing of water deficits on the productivity of wine grapes in the SJV are discussed with respect to cultivar differences in yield formation. Previous research has shown that berry size is the most important component in grapevine yield, and that the sensitivity of grape berry growth to water deficits depends on the timing of those deficits. Berry growth was significantly reduced in ED for every cultivar, and berry absolute and relative growth rates (AGR and RGR, respectively) were significantly lower at the first measurement date after imposition of irrigation treatments. RGR was consistently higher in ED compared to SD and LD postveraison, but lost growth was not made up for in ED berries at harvest. AGR and RGR were significantly more sensitive to vine water status preveraison compared to postveraison for all cultivars. Ripening rate was highly conserved across cultivars and years, and was only slightly (but significantly) reduced in ED compared to SD and LD. In comparison, sugar translocation rate varied widely among cultivars and years, and was significantly different among all irrigation treatments. Sugar translocation rate depended strongly on berry size at veraison, but ripening rate did not. Irrigation treatments and cultivars affected the timing of ripening events independently with no interaction, and the timing of events was more dependent on berry sugar concentration (TSS) than days after anthesis (DAA). The results of this study may provide growers with cultivar-specific pre- and postveraison vine water status targets for irrigation scheduling, as well as assist with the timing of vineyard operations through better understanding of the timing of ripening events near the end of the season.
Author: Radhika Iyer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 546
Book Description
Vine nutrition, particularly N application in wine grapes, is well known to enhance vine vigour and consequently grape and wine quality. Less is known about the interactive effects of N and irrigation on wine quality and Botrytis bunch rot incidence and severity. The Australian Wine Industry in its 5-year research plan (2002-07) identified Botrytis management strategies as a key area requiring a novel approach for minimizing fungicide application, which is critical to marketing of Australian wine both for the domestic and export markets. This study investigated the role of N nutrition and irrigation management for improving vine vigour, quality and yield of fruit through changes in canopy density and improving cuticular thickness of berries for Botrytis cinerea control using Chardonnay in two field-based (vineyard) trials and Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon in glasshouse-based trials. In the first and second year vineyard trials, 0,30 and 300 kg ha-1N were applied to the soil either with or without irrigation. Effects of N nutrition on B. cinerea infection were also investigated using varieties Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon in glasshouse trials under controlled conditions. Nitrogen (N) application in the glasshouse trials ranged from 25-400 kg ha-1. A leaf bioassay was developed to investigate the infection on leaves across varying N levels. Additional studies looked at effects of N treatment on the severity of B. cinerea infection in berries and resveratrol (stilbenes) in grape leaves, berries and wine in vineyards. In both vineyards, the N applied did not result in significant changes in canopy density, shoot length, yield, or wine quality parameters (OBrix, pH, acidity, total phenols, and N in berries). Also, no significant differences were seen in different levels of N treatment with respect to B. cinerea severity, and stilbene levels in vines over a 2-year period. In glasshouse trials, low N levels (25 kg ha-1) resulted in reduced shoot vigour, low yields and high susceptibility to infection. In contrast, N applications (200 and 400 kg ha-1) maximized vigour (wet cane weight) and imparted resistance in Chardonnay against B. cinerea infection. In Cabernet Sauvignon, the highest level of N application (400 kg ha-1) proved most beneficial in improving vigour and resistance against B. cinerea infection. Preliminary (qualitative) studies on the wax morphology of the berry surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed delayed secondary wax plate formation during the veraison period in some replicates of the high N and no irrigation treatment. Further intensive studies would be needed to explore this observation. Light microscopy studies performed to assess the cuticular thickness of the berry at different N treatments did not show any appreciable changes at different stages of berry growth. Field experimental results have implications for farmers and suggest that in regions where vines and soil are not deficient in N, grape growers could avoid excessive soil application of N fertilisers and irrigation to enhance vine vigour for minimizing B. cinerea infection.
Author: Xiaochi Ma Publisher: ISBN: Category : Cabernet (Wine) Languages : en Pages : 197
Book Description
Washington state is currently the second largest premium wine producer in the United States, with Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon as one of the top produced varieties. Grape production in Washington not only depends on natural rainfall, but also on supplemental irrigation given the semi-arid climate. However, competition for agricultural water availability between grapes and other staple crops has become intense due to unstable climatic patterns and local policies, making efficient water management essential for sustainable viticulture and the development of the wine industry in Washington. Using Cabernet Sauvignon as a model variety, this project aimed to improve efficiency of water management by investigating the effects of novel irrigation strategies and watering regimes on grapevine physiology and grape production. Chapter one provides a comprehensive review of grapevine performance under water stress and discusses strategies to enhance water management in vineyards. Chapters two to four describe the implementation of a novel subsurface drip irrigation strategy named direct root-zone irrigation (DRZ) and summarize grapevine responses. Compared with traditional surface drip irrigation, DRZ increased leaf net CO2 assimilation rate and yield, reduced shallow root growth, and showed potential to save water and enhance crop water use efficiency without reducing grape quality. DRZ likely increased soil water availability but did not show significant effect on root growth in the deep soil profile. Finally, a greenhouse study described in chapter five investigated the responses of grapevine to four different watering regimes, which revealed that increasing watering rate after veraison did not improve grape yield and quality, but it helped improve carbon assimilation in leaves and relieved water stress in grapevines during later growing stages. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between peroxisome abundance in leaves and midday stem water potential, which provides a cellular readout to better understand grapevine growth under water deficit. Overall, this project provides new ways to improve water productivity and advances the understanding of physiological and molecular responses of grapevines to water stress.
Author: Constantin Heitkamp
Author: Constantin Heitkamp
Author: Aaron Whitlatch
Author: Gabriel Balint
Author: Sarah Ruth Johnson
Author: Ashley R. Basinger
Author: Jason Edward Stout
Author: Jorge Esteban Perez Peña
Author: Alexander David Levin
Author: Radhika Iyer
Author: Xiaochi Ma