Author: Phyllis F. AgranPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 106
Book Description
The Effects of Safety Seat Legislation on Pediatric Trauma. Final Report
Author: Phyllis F. AgranThe Effects of Safety Seat Legislation on Pediatric Trauma
Author: Phyllis F. AgranPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Child restraint systems in automobiles
Languages : en
Pages : 16
Book Description
The Effects of Safety Seat Legislation on Pediatric Trauma. Executive Summary
Author: Phyllis F. AgranPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Child restraint systems in automobiles
Languages : en
Pages : 16
Book Description
The Introduction of Child Safety Seat Legislation in Virginia: Types and Levels of Community Response and Effects on Automobile Accident Statistics. Final Report
Author: R. B. MontagueBooster Seat Use and Child Passenger Safety in Ohio, United States
Author: Li Li (Ph. D. in public health)Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobiles
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Motor vehicle crash (MVC) related injuries remain the leading cause of death among children in the US. Age and size appropriate child restraint systems reduce the risk of MVC-related injuries. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children who outgrow harness-based car seats should continue to use booster seats until they reach 57 inches tall. Many countries and US states have enacted legislation to promote the use of child restraint systems. However, the premature transition from using booster seats to seat belts is a public health hazard to children. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to examine the motor vehicle safety of child passengers by investigating the premature transition from booster seats to seat belts. The findings could be used to promote the appropriate use of child restraint systems and improve child passenger safety. The first aim of this dissertation (Chapter 3) was to compare the effectiveness of booster seats versus seat belts in protecting children aged 4 to 8 involved in MVCs. This chapter utilized data from Ohio Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) from 2013 to 2016. By using propensity score methods with robust Poisson regression analysis, we found that children with booster seats had an 11% lower risk for overall MVC-related injuries, an 18% lower risk for moderate to severe injury, and a 59% lower risk for sustaining abdominal injury compared to those with seat belts alone. The second aim (Chapter 4) was to evaluate the impact of Ohio’s booster seat law on child restraint use and MVC-related injuries. We included 18 years (2000-2017) of Ohio police accident report data and utilized an interrupted time series analysis with the generalized least-squares method. Our results indicated that Ohio’s booster seat law was associated with an 18% increase in the proportion of age appropriate restraint use among children aged 4-7 years involved in MVCs, with this increase in usage occurring immediately after implementing the Ohio booster seat law and sustaining over several years. We also observed a negative association between the law and MVC-related injuries, though the statistical association was not reached at the significance level of 0.05. The third aim (Chapter 5) was to explore factors that influence parents' decision-making on their children’s transition from booster seats to seat belts. We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews virtually with parents whose first child made the transition within the last year. We audio-recorded and transcribed all the interviews. This study identified three child-related themes and five parent-related themes associated with parents’ decision-making on transitioning from booster seats to seat belts. We also found that the internet was the most common information source when parents sought child passenger safety knowledge. The majority of participants were aware of the Ohio booster seat law and used the law as a guideline, but misunderstanding and misinterpretation existed regarding age and height requirements. This dissertation demonstrates that using booster seats could reduce injuries among children aged 4-8 involved in MVCs. Children who prematurely transition to seat belts have a higher risk of MVC-related injuries. Ohio’s statewide booster seat law was effective in promoting the age appropriate restraint use of children at booster seat age, even though the law was secondary enforcement. This dissertation also highlighted the importance of redesigning educational materials to improve parents/caregivers’ knowledge and practice regarding correctly transitioning their children from booster seats to seat belts.
Rear Seat Safety for Children in Frontal Impacts
Author: Jared Colin SeidelPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biomechanics
Languages : en
Pages : 106
Book Description
Pediatric fatality rates from motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) have declined over the last 30 years (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2012). This decrease can be a result of updated traffic safety laws and improved car seat design. These advancements present the opportunity to shift focus towards understanding and improving safety for non-fatal injuries. One study found crashes resulting in clinically significant injury (AIS 2+) to children, the lower extremity (LE) was the most frequently injured body region, resulting in 28% of injuries (Arbogast et al., 2002). Jermakian et al. (2007) found in a review of crash data involving a rear-seated child in a front facing child restraint system (FFCRS) whom experienced lower extremity fracture, 76% of injuries occurred below knee (20/26), where 75% (15/20) of the below knees injuries were a consequence of interaction with the front seat back, regardless of the direction of impact. Research completed by the Injury Biomechanics Research Center at The Ohio State University has worked to develop an instrumented LE for the Hybrid III six-year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD). This modified LE incorporates 6-axis load cells in each tibia and ROM stops to improve ankle biofidelity. This updated LE design was used to investigate the effect of front seat back (FSB) properties, initial leg position, and rear compartment geometries in eight 30 mph frontal impact tests. The FSB properties were designed to mimic the two extreme conditions: impacting a rigid or soft anterior structure. The rear compartment space was adjusted to represent a front seat forward or closer toward the LE of the ATD. Initial positioning of the LE either initially touching the FSB or relaxed was another variable investigated. Tibia force and moment, femur forces, tibia index, excursion distance, and head injury criterion were all parameters examined. Data suggest that when the LE was initially touching a stiff FSB, values were observed that either approached or exceeded injury thresholds. When the LE was initially touching a foam FSB, no injurious values were observed. In all four tests when the LE was initially relaxed, independent of front seat positon, the LE impacted the lower rigid portion of the front seat resulting in values that either approached or exceeded injury thresholds. The ATD-LE was successfully used in frontal impact tests, but improvements can be made to the ankle biofidelity at high speeds in both dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. These data can be used to update front seat properties to improve LE protection and present the value of utilizing an instrumented HII6YO ATD-LE.
The Guide to Community Preventive Services
Author: Task Force on Community Preventive ServicesPublisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199759782
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 543
Book Description
The gold standard for evidence-based public health, The Guide to Community Preventive Services is a primary resource to improve health and prevent disease in states, communities, independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Preventive Services, The Guide uses comprehensive systemic review methods to evaluate population-oriented health interventions. The recommendations of the Task Force are explicitly linked to the scientific evidence developed during systematic reviews. This volume examines the effectiveness and efficiency of interventions to combat such risky behaviors as tobacco use, physical inactivity, and violence; to reduce the impact and suffering of specific conditions such as cancer, diabetes, vaccine-preventable diseases, and motor vehicle injuries; and to address social determinants oh health such as education, housing, and access to care. The chapters are grouped into three broad categories: changing risk behaviors; reducing specific diseases, injuries, and impairments; and methodological background for the book itself.
Child Safety Restraint Study
Author: John F. O'BrienPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Child restraint systems in automobiles
Languages : en
Pages : 72
Book Description
Safety Study
Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobiles
Languages : en
Pages : 134
Book Description
The National Transportation Safety Board examined the issue of child motor vehicle passenger protection through a series of 53 detailed investigations of accidents involving infants and small children, restrained and unrestrained; through a series of three regional public hearings; and through a review of the child passenger protection laws that had been enacted by 40 States and the District of Columbia as of mid-1983. The report uses accident cases to highlight crash consequences to unrestrained children and the often dramatic lifesaving and injury prevention benefits of child safety seats. Misuse of child safety seats is identified as a significant problem in accidents, and a need for special efforts to combat the misuse problem is identified. The report identifies limitations and loopholes in child passenger protection laws and concludes that a major problem is that virtually none of the 41 laws were designed to foster the transition of children from safety seat use to safety belt use. The report also calls attention to the need to implement and enforce child passenger protection laws effectively, and identifies areas for further research. Finally, the report identifies major elements for inclusion in effective child passenger protection laws.
World Report on Child Injury Prevention
Author: M. M. PedenPublisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241563575
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 233
Book Description
Child injuries are largely absent from child survival initiatives presently on the global agenda. Through this report, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund and many partners have set out to elevate child injury to a priority for the global public health and development communities. It should be seen as a complement to the UN Secretary-General's study on violence against children released in late 2006 (that report addressed violence-related or intentional injuries). Both reports suggest that child injury and violence prevention programs need to be integrated into child survival and other broad strategies focused on improving the lives of children. Evidence demonstrates the dramatic successes in child injury prevention in countries which have made a concerted effort. These results make a case for increasing investments in human resources and institutional capacities. Implementing proven interventions could save more than a thousand children's lives a day.--p. vii.