The Effect of Menopausal Transition on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness PDF Download

Author: Joseph Abdulnour
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Menopause transition is a natural process in a woman's life associated with altered body fat distribution, increased cardiometabolic risk, and the presentation of vasomotor symptoms including hot flashes and night sweats. A 5-year observational, longitudinal study (MONET: Montreal Ottawa New Emerging Team), was performed to document the effect of menopause transition on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors. Initially, the study included 102 healthy non-obese premenopausal women between the age of 47 and 55 years. By the end of year 5, 91 women completed the study, 4% were still premenopausal, 29% were perimenopausal and 67% became postmenopausal. The major finding of the first study was that the increases in body fat mass and visceral fat in our cohort of non-obese women followed through the menopause transition were independent of the increase in body weight. Furthermore, these changes in body composition and body fat distribution were not associated with cardiometabolic deteriorations. We further examined whether specific factors such as reporting vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes and/or night sweats), exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure, physical activity levels and cardiorespiratory fitness, may be associated with adiposity, body fat distribution and cardiometabolic profile. Overall, women that experienced vasomotor symptoms (paper 2) or presented an exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure (paper 3), did not present any alterations in their body composition, body fat distribution and cardiometabolic profile compared to asymptomatic women and participants with normal blood pressure response to exercise, respectively. Furthermore, exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure was not predictive of future hypertension after a 5-year follow-up throughout menopause transition. On the other hand, total volume of physical activity was not linked with measures of a cardiometabolic profile, cardiorespiratory fitness appeared to have the greatest cardioprotective effect (paper 4). Therefore, in generally healthy physically active non-obese premenopausal women, the menopause transition does not generally alter cardiometabolic risk factors, and suggests that cardiorespiratory fitness may have greater cardiometabolic protective effects in this cohort.

Author: Sahar Razmjou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Menopause transition is usually associated with changes in body composition and a decrease in physical activity energy expenditure. Adipose tissue, especially visceral fat, is an important source of inflammatory markers, which contributes to the development of a pro-inflammatory state. Conversely, high levels of physical activity and exercise have an anti-inflammatory effect. One-hundred and two healthy premenopausal women participated in a 5-year longitudinal observational study (MONET: Montreal Ottawa New Emerging Team). The present secondary analyses were performed on 58 participants between the ages of 47 and 54 years with a full set of data.The aim of study was to investigate the impact of menopause transition and physical activity on inflammatory makers. The major finding of the first of 3 studies was that menopausal transition is accompanied by an increase in inflammatory markers, namely ferritin, IL-8, and sTNFR 1 and 2. The increase in IL-8 and sTNFR2 with menopause could be explained, in part, by changes in fat mass and peripheral fat, respectively. During and after menopause, significant bone loss occurs in women due to reduced estrogen production. Estrogen reduction favors bone resorption by regulating the production and activity of inflammatory markers. Therefore we further investigated the association between inflammatory markers and bone mineral density in premenopausal women transitioning to menopause (paper 2). Our results showed no significant association between change in inflammatory markers and change in bone mineral density in women transitioning to menopause. However, in premenopausal women hs-CRP was negatively associated with total, lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density and along with weight and cardiorespiratory fitness may play a role in bone mineral density variation. Baseline level of hs-CRP, Hp, IL-6 and femoral neck bone mineral density along with percent change in physical activity energy expenditure and menopausal status partly explained the individual variation of bone mineral density losses in women transitioning to menopause. Finally, we investigated time spent in the postmenopausal years and the influence of the duration of the postmenopause status on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors. We indicated that postmenopausal years and years since menopause is associated with decrease in blood glucose and increase in waist circumference, percent fat mass, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein. Inflammatory markers including ApoB, ferritin, adiponectin, sCD14 were higher during years after final menstrual period while sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were higher during the menopause transition and early postmenopausal years.

Author: Barbara Ann Bushman
Publisher: Human Kinetics
ISBN: 9780736056182
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 238

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Based on the latest research, this exercise-based plan will help you take control of your fitness. You will learn the best and safest exercises for perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause and how diet, medication, and exercise interact to affect symptoms.--[book cover].

Author: Elyse A. Shearer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Exercise for women
Languages : en
Pages : 147

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"Obesity among women is a public health problem in the United States. Pregnancy may be one of the causes of this, with 56% of women of childbearing age being overweight or obese. Excessive weight gain during pregnancy and postpartum weight retention may increase a woman's risk of obesity and chronic disease later in life. Moderate calorie restriction and exercise interventions have been shown to reduce body weight and improve body composition during the postpartum period. While weight loss interventions have been successful, high attrition rates limit the widespread effectiveness of these interventions. Furthermore, there is a lack of research examining the effects of a weight loss program on cardiometabolic risk factors in this population. Therefore, the primary aim of the studies in this dissertation were: 1) To determine the effect of a diet and exercise intervention on weight, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors, 2) to improve lifestyle behaviors through improved diet quality and cardiovascular fitness, and 3) to describe the relationship between chronic inflammation and bone mineral density (BMD) in overweight and obese postpartum women. The first study concluded that a home-based diet and exercise program resulted in greater reductions in weight, waist circumference, sagittal diameter, and abdominal fat mass compared to a control group. Additionally, the intervention resulted in a significant improvement in cardiovascular fitness. The second study concluded that the intervention improved triglyceride concentrations, decreased insulin resistance, and improved metabolic syndrome risk factors. Finally, the third study concluded that the intervention resulted in less loss of BMD at the total body and hip and less loss of BMC at the hip, lumbar spine, and femoral neck after controlling for lactation status and weeks postpartum at baseline. Change in cardiovascular fitness was a predictor of change in total hip and femoral neck BMD, while change in inflammation was a predictor of change in total body BMD. These results suggest that a home-based, diet and exercise intervention is effective in improving body composition, cardiovascular fitness, and some cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese postpartum women. Additionally, moderate aerobic activity may attenuate bone loss during a weight loss program."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.

Author: Andrew W. Froehle
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781124703404
Category : Exercise
Languages : en
Pages : 125

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Humans diverge from our close relatives (chimpanzees/bonobos) in high survivorship to menopause and decades of postmenopausal longevity. Evolutionary perspectives see the human postmenopausal lifespan as a species-typical life history trait that has evolved by selection for maintenance of physiological systems at increasingly older ages. Maintenance of body composition and low rates of metabolic and cardiovascular disease should thus characterize the early postmenopausal period, which they do in hunter-gatherers despite little access to Western medicine. In contrast, women in industrialized society tend to increase body fat and have high rates of metabolic syndrome during the early postmenopausal period; as such, the prevailing medical view is that menopause itself increases disease risk. Physical activity relates to metabolic health, and may help explain this disparity: older hunter-gatherers tend to be highly active, while women in industrialized society tend to be increasingly sedentary with age. Within the framework of evolutionary medicine, the present study investigates the effects of physical activity on body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) in postmenopausal women from San Diego. Low REE, low fat-free mass and high body fat are risk factors for metabolic syndrome; exercise may increase fat-free mass and REE, and lower body fat. Long-term, habitually-active women were compared to sedentary women who completed a 16-week training program. In this sample, active women tended to have less body fat, but did not have higher fat-free mass or REE. Despite strength and aerobic fitness gains, the training program failed to increase fat-free mass and REE. Comparison of this study's subjects to published results from highly-trained athletes and data on hunter-gatherers suggests that even the active women in the present sample were rather sedentary, consistent with the idea of an intensity threshold for the effects of exercise on metabolism. Additionally, the training program's lack of effect is consistent with some past studies, supporting the idea that the metabolic response to exercise is muted with age and sedentary behavior. Thus, both the intensity and timing of exercise may be important to reducing metabolic disease risk, possibilities that can be evaluated by continuing to study postmenopausal health from the perspective of evolutionary medicine.

Author: Caroline J. Hollins Martin
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1627033734
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 474

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Nutrition and Diet in Menopause is a single comprehensive source that will provide readers with an understanding of menopause. Holistic in its approach, this volume is divided into five sections covering psychological, endocrine and lifestyle factors, metabolism and physiology, bone and nutrition, cancer and nutrition, cardiovascular factors and dietary supplements in menopause. In-depth chapters review the potential long term consequences of menopause on the overall health of women, not only at the physical level including hot flushes (flashes) , alterations to the genitourinary system, skin changes, decreased cardiovascular functions, hypertension, headache, back pain, and constipation. Written by international leaders and trendsetters, Nutrition and Diet in Menopause is essential reading for endocrinologists, cardiologists, nutritionists and all health care professionals who are interested in women’s health.

Author: Joseph Abdulnour
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : University of Ottawa theses
Languages : en
Pages : 148

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Author: Corinna Serviente
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Menopause is associated with adverse changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors. A reduction in estrogens is most commonly associated with changing cardiovascular disease risk; however, recent observations suggest that the increase in follicle stimulating hormone that accompanies menopause may also influence risk, potentially through its influence on lipid levels. The changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors may adversely affect endothelial cell function, a pre-clinical marker for cardiovascular disease. Whether cardiorespiratory fitness is protective of endothelial health in this population, thereby mitigating the changes in risk that accompany menopause, is unclear. This dissertation evaluated differences in endothelial health and endothelial responses to acute exercise in women in various menopausal stages and with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. Endothelial health was assessed using flow-mediated dilation and endothelial microparticles (EMPs). The project also evaluated whether follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were related to lipid levels in a large cohort of postmenopausal women. We found that: 1) endothelial function declines with menopause, independent of cardiorespiratory fitness, 2) EMPs are reduced with acute, moderate intensity exercise in midlife women, despite differences in menopausal status and cardiorespiratory fitness, 3) High FSH is related to dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women. Together, these data suggest that menopause and cardiorespiratory fitness differentially impact factors related to cardiovascular disease risk.

Author: Einat Shalev-Goldman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 252

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Over the past several decades abdominal obesity and physical inactivity have increased at an alarming pace. Since both are related to adverse health risk it is important to determine their independent influence. It is well established that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, the ability to perform physical activity) and physical activity (PA) are negatively associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (commonly obtained risk factors for disease, e.g: TG, HDL, etc.). In other words, the higher a person's levels of PA and fitness, the lower that person's likelihood of developing cardiometabolic risk factors. Abdominal obesity is positively associated with cardiometabolic risk factors which means the more abdominally obese a person is, the more prone that person is to develop cardiometabolic risk factors. However, it is unknown whether PA influences cardiometabolic risk factors independent of fitness level and/or abdominal obesity. My study objective was to examine whether PA is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors independent of cardiorespiratory fitness and/or abdominal obesity in inactive abdominally obese women. The study enrolled 141 inactive abdominally obese women. PA, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiometabolic risk profile were measured in all participants. A novel feature of this study was the use of the accelerometer to objectively measure PA and to divide exercise into different levels of intensity, such as: low PA, moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), etc. My findings revealed that abdominal obesity was positively associated with cardiometabolic risk independent of PA or CRF. I also observed that CRF was inversely related to cardiometabolic risk independent of PA or abdominal obesity. MVPA explained cardiometabolic risk factors by itself, but with insulin resistance measurements (2-hour glucose, and homeostasis model of assessment) this relationship was abolished when abdominal obesity and CRF were also taken into consideration. The findings of this study provide further support for the recommendation that waist circumference and CRF be included as routine measures screening for cardiometabolic risk factors in inactive obese women. Our findings also support the suggestion that even modest amounts of daily MVPA that are below the recommended threshold of 30 minutes/day convey health benefit.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Body weight
Languages : en
Pages : 58

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as increased body fat, dyslipidemia, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are intensified in postmenopausal women. CRP has been reported as an independent indicator of risk for cardiovascular events. CRP is affected by multiple factors such as age, race, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity level. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an exercise intervention on traditional (BMI, percent body fat, waist circumference, physical activity level) and non-traditional (CRP) risk factors for cardiovascular disease to a dietary intervention program in sedentary, postmenopausal women. Twenty apparently healthy postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a diet intervention group (DI) or an exercise intervention group (EXI) for a period of 9 weeks. DI participants reported once a week for a body weight measurement and EXI participants were asked to attend 3 exercise sessions per week that were 45-55 minute sessions (cardiovascular and resistance training exercises). There were no significant effects of time or treatment intervention, or a time x treatment interaction on CRP levels (p=0.077, p