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Author: Dody Prayitno Publisher: ISBN: Category : Iron, Nodular Languages : en Pages : 280
Book Description
Project describes experiments done to study the effects of some variants in the austempering process on mechanical properties, especially fatigue of ADI. The calculation of the stress intensity factor is also looked into.
Author: Dody Prayitno Publisher: ISBN: Category : Iron, Nodular Languages : en Pages : 280
Book Description
Project describes experiments done to study the effects of some variants in the austempering process on mechanical properties, especially fatigue of ADI. The calculation of the stress intensity factor is also looked into.
Author: Ranjit Kumar Panda Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing ISBN: 9783659697043 Category : Languages : en Pages : 124
Book Description
Even since its discovery in 1948, the use of ductile iron is increasing continuously, this is due to the combination of its various excellent mechanical properties. Excessive amount of research is being carried out to develop even better properties. Austempererd ductile iron is the most recent development in the area of ductile iron or S.G. iron. This is formed by an isothermal heat treatment of the ductile iron. The newly developed austempered ductile iron is now replacing steel in many fields so it has becoming very important to various aspects of this material. In the present work the effect of copper along with the process variables (austempering temperature and austempering time) on the properties (Hardness, Tensile strength and Elongation) and microstructure of ductile iron is studied. With increasing austempering time hardness, tensile strength and elongation are increasing but with increasing austempering temperature hardness and tensile strength are decreasing and elongation increasing. Austempered ductile iron with copper is showing some higher strength, hardness and lower elongation than the austempered ductile iron without copper. In microstructure ferrite is increasing
Author: P. Atanda Publisher: ISBN: Category : Ductile iron Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
The effect of process parameters on the mechanical properties of iso-thermally treated ductile irons was investigated in this study. Sets of ductile irons produced by sandwich method from a rotary furnace melt were given iso-thermal austempering treatments using commercial neutral salt baths. The samples were preheated at 350°C and held for 1 h in a muffle furnace, followed by ausenitizing in an ausenitizing salt bath furnace containing a mixture of BaCl2 and NaCI, (in the ratio 3:2) at 900°C and soaking at that temperature for 1 h. The samples were immediately transferred to the austempering salt bath furnace containing a mixture of NaNO3 and KNO2 in the ratio 1:1. Sets of the samples were soaked at 300°C for between 5 to 240 min and were all later cooled in air. The austempering procedure was repeated at 350 and 400°C for a second and third groups of samples, respectively. The results showed that austempering at lower temperature (300°C) produced a relatively high tensile strength of 1400 MPa, after 150 min holding compared with austempering at the higher temperature (400°C) which produced a relatively lower strength of 1200 MPa at the same holding time. However, the optimal processing window for the austempering was established to be the intermediate temperature of 350°C after a holding time of 150 min. At this processing window, austempering yielded the optimum combination of mechanical properties of 1502 MPa UTS, 7.5 % elongation, and impact energy of 108 J. These properties correspond to a microstructure consisting of a plate-like morphology of ausferrite and retained austenite.
Author: Tapan Sarkar Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic books Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
In the present investigation mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron (ADI) joints have been studied using two developed electrodes containing with and without Ce content and co-related between microstructure and mechanical properties. Austenitization was done at 900°C for 2 h and austempering at 300 and 350°C for 1.5, 2 and 2.5 h holding time. At 300°C microstructure shows needle shaped bainitic ferrite with lower amount of retained austenite indicate higher hardness and lower impact toughness. However, at 350°C shows feathery shaped bainitic ferrite with higher amount of retained austenite to demonstrate lower hardness and higher impact value. Both the welded joints at both austempering conditions tensile samples broke from the base metal indicates 100% joint efficiency. Fatigue life was varied with varying the austempering temperature and shows higher fatigue life at 350°C austempering temperature presence of higher amount of retained austenite and finer the bainitic ferrite size with smaller graphite nodules. Ce in weld metals to refine the microstructure and shows higher impact toughness and fatigue strength with lower hardness value at both austempering temperatures.
Author: John Chinella Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 58
Book Description
This study describes the resistance to penetration and the damage to austempered ductile iron (ADI) from ballistic impacL The resistance to penetration is determined with an average velocity with a 50% probability for complete penetration, the V-50 ballistic limit. The responses of the ADI material to impact are shown by observations of penetration modes, microstructural changes, and fracture topographies. Mechanical properties and ballistic limits are shown for two variations of the austemper process. ADI targets reveal a capability for multiple impacts without structural failures. Penetration modes include ductile hole growth, radial fracture, petaling, and scabbing. V-50 velocities of ADI with lower values of hardness and strength are equal or greater than the V-50 velocities of ADI with higher values of hardness and strength. Graphite spheroids of this ductile cast iron appear to affect plastic deformation and penetration modes by localizing stresses, microstructural changes, and fracture.
Author: D.O. Northwood Publisher: WIT Press ISBN: 1784663077 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 179
Book Description
Containing selected papers on Materials Characterisation this volume presents the latest research in the field. Material and contact characterisation is a rapidly advancing field that requires the application of a combination of numerical and experimental methods. Contributions come from both industry and research communities using computational methods and performing experiments. Demand for high quality production from both industry and consumers has led to rapid developments in materials science and engineering. Current research is focussed on modification technologies that can increase the surface durability of materials. The characteristics of the system reveal which surface engineering methods should be chosen and as a consequence it is essential to study the combination of surface treatment and contact mechanics. The accurate characterisation of the physical and chemical properties of materials requires the application of both experimental techniques and computer simulation methods in order to gain a correct analysis. A very wide range of materials, starting with metals through polymers and semiconductors to composites, necessitates a whole spectrum of characteristic experimental techniques and research methods. The papers in this book examine various combinations of techniques across various topics.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Iron Languages : en Pages : 288
Book Description
Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a type of ductile iron produced by an isothermal heat treatment process. ADI has been widely used in diverse applications such as automobiles and agricultural tools. The exceptional mechanical properties of high strength-to-weight ration, excellent ductility and toughness, low cost and good machinability compared with traditional iron forgings and castings can be attributed to its unique ausferritic structure including the acicular ferrite and carbon enriched austenite. The properties of ADI are strongly dependent on the specific chemical composition, austempering temperature, holding time and cooling rate in quenching mediums. In this research, the graphite ductile iron with and without nickel (Ni) element was subjected to different austempering temperatures and holding times. The effects of presence of Ni, austempering temperature and holding time on the formation of ausferritic structure were investigated by evaluating the microstructure and analyzing the transformation kinetics. The addition of Ni accelerated the ausferritic transformation for ADI. The lower austempering temperature promoted the nucleation of acicular ferrite. The ferrite platelet became more coarse at either higher austempering temperature or longer holding time. A rolling contact fatigue test was used to evaluate the fatigue resistance of ADI in comparison with conventional quenched and tempered ductile iron. ADI material had better fatigue resistance than that of quenched and tempered ductile iron. The results could be credited to the increase of micro hardness on and near the surface because of the strain induced transformation of retained austenite into martensite. The decrease of percentage of retained austenite on the wear track was detected in X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Then, various tempering cycles with constant low tempering temperature were applied on ADI to study the tempering responses of ADI material. Single or multiple one-hour tempering cycles at 177°C did not alter the overall hardness ofthe ADI. Increased hardness due to part of the retained austenite being converted into new bittle martensite was found to be balanced by the formation of relatively soft tempered martensite from the existing quenched martensite in the matrix. Ball-on-disk rotational sliding tests were utilized to compare the wear resistance between un-tempered ADI and tempered ADI with three tempering cycles. Overall, ADI had significantly higher wear resistance as compared with conventional quenched and tempered ductile iron. Tempered ADI even showed higher wear resistance than that of un-tempered ADI which could be attributed to the enhanced toughness caused by the decrease of retained austenite and formation of tempered martensite in matrix. Finally, the study of the influences of tempering temperatures on the phase transformation and tribological properties of tempered ADI was conducted. The ausferritic structure was gradually decomposed into dispersive cementite particles at high tempering temperatures. There were very few needle-like or feather-like ferrite which still existed at and above the tempering temperature of 538°C. In XRD analysis, no ausferritic structure existed in the matrix after receiving a tempering process at or above 538°C. In addition, the tempered ADI with tempering temperature of 427°C showed lower wear volume loss than quenched and tempered ductile iron due to residual ausferritic structure and tempered martensite in tempered ADI that could provide enhanced toughness which resulted in a lower wear rate. Even when ADI received a high tempering temperature of 538°C, it still outperformed quenched and tempered ductile iron under similar hardness.
Author: Dody Prayitno
Author: Dody Prayitno
Author: Ranjit Kumar Panda
Author: P. Atanda
Author: Al Alagarsamy
Author: Eduard Dorazil
Author: Tapan Sarkar
Author: Y. Iio
Author: John Chinella
Author: D.O. Northwood
Author: