The Effect of Driving Conditions and Ambient Temperature on Particulate Matter Emission Rates and Size Distributions from Light Duty Gasoline-electric Hybrid Vehicles PDF Download

Author: Martha Christenson
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780494269855
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 414

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Author: Aaron Ernesto Loiselle
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780494440506
Category : Automobiles
Languages : en
Pages : 352

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Author: Fulvio Amato
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128117516
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 344

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Non-Exhaust Emissions: An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health comprehensively summarizes the most recent research in the field, also giving guidance on research gaps and future needs to evaluate the health impact and possible remediation of non-exhaust particle emissions. With contributions from some of the major experts and stakeholders in air quality, this book comprehensively defines the state-of-the-art of current knowledge, gaps and future needs for a better understanding of particulate matter (PM) emissions, from non-exhaust sources of road traffic to improve public health. PM is a heterogeneous mix of chemical elements and sources, with road traffic being the major source in large cities. A significant part of these emissions come from non-exhaust processes, such as brake, tire, road wear, and road dust resuspension. While motor exhaust emissions have been successfully reduced by means of regulation, non-exhaust emissions are currently uncontrolled and their importance is destined to increase and become the dominant urban source of particle matter by 2020. Nevertheless, current knowledge on the non-exhaust emissions is still limited. This is an essential book to researchers and advanced students from a broad range of disciplines, such as public health, toxicology, atmospheric sciences, environmental sciences, atmospheric chemistry and physics, geochemistry, epidemiology, built environment, road and vehicle engineering, and city planning. In addition, European and local authorities responsible for air quality and those in the industrial sectors related to vehicle and brake manufacturing and technological remediation measures will also find the book valuable. Acts as the first book to explore the health impacts of non-exhaust emissions Authored by experts from several sectors, including academia, industry and policy Gathers the relevant body of literature and information, defining the current knowledge, gaps and future needs

Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264888853
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 149

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Non-exhaust emissions of particulate matter constitute a little-known but rising share of emissions from road traffic and have significant negative impacts on public health. This report synthesizes the current state of knowledge about the nature, causes, and consequences of non-exhaust particulate emissions. It also projects how particulate matter emissions from non-exhaust sources may evolve in future years and reflects on policy instrument mixes that can address this largely ignored environmental issue.

Author: Wei Li
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobiles
Languages : en
Pages : 310

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Author: Jerzy Merkisz
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319159283
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 146

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This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.

Author: Jin Ping Qiu
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781267759856
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of filter face temperature on the measured primary particulate matter (PM) from light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs). In 2009, seventeen in-use LDGVs with model years of 2001 through 2009 and odometer readings of 12,000 to 502,000 miles were tested on a chassis dynamometer following the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) specified in the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) for emissions sampling and measurement. During the testing, summer-time and winter-time California phase 3 reformulated gasoline (CaRFG) were used in the test vehicles. The FTP test cycle included a cold-start test and a hot-start test; gaseous and particulate mass emissions were collected by sampling bags and filters, respectively, at the transient phase of the cold-start test, stabilized phase of the cold-start test and transient phase of the hot-start test. Tailpipe particulate emissions were collected on Teflon filters, which were maintained at the CFR-specified standard temperature for FTP test cycle (i.e. CFR temperature) of 47±5°C, and alternatively, at an ambient cell temperature of 22±5°C (i.e. cell temperature). The average particulate mass and gaseous emission rates of the test vehicles were then determined according to the CFR-specified calculation procedures. The average particulate mass emission rate at the CFR and cell filter face temperature were 1.3±0.3 and 1.9±0.4 mg/mi, respectively. The average gaseous emission rate of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) for the tested LDGVs were 0.08 mg/mi, 1.47 mg/mi, and 0.13 mg/mi, respectively. Statistical hypothesis testing methods, such as the sign test, were used to establish whether there is an association between filter face temperature and measured particulate mass emission from the test vehicles. Based on the test data, the result of the hypotheses testing indicates that the particulate mass emissions sampled at a lower filter face temperature (i.e. cell temperature) were not significantly greater than those sampled at a higher filter face temperature (i.e. CFR temperature), at a 0.05 level of significance.

Author: Paul Richards
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN: 0768006384
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 870

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The first two editions of this title, published by SAE International in 1990 and 1995, have been best-selling definitive references for those needing technical information about automotive fuels. This long-awaited new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, yet retains the original fundamental fuels information that readers find so useful. This book is written for those with an interest in or a need to understand automotive fuels. Because automotive fuels can no longer be developed in isolation from the engines that will convert the fuel into the power necessary to drive our automobiles, knowledge of automotive fuels will also be essential to those working with automotive engines. Small quantities of fuel additives increasingly play an important role in bridging the gap that often exists between fuel that can easily be produced and fuel that is needed by the ever-more sophisticated automotive engine. This book pulls together in a single, extensively referenced volume, the three different but related topics of automotive fuels, fuel additives, and engines, and shows how all three areas work together. It includes a brief history of automotive fuels development, followed by chapters on automotive fuels manufacture from crude oil and other fossil sources. One chapter is dedicated to the manufacture of automotive fuels and fuel blending components from renewable sources. The safe handling, transport, and storage of fuels, from all sources, are covered. New combustion systems to achieve reduced emissions and increased efficiency are discussed, and the way in which the fuels’ physical and chemical characteristics affect these combustion processes and the emissions produced are included. There is also discussion on engine fuel system development and how these different systems affect the corresponding fuel requirements. Because the book is for a global market, fuel system technologies that only exist in the legacy fleet in some markets are included. The way in which fuel requirements are developed and specified is discussed. This covers test methods from simple laboratory bench tests, through engine testing, and long-term test procedures.

Author: Matthew B. Conger
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 326

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Despite the increasing popularity of hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs), few studies have quantified their real-world particle emissions from internal combustion engine (ICE) re-ignition events (RIEVs). RIEVs have been known to occur under unstable combustion conditions which frequently result in particle number emission rates (PNERs) that exceed stabilized engine operation. Tailpipe total PN (5 to 560 nm diameter) emission rates (#/s) from a conventional vehicle (CV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) 2010 Toyota Camry were quantified on a 50 km (32 mi) route over a variety of roadways in Chittenden County, Vermont using the Total On-board Tailpipe Emissions Measurement System (TOTEMS). While HEVs are known to have significant fuel conserving benefits compared to conventional vehicles, less is known about the relative emissions performance of HEVs. This study is the first to characterize RIEVs under a range of real-world driving conditions and to directly compare HEV and CV PNER during driving on different road sections. A total of 28 CV and 33 HEV sampling runs were conducted over an 18-month period under ambient temperatures ranging between -4 and 35 °C. A road classification based upon speed and intersection density divided the route into four different road sections: Freeway, Rural, Urban I and Urban II. Due to the distinct on-off cycling of the HEV ICE, a new operational mode framework (ICE OpMode) was developed to characterize shutdown, off, re-ignition and stabilized HEV ICE operation. Road section was found to affect overall ICE OpMode distribution, with HEV engine-off operation averaging 57%, 36% and 5% of total operation for combined Urban, Rural and Freeway road sections, respectively. Re-ignition frequency was found to range between 11 and 133 events per hour, with spatial density ranging between 0.1 and 5.6 events per kilometer of roadway. A total of 3212 re-ignition events were observed and recorded, and mean HEV PNER during RIEVs, on average, ranged between 2.4 and 4.4 times greater than that of HEV Stabilized operation. Approximately 65% of all re-ignition events resulted in a peak PNER exceeding the 95% percentile for all ICE-on activity in both vehicles (9.3 x 1011 #/s), known as a High Emission Event Record (HEER). RIEV operation made up only 7.4% of total ICE-on operation for both vehicles but accounted for 35.4% of all HEERs. Overall, total particles emitted during HEV operation associated with re-ignition events ranged from 5% for Freeway driving to 60% for Urban I driving. Comparisons between vehicles found an average of 37% and 7% fuel conserving benefits of the HEV during Urban I and Freeway driving, respectively. However, a different effect was found for PN emissions. During Urban I driving, where RIEVs were most frequent, on average HEV PNER was 2.3 times greater than overall mean CV PNER. For Freeway driving, where the HEV operated similar to a conventional vehicle, mean CV PNER was 2.4 times greater than mean HEV PNER. PNER from partial re-ignition events following an incomplete ICE shutdown (no period of prior engine off operation) were on average 1.65 times greater than those occurring when the ICE shutdown for at least one second. The typical fuel consumption benefits of HEVs in urban driving are associated with a tradeoff in PN emissions. The HEV ICE operating behavior has implications for the spatial distribution of PN hot-spots as well as the associated micro-scale modeling of alternative vehicle technology emissions. It is likely that building a model of HEV behavior based upon CV activity will be appropriate, with consideration of a hybridization factor and, as a result of these analyses, a re-ignition factor.

Author: Michael Arthur Robert
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 400

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