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Author: John Paul Ekwaru Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 184
Book Description
The effect of Abstinence, Being faithful to one partner, and Condom use (ABC) messages on HIV infection among youth in Uganda By John Paul Ekwaru Doctor of Philosophy in Epidemiology University of California, Berkeley Professor Arthur Reingold, Chair Uganda has suffered a devastating epidemic of HIV/AIDS for the last two and a half decades, with an estimated 2.6 million people becoming infected by 2005, half of whom had died by the end of that year. In 2009 an estimated 1.2 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda, including 120,000 who became infected in 2009. A campaign for abstinence from sex, being faithful to one sexual partner and condom use (ABC) became a pillar of HIV/AIDS prevention efforts in Uganda. Though there are indications that this intervention played a role in reducing the prevalence of HIV in Uganda, there are no data with which to estimate the impact of this intervention. It is important to determine the effect of this intervention, particularly among youth, who are thought to be a window of hope for changing the course of the HIV pandemic. There is also a need to explore the relationship between stigma and risky sexual behavior. While it has been shown that stigma affects uptake of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), it is possible that stigma may also have effects on sexual behavior. While reluctance to take up VCT may be due to fear of being stigmatized when found to be HIV positive, it is also possible that fear of being stigmatized may lead to safer sexual behavior. Exploring the relationship between HIV/AIDS-related stigma and sexual behavior requires a valid measure of HIV/AIDS related stigma, but there is currently no such instrument that has been validated for use among youth in Uganda. The aims of this dissertation were to estimate the effects of the abstinence, being faithful, and condom use messages (ABC) on risky sexual behavior and HIV infection among youth in Uganda and to develop an instrument for measuring HIV/AIDS-related stigma among youth in Uganda. Chapter 1 presents an overview of HIV/AIDS and prevention efforts in Uganda. Chapter 2 utilizes data from the Uganda National HIV sero and behavioral Survey of 2004/2005 to estimate the effect of the ABC messages on the prevalence of HIV infection among youth in Uganda. Chapter 3 also utilizes data from the Uganda National HIV zero and behavioral Survey of 2004/2005 to estimate the effect of the ABC messages on risky sexual behavior among youth in Uganda. Chapter 4 presents a report on the development process for and psychometric properties of an instrument that was developed to measure HIV/AIDS-related stigma among youth in Uganda. Chapter 5 presents a summary of study findings, conclusions and implications for public health and future research.
Author: John Paul Ekwaru Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 184
Book Description
The effect of Abstinence, Being faithful to one partner, and Condom use (ABC) messages on HIV infection among youth in Uganda By John Paul Ekwaru Doctor of Philosophy in Epidemiology University of California, Berkeley Professor Arthur Reingold, Chair Uganda has suffered a devastating epidemic of HIV/AIDS for the last two and a half decades, with an estimated 2.6 million people becoming infected by 2005, half of whom had died by the end of that year. In 2009 an estimated 1.2 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda, including 120,000 who became infected in 2009. A campaign for abstinence from sex, being faithful to one sexual partner and condom use (ABC) became a pillar of HIV/AIDS prevention efforts in Uganda. Though there are indications that this intervention played a role in reducing the prevalence of HIV in Uganda, there are no data with which to estimate the impact of this intervention. It is important to determine the effect of this intervention, particularly among youth, who are thought to be a window of hope for changing the course of the HIV pandemic. There is also a need to explore the relationship between stigma and risky sexual behavior. While it has been shown that stigma affects uptake of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), it is possible that stigma may also have effects on sexual behavior. While reluctance to take up VCT may be due to fear of being stigmatized when found to be HIV positive, it is also possible that fear of being stigmatized may lead to safer sexual behavior. Exploring the relationship between HIV/AIDS-related stigma and sexual behavior requires a valid measure of HIV/AIDS related stigma, but there is currently no such instrument that has been validated for use among youth in Uganda. The aims of this dissertation were to estimate the effects of the abstinence, being faithful, and condom use messages (ABC) on risky sexual behavior and HIV infection among youth in Uganda and to develop an instrument for measuring HIV/AIDS-related stigma among youth in Uganda. Chapter 1 presents an overview of HIV/AIDS and prevention efforts in Uganda. Chapter 2 utilizes data from the Uganda National HIV sero and behavioral Survey of 2004/2005 to estimate the effect of the ABC messages on the prevalence of HIV infection among youth in Uganda. Chapter 3 also utilizes data from the Uganda National HIV zero and behavioral Survey of 2004/2005 to estimate the effect of the ABC messages on risky sexual behavior among youth in Uganda. Chapter 4 presents a report on the development process for and psychometric properties of an instrument that was developed to measure HIV/AIDS-related stigma among youth in Uganda. Chapter 5 presents a summary of study findings, conclusions and implications for public health and future research.
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on African Affairs Publisher: ISBN: Category : AIDS (Disease) Languages : en Pages : 74
Author: Mary Louisa Plummer Publisher: Lexington Books ISBN: 0739168452 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 501
Book Description
Promotion of the low risk “ABC” behaviors—Abstinence, Being faithful, and Condom use—has had only limited success in Africa. This book draws on a large qualitative study affiliated with an adolescent intervention trial to examine how ABC promotion can be improved. It evaluates the MEMA kwa Vijana sexual health program, which was implemented in 62 primary schools and 18 health facilities in rural Tanzania, scrutinizing its teacher-led curriculum, peer education, youth-friendly health services, youth condom distribution, and community mobilization components. The book examines how implementing such a low-cost, large-scale program involved many compromises, including those between national policies and international “best practice” recommendations, between the most desirable intervention design and one that was affordable and sustainable at a large scale, between optimal teaching methods and real-world teaching capacity, between ideal curriculum content and what was acceptable to the local community, and between adults’ values and youths’ realities. The program’s impact is evaluated by triangulating findings from three person-years of participant observation, in-depth interviews, survey interviews, and biomedical tests. The book also provides in-depth case studies to examine the motivations and strategies of extraordinary young people who practiced ABC behaviors. It outlines broad principles for ABC promotion, including: acknowledging existing youth sexual relationships; promoting each low risk behavior in complexity and depth; working with preexisting, culturally compelling motivations; and intervening at individual, interpersonal, community, and structural levels. Many recommendations for the promotion of specific ABC behaviors are discussed, such as reducing pressures and incentives for girls to have sex; targeting male risk-perception and self-preservation; promoting alternative forms of masculinity than sexual conquest; strengthening premarital and marital relationships; tailoring fidelity programs for hidden couples, couples planning to marry, and monogamous and polygynous married partners; and addressing pleasure, trust, pregnancy prevention, and fertility protection in condom promotion. The book concludes with additional recommendations specific to school programs, and a review of promising complementary interventions for out-of-school youth, women, men, couples, and parents.
Author: Allison M. Herling Publisher: ISBN: Category : AIDS (Disease) in adolescence Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
Uganda has experienced the largest decline of HIV prevalence of any country in the world, from a peak of 15% in 1991 to 5% today. In cooperation with community-based and faith-based organizations, the Ugandan government has pursued an AIDS prevention strategy centered on urging people to Abstain from sex, Be faithful to one partner, or use Condoms (the so-called ABC model). It is believed that the large drop in AIDS prevalence has been due to behavior change, especially reduction of number of sexual partners among adults and abstinence and delayed sexual debut among youth. The purpose of this study was to conduct a qualitative investigation of Ugandan adolescent's attitudes and values towards relationships and sexuality, and the ways in which their social environment sends messages and creates perceived norms which shape sexual behavior, especially the behavior of abstinence. Focus groups were conducted with youth between the ages of 13 and 16 years in the districts of Soroti and Masaka. Youth discussed reasons for having relationships, both platonic and sexual; the benefits and risks of relationships; the proper age for boys and girls to initiate sexual relationships; messages they have received regarding sexuality and perceptions of family, peer, and community norms; and values regarding ideal sexual behavior. Youth expressed that the right age to begin having sex is 18 years and above, so that sex does not interfere with education and cause other adverse consequences such as early pregnancy, family strife, and infection with HIV/AIDS.
Author: Anna Aulette-Root Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN: 0253010705 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 177
Book Description
Based on interviews with women who are HIV positive, this sobering pandemic brings to light the deeply rooted and complex problems of living with HIV. Already pushed to the edges of society by poverty, racial politics, and gender injustice, women with HIV in South Africa have found ways to cope with work and men, disclosure of their HIV status, and care for families and children to create a sense of normalcy in their lives. As women take control of their treatment, they help to determine effective routes to ending the spread of the disease.
Author: Edward C. Green Publisher: Praeger ISBN: 0865693161 Category : Health & Fitness Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
This is not another book about how AIDS is out of control in Africa and Third World nations, or one complaining about the inadequacy of secured funds to fight the pandemic. The author looks objectively at countries that have succeeded in reducing HIV infection rates...along with a worrisome flip side to the progress. The largely medical solutions funded by major donors have had little impact in Africa, the continent hardest hit by AIDS. Instead, relatively simple, low-cost behavioral change programs—stressing increased monogamy and delayed sexual activity for young people—have made the greatest headway in fighting or preventing the disease's spread. Ugandans pioneered these simple, sustainable interventions and achieved significant results. As National Review journalist Rod Dreher put it, Rather than pay for clinics, gadgets and medical procedures—especially in the important earlier years of its response to the epidemic—Uganda mobilized human resources. In a New York Times interview, Green cited evidence that partner reduction, promoted as mutual faithfulness, is the single most effective way of reducing the spread of AIDS. That deceptively simple solution is not merely about medical advances or condom use. It is about the ABC model: Abstain, Be faithful, and use Condoms if A and B are impossible. Yet deeply rooted Western biases have obstructed the effectiveness of AIDS prevention. Many Western scientists have attacked the ABC approach as impossible and moralistic. Some Western activists and HIV carriers have been outraged, thinking the approach passes moral judgment on their behaviors. But there is also a troubling suspicion among a growing number of scientists who support the ABC model that certain opponents may simply be AIDS profiteers, more interested in protecting their incomes than battling the disease. This book is a bellwether in the escalating controversy, offering persuasive evidence in support of the ABC approach and exposing the fallacies and motivations of its opponents.
Author: Jonathan Cohen Publisher: ISBN: Category : AIDS (Disease) Languages : en Pages : 90
Book Description
Recommendations: To the government of Uganda -- To the government of the United States: To the U.S. Congress -- To the Presidential Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) country team in Uganda -- To all other donors to Ugandan AIDS programs, including the Global Fund and U.N. agencies. -- Methods. -- Background: Young people and HIV/AIDS in Uganda -- The human right to HIV/AIDS information -- Uganda and the U.S. Global AIDS initiative. -- Findings on Abstinence education in Uganda: Uganda's official "AB" policy -- Presidential Initiative on AIDS Strategy for Communication to Youth (PIASCY) -- PIASCY in primary schools -- PIASCY in secondary schools -- Abstinence programs out of school (including after-school programs) -- Faith-based organizations promoting abstinence : Uganda Youth Forum -- Makerere Community Church -- Family Life Network. -- Especially vulnerable persons : sexually active young people -- Orphans and children affected by AIDS -- Refugees, internally displaced persons, and children affected by conflict -- Discrimination based on sexual orientation. -- Restrictions on condoms. -- Arguments for and against Abstinence-Only Programs : distortion of Uganda's HIV prevention efforts -- Studies discrediting abstinence-only approaches in the U.S. -- Government response. -- Conclusion. -- Acknowledgments.
Author: Andrew L. Cherry Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1489980261 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 699
Book Description
The rates are on the decline worldwide. But adolescent pregnancies still occur, placing millions of girls each year at risk for medical complications and social isolation and their babies for severe health problems-especially when prenatal care is inadequate or nonexistent. But as the opportunity for young women and girls increases around the world, adolescent pregnancy will continue to decline. Featuring reports from countries across the developed and developing worlds, the International Handbook of Adolescent Pregnancy analyzes the scope of the problem and the diversity of social and professional responses. Its biological/ecological perspective identifies factors influencing childhood pregnancy, as well as outcomes, challenges and needs of very young mothers as they differ across nations and regions. Salient comparisons are made as cultural contexts and community support vary widely and attention is paid to issues such as child marriage, LGBT concerns and the impact of religion and politics on health care, particularly access to contraception, abortion and other services. This global coverage heightens the understanding of readers involved in care, education and prevention programs and otherwise concerned with the psychosocial development, reproductive health and general well-being of girls. Included in the Handbook: Biological influences of adolescent pregnancy. Adolescent maternal health and childbearing. Adolescent pregnancy and mental health. International perspectives on adolescent fathers. Adolescent pregnancy as a feminist issue. Adolescent pregnancy as a social problem. Plus viewpoints from more than thirty countries. As a unique source of up-to-date findings and clear-headed analysis, the International Handbook of Adolescent Pregnancy is a go-to reference for practitioners and researchers in maternal and child health, pediatrics, adolescent medicine and global health.
Author: Miguel Munoz-Laboy Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1317643739 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 207
Book Description
Religious institutions shaped the ways individuals, communities and societies responded to HIV and AIDS since the 1980s. This book draws on research studies ranging in context from sites in sub-Saharan Africa to New York City in the USA to examine the complexity of responding to the epidemic both globally and locally. Religious systems of meaning, practices and institutions have been central to the articulation of projects for social change and inversely sometime strongly resistant to change in diverse institutional responses to HIV and AIDS. Sometimes, religious movements provided powerful forces for community mobilisation in response to the social vulnerability, economic exclusion and health problems associated with HIV. In other contexts, religious cultures have reproduced values and practices that have seriously impeded more effective approaches to mitigate the epidemic. By highlighting these complex and sometimes contradictory social processes, this book provides new insights about the potential for religious institutions to address the HIV epidemic more effectively. More broadly, it shows how research can be done on religion in the area of global public health, showing how civil society organizations shape opportunities for health promotion: a crucial and new area of global public health research. This book was originally published as a special issue of Global Public Health.
Author: John Paul Ekwaru
Author: John Paul Ekwaru
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on African Affairs
Author: Mary Louisa Plummer
Author: Allison M. Herling
Author: Anna Aulette-Root
Author: Edward C. Green
Author: Jonathan Cohen
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
Author: Andrew L. Cherry
Author: Miguel Munoz-Laboy