Study of Cluster Ions by Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy PDF Download

Author: Arvind Kumar Saxena
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783659764523
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 84

View

Book Description
The course of experiments described in this book are focused to provide insight into the production of atomic, molecular and mixed clusters from solid and gas, investigation of difference in the ionization mechanisms of clusters subjected to high intensity laser pulses. Carbon cluster sources based on sputtering and laser ablation are developed to generate a beam of clusters. The formation of carbon clusters in the sooting environment is confirmed using optical emission spectroscopy. Clusters heavier than dimer are detected by a linear time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometer. Neutral clusters are generated by a pulsed nozzle source. Clusters are ionized by IR and UV laser pulses of a nanosecond Nd: YAG laser. Xenon clusters, Ethyl alcohol clusters and mixed clusters of Ethyl alcohol, Water vapor and Benzene are generated using pulsed nozzle source. Apart from the development of cluster sources, the difference in the ionization mechanism of Xenon clusters under IR and UV irradiation is studied. The difference in the ionization mechanism provides a tool to study the effect of cluster size on the ionization processes in MultiPhoton Ionizion of Xenon clusters

Author: Cheuk-Yiu Ng
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 504

View

Book Description
Cluster Ions Edited by Cheuk-Yiu Ng, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, lowa, USA Tomas Baer, University of North Carolina, NC, USA Ivan Powis, University of Nottingham, UK As a result of many recent advances in both experimental techniques and theoretical methodologies, increasingly detailed and sophisticated studies concerning the formation, structures, energetics, and reaction dynamics of state- or energy-selected molecular ions can now be performed. In order better to serve the ion chemistry and physics communities, each volume of this series will be dedicated to reviewing a specific topic emphasizing new experimental and theoretical developments in the study of ions. This first volume is devoted to the physics and chemistry of clusters. Measurement of cluster ion properties, made as a function of cluster size, are expected to shed some light on the basic understanding of the transition from gas phase to condensed matter. The interest in cluster research is also motivated by the important roles that clusters play in many practical fields, such as catalysis and microelectronics. The authors of the seven chapters making up this volume are among the most active researchers in their respective areas. This series will help stimulate new research directions and point to future opportunities in the field of ion chemistry.

Author: J. P. Maier
Publisher: Elsevier Publishing Company
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 508

View

Book Description
Rapid and impressive advances have been made in recent years in the spectroscopy and structure of ion and ionic clusters. This new multi-author volume provides an up-to-date and in-depth coverage of the progress made, the present knowledge, and the state-of-the art of the field. The first chapter deals with the developments and application of the Coulomb explosion technique for the determination of the geometric structure of polyatomic cations. This is followed by a review of the structural information obtained by microwave techniques on cations and of their radioastronomical studies. Of the next three chapters, two deal with theoretical approaches to predict spectroscopic data on ions, and the third deals with the experimental measurements using infrared laser methods. The next chapter covers progress in the area of high resolution photodetachment studies on anions using laser-ion beam methods. The techniques and results described in the following chapter are concerned with the investigations of open-shell cations by means of their electronic transitions. The latter chapters focus on the study of ionic clusters and complexes.

Author: Christine M. Mahoney
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118589246
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 325

View

Book Description
Explores the impact of the latest breakthroughs in cluster SIMS technology Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a high spatial resolution imaging mass spectrometry technique, which can be used to characterize the three-dimensional chemical structure in complex organic and molecular systems. It works by using a cluster ion source to sputter desorb material from a solid sample surface. Prior to the advent of the cluster source, SIMS was severely limited in its ability to characterize soft samples as a result of damage from the atomic source. Molecular samples were essentially destroyed during analysis, limiting the method's sensitivity and precluding compositional depth profiling. The use of new and emerging cluster ion beam technologies has all but eliminated these limitations, enabling researchers to enter into new fields once considered unattainable by the SIMS method. With contributions from leading mass spectrometry researchers around the world, Cluster Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications describes the latest breakthroughs in instrumentation, and addresses best practices in cluster SIMS analysis. It serves as a compendium of knowledge on organic and polymeric surface and in-depth characterization using cluster ion beams. It covers topics ranging from the fundamentals and theory of cluster SIMS, to the important chemistries behind the success of the technique, as well as the wide-ranging applications of the technology. Examples of subjects covered include: Cluster SIMS theory and modeling Cluster ion source types and performance expectations Cluster ion beams for surface analysis experiments Molecular depth profiling and 3-D analysis with cluster ion beams Specialty applications ranging from biological samples analysis to semiconductors/metals analysis Future challenges and prospects for cluster SIMS This book is intended to benefit any scientist, ranging from beginning to advanced in level, with plenty of figures to help better understand complex concepts and processes. In addition, each chapter ends with a detailed reference set to the primary literature, facilitating further research into individual topics where desired. Cluster Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications is a must-have read for any researcher in the surface analysis and/or imaging mass spectrometry fields.

Author: Elliot R. Bernstein
Publisher: Elsevier Publishing Company
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 828

View

Book Description
The last fifteen years have seen a veritable explosion of clusters research brought about by two relatively new experimental advances - supersonic jet expansions creating cold high density atomic and molecular beams, and laser (mass and optical) spectroscopy. The success and power of these two techniques, taken together and applied to the study of atomic and molecular clusters, are described in this volume. The field of cluster study is a very broad one, propelled by both the potential application of cluster results to many bulk systems and interest in clusters as systems in their own right. The eclectic nature of the collection of chapters in this book reflects well the diverse nature of this area of chemical physics. The book begins with one of the most suprising and controversial of recent cluster studies - those for the carbon system. As with bulk and molecular carbon chemistry, the chemistry of carbon clusters seems to be unique. Nonmetallic main group clusters also form a very interesting set of systems and their structure and chemistry are as fascinating as they are varied. Diatomic/atomic clusters and small polyatomic clusters demonstrate an incredible amount of spectroscopic detail and thus structure, dynamics and, in some instances, chemistry can be characterized for them. Clusters of larger molecules also yield information on structure, dynamics and chemistry but can in addition give information on changes in molecular structure with degree of solvation. As clusters become larger they begin to assume the properties of bulk systems. Finally, some chapters discuss the nucleation and growth of clusters, each from its own unique perspective and point of view. Current efforts involve following these processes from the formation of a two-molecule cluster to liquid drop. Atomic and Molecular Clusters provides the researcher with a survey of the current status of the field and will also be of interest to the student who may discover a new and exciting area of investigation.

Author: Tamotsu Kondow
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9812775676
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 293

View

Book Description
The cluster which is an ensemble of two thousands of atoms or molecules, has emerged as a completely new class of materials at the frontier of materials science. The frontier of cluster science extends so rapidly that the map of the science is renewed day by day. In order to provide basic knowledge and recent information on this growing field, 14 world-renowned scientists who are actively involved experimentally and theoretically in cluster science have written this book, which is concise, comprehensive, suitable for students at both the undergraduate and the graduate level, as well as people who work outside cluster science. Contents: Survey of Structure, Energetics and Dynamics of Clusters (R S Berry & R D Levine); Molecular and Ionic Cluster Spectroscopy (J M Lisy); Physical and Chemical Properties of Metal Clusters in the Gas Phase and on Solid Surfaces (A Terasaki); Femtosecond Spectroscopy on Metal Clusters (a Vajda et al.); Core Level Excitation of Clusters (E Rhl); Laboratory Experiments on Single Levitated Aerosol Particles (T Leisner); Cluster Formation from Liquid Phase (F Mafun(r)). Readership: Researchers in atomic physics, molecular physics and physical chemistry."

Author: P. Jena
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475703570
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 932

View

Book Description
Recent advances in experimental techniques now enable researchers to produce in a laboratory clusters of atoms of desired composition from any of the elements of the periodic table. This has created a new area of research into novel materials since clusters cannot be regarded either as a "large" molecule or as a fragment of the bulk. Both experimental and theoretical studies are revealing unusual properties that are not ob served in solid state environments. The structures of micro-clusters are found to be significantly distorted from the most symmetric arrangement, some even exhibiting pentagonal symmetry commonly found in icosahedric structures. The unusual stability of certain clusters, now described as "magic number species", shows striking similarities with the nuclear shell structure. The relative stabilities of clusters depend not only on the composition of the clusters but also on their charged states. The studies on spontaneous fragmentation of mUltiply charged clusters, commonly referred to as Coulomb explosion, illustrate the role of electronic bonding mechanisms on stability of clusters. The effect of foreign atoms on geometry and stability of clusters and the interaction of gas atoms with clusters are showing promise for an indepth understanding of chemisorption and catalysis. The magnetic and optical properties are dependent not only on cluster size but also on its geometry. These findings have the potential for aiding industry in the area of micro-electronics and catalysis.

Author: Hellmut Haberland
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783540569589
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 442

View

Book Description
Cluster science studies the transition from atomic, and molecular physics or chemistry to the science and technology of condensed matter. Two main topics from this large field will be emphasized in this second volume of Atomic and Molecular Clusters. After an Introduction, Chap. 2 deals mainly with molecular clusters, how they react to positive or negative charges (Sect. 2.1 to 2.5), how they decompose and how they can be charged (Sect. 2.6 and 2.7), and how one can do chemistry with them (2.8 and 2.9). Clusters in contact with a macroscopic medium are treated in Chap. 3. It is from this domain that one can expect possible new applications of cluster science. The optical spectra of silver clusters in a dielectric medium are discussed in Sect. 3.1. Their properties have since long been used unknowingly to stain glass windows. Large clusters floating in an ambient pressure gas are called aerosols (Sect. 3.2). Their properties can be used to monitor air pollution. Development of a photographic film is due to supported silver clusters in a liquid environment (Sect. 3.3). Large semiconductor clusters, also called "quantum dots", have novel optical and electronic properties (Sect. 3.4). The optical properties of large clusters, in general, are reviewed in Sect. 3.5, and properties of clusters supported on clean surfaces are discussed in Sect. 3.6.

Author: James Brian Griffin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Mass spectrometry
Languages : en
Pages : 524

View

Book Description

Author: Edward William Schlag
Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 432

View

Book Description
The resurgence of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) has had its origin in the simplicity of construction and application of such instruments together with the high transmission and the great increase in resolution that has been achieved. The instrument lends itself naturally to a coupling with pulsed laser sources, though this is not a prerequisite. It also affords a time resolution far beyond that traditionally achieved with mass spectrometric rapid scan techniques - a recent example being the real-time analysis of a multi-component mixture from an automobile exhaust. Furthermore, the mass range appears to be extremely large: mass up to 500 kDa and beyond what is being readily measured in the laboratory today.The present set of contributions attempts to give a survey of current applications from many of the active groups in the field. A variety of new applications are considered which are no doubt just the beginning of large new areas of application. By presenting this work in book form it is hoped that it will be of help to the many groups intending to initiate work in this rapidly expanding new area of mass spectrometry.