Author: Amal RoyPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Corn (Zea Mays L) as Affected by Nitrogen Management
Author: Amal RoyNitrogen Management Strategies to Improve Corn Growth and Reduce Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Claypan Soils
Author: Tyler W. SteusloffPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 155
Book Description
Adoption of nitrogen (N) management strategies to minimize gaseous N loss from agriculture while maintaining high yield production is increasingly important for an exponentially growing population. Agricultural management on poorly-drained claypan soils in the Midwestern U.S. make corn (Zea mays L.) production even more challenging due to the subsoil's low permeability, which may result in wetter soil conditions and relatively larger amounts of soil N[subscript 2]O emissions during the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of urea fertilizer placement with and without the addition of a nitrification inhibitor (NI) on corn yield, N use efficiency (NUE), and cumulative soil N[subscript 2]O emissions on a Northeastern Missouri claypan soil. The fertilizer strategies utilized in this study consisted of deep-banded urea (DB) or urea plus nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine] (DB+NI) at a depth of 20 cm compared to urea broadcast surface applied (SA) or incorporated to a depth of 8 cm (IA). The addition of a NI with deep-banded urea resulted in 27% greater apparent N recovery efficiency than all other N treatments. Additionally, DB+NI had 54 and 55% lower cumulative soil N[subscript 2]O emissions than IA and SA treatments in the two combined growing seasons. These results suggest that deep placement of urea with or without nitrapyrin is an effective management strategy for increasing corn yield and reducing N loss on a claypan soil.
Soil Management and Climate Change
Author: Maria Angeles MunozPublisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128121297
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 398
Book Description
Soil Management and Climate Change: Effects on Organic Carbon, Nitrogen Dynamics, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions provides a state of the art overview of recent findings and future research challenges regarding physical, chemical and biological processes controlling soil carbon, nitrogen dynamic and greenhouse gas emissions from soils. This book is for students and academics in soil science and environmental science, land managers, public administrators and legislators, and will increase understanding of organic matter preservation in soil and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Given the central role soil plays on the global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and its impact on greenhouse gas emissions, there is an urgent need to increase our common understanding about sources, mechanisms and processes that regulate organic matter mineralization and stabilization, and to identify those management practices and processes which mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, helping increase organic matter stabilization with suitable supplies of available N. - Provides the latest findings about soil organic matter stabilization and greenhouse gas emissions - Covers the effect of practices and management on soil organic matter stabilization - Includes information for readers to select the most suitable management practices to increase soil organic matter stabilization
Urea Fertilizer Placement Effects on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corn Growth
Author: Frank E. Johnson (II)Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 87
Book Description
Agricultural soils are responsible for a majority of human caused greenhouse gas (GHG) production, such as N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2). Nitrous oxide is a potent GHG that stays in the atmosphere for at least 100 years. It is also an ozone-depleting gas. Carbon dioxide is problematic due to its abundance in the atmosphere. These GHGs, along with methane, have had a significant impact on climate change. Claypan soils are characterized as having a significantly higher clay content deeper in the soil profile compared to the layers directly above it. The goal of this research was to investigate the impact N fertilizer placement has on GHG emissions and corn growth. The specific research objectives were to determine the effects of urea fertilizer placement with and without a nitrification inhibitor (NI) on cumulative soil GHG emissions (N2O and CO2) and to assess the effects of urea fertilizer placement with and without a NI on plant N uptake, N use efficiency (NUE), and corn (Zea mays L.) production, on a poorly drained claypan soil in Northeastern Missouri. A NI helps reduce the amount of nitrous oxide produced. Field studies were conducted in 2014 and 2015. Soil greenhouse gas emissions were measured frequently throughout the growing season to determine flux and cumulative N2O and CO2 emissions. Soil water content and soil temperature were also assessed at each gas sampling event. Rainfall was higher than the 10-year average over the growing season for both 2014 and 2015 and possibly resulted in increased environmental N loss. Soil N2O and CO2 emissions were higher during the 2015 growing season. The UDB treatment produced the greatest amount of cumulative soil N2O emissions during both growth seasons at 100 and 354 g N2O-N ha−1. Deep banded urea without a NI resulted in the highest soil CO2 production in 2014 and UAA had the greatest cumulative CO2 emissions in 2015 at approximately 11 and 17 kg CO2-C ha−1, respectively. Incorporating urea to a depth of 8 cm, deep banding urea, and deep banding urea with a NI all resulted in significantly higher yields of corn by as much as much as 10%. Deep banding urea with a NI provided as high as a 48% increase in grain yield compared to other treatments in 2015. The highest yields occurred in 2014 when there were lower N2O emissions. In 2015, there were higher N2O emissions and lower yields. This research suggests that urea fertilizer placement has an impact on GHG emissions and corn growth and this information should be provided to farmers who are interested in producing more corn and losing less N. The amount of rainfall during the growing season may also influence soil GHG emissions and corn growth. More research should be conducted to understand to what extent climatic variability impacts GHG and crop production.
Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Corn (Zea Mays L.) Under Water Table Management
Author: Ajay SinghPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
"Drainage and water table management are essential for crop production in humid regions. Water table management not only increases crop yield, but also reduces nitrate leaching to water bodies. This study investigated the water and nitrogen use efficiency of corn under two water management conditions and three nitrogen fertilizer levels. The sap flow heat balance method was used to measure the daily water uptake of corn, over an extended period of the growing season. The impacts of climate change on grain corn and biomass yield in eastern Canada under tile drained conditions was also evaluated over a 30 year future period (2040 to 2069). The study was conducted at a field scale in 2008 and 2009 at St. Emmanuel, Quebec. The two water management conditions were: conventional drainage (FD), and controlled drainage with subirrigation (CD-SI). The three nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments (low, medium, and high N) were applied in a strip across three blocks. The seasonal water balance indicated that the plants in the CD-SI plots had more water than required in the wet periods, despite the system automation, while the FD plots exhibited deficit water conditions. Water could be saved in the wet periods by better regulating water supplied by subirrigation. However, in dry years, the CD-SI system increased yield. The grain corn water use efficiency (WUE) for FD plots was 2.49 and 2.46 kg m-3, in 2008 and 2009, respectively. In these years, the grain WUE for CD-SI plots was 2.43 and 2.26 kg m-3. Water management treatments demonstrated significant difference (p 0.05) in grain yields in 2009, at low and high nitrogen levels. However, at the medium nitrogen level, water management demonstrated no significant effect (p 0.05) on grain yields. The two water treatments had no effect on the above-ground dry biomass yields in both years. Mean nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of grain corn and biomass varied from 27 to 99 kg kg-1. Highest NUE (99 kg kg-1) was observed under low N (~120 kg N ha-1) and lowest NUE (41 kg kg-1) occurred in the high N (~260 kg N ha-1). This might be due to higher nitrogen losses due to leaching, residual nitrogen in the soil, and more denitrification in high N plots. The rate of plant water uptake measured by the sap flow method, varied from 3.55 to 5.11 mm d-1 from silking to full dent stage of corn growth. These rates were consistent with ETc calculated by the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method (3.70 to 5.93 mm d-1) for both years. Although, silking is considered as a critical stage for corn growth, water demand was highest at the milk stage (45.63 to 59.80 mm). Transpiration during this stage constituted 10 to12% of the total water requirement of the corn for the season. The silking to full dent stage accounted for approximately 40% of the total water requirement of the crop. The STICS (JavaStics v1.0) crop model was used to examine the impacts of climate change, under the B1 emissions scenario, on corn yield from 2040-2069. The model was calibrated using 2008 field measured data, and then validated using the 2009 data set. Corn grain yield was underestimated by 1.5 to 2.6 Mg ha-1 for the two years of measurement. Total dry biomass was also underestimated by 0.9 to 2.6 Mg ha-1. Simulations for the B1 emissions scenario using synthetic weather data was run under the same crop conditions as in 2008. Tukey's studentized range (HSD) test of corn grain yield indicated that yields at high and low N, and high and medium N were different at the 95% confidence level. Grain and biomass production from 2040-2069 under B1 emissions scenario responded differently (p 0.05) for the three N treatments. However, the Mann-Kendall test showed neither increasing nor decreasing trend (MK-stat - 1.96) at a 95% confidence level. " --
Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Yield of Corn (Zea Mays L.) as Affected by Weed Management and Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer Apllication
Author: Vivas Caraniwan, IPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 148
Book Description
A study was conducted to determine the effect of weed control methods and time of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of corn and to identify weed control practice(s) and time(s) of nitrogen fertilizer application that promote nitrogen use efficiency and high yield of corn at minimum cost. Weed control methods had no significant effects on all parameters studied except for leaf area index (LAI) and weed fresh weight at 50 DAP. Leaf area indices from W6 (handweeding four times) and W5 (preemergence application of atrazine + pendimethalin + hilling-up) were significantly higher than W1 (off-barring + hilling-up) and W2 (hoeing + hilling-up). W6 gave the mst effective control of weeds based on fresh weed weight at 50 DAP. W2 and W5 provided poor control of weeds. W1 and W4 (preemergence application of pendimethalin + spot hoeing + hilling-up) provided less satisfactory control of weeds than W6 but better control than W3 (preemergence application of atrazine + spot hoeing + hilling-up). The differences in crop LAI and weed control efficacies were not reflected in grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the crop indicating that all the six weed control methods provided adequate control of weeds in the trial site. The time of N fertilizer application signifantly affected early crop growth and vigor, days to tasseling and silking, plant and ear height, leaf area index, total dry matter yied, ear kernel filling length, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels (...).
Corn (Zea Mays L.) Response and Nitrogen Transformations Following Varied Applications of Poultry Manure
Author: Keith Alexander MacMillanPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Corn
Languages : en
Pages : 390
Book Description
Nitrogen and Irrigation Management to Reduce Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Corn Systems
Author: Hannah WaterhousePublisher:
ISBN: 9781339543277
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Agriculture contributes ~58% of all global anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, a potent greenhouse gas, and 33% of emissions from California agriculture are in the form of N2O. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation management can affect N2O emissions from agricultural systems, however few field studies in California have been conducted. Field trials in the San Joaquin Valley were conducted over two years from 2013 to 2015 examining the influence of concentration ammoniacal N fertilizers, irrigation method, and nitrification inhibitors on N2O emissions and agronomic indices, such as yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), in a corn system. In 2013, in the furrow-irrigated (FI) field, starter fertilizer (8 kg N/ha) and UAN32 fertilizer was side dressed at a rate of 218 kg N/ha, except for the high rate treatment where side dress fertilizer was applied at a rate of 334 kg N/ha. In 2014, in the FI field, starter N fertilizer (13 kg N/ha) and side dress UAN32 fertilizer (252 kg N/ha) was applied to all treatments, except for the high rate treatment (342 kg N/ha). To test the effects of concentration on N2O emissions, the same rate of N fertilizer was applied as a single band of fertilizer and compared to the same rate applied as two subsurface bands on either side of the plant row. Furthermore, this single band of fertilizer was then compared to a higher rate of N fertilizer that was split into two subsurface applied on either side of the plant row. To test the effects of irrigation management, a subsurface drip irrigated field where N was supplied via fertigation in 5 equal increments as UAN32 at 250 kg N/ha in both years was compared to the standard farmer's practice of two subsurface bands in the furrow irrigated field fertilized at a rate of 218 kg N/ha and 252 kg N/ha in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The nitrification inhibitor AgrotainPlus was applied with UAN32 in two subsurface bands across either side of the plant row and compared to the same rate of fertilizer applied without the inhibitor to elucidate the effect of this fertilizer technology on N2O emissions and nitrification as a source of N2O. Soil ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite samples were collected to understand the soil nitrogen dynamics underlying the pathways of N2O production. Concentrating fertilizer into one band increased emissions in both years with statistical differences found in the second year when the single band was placed in the bed. However, no effect on yield was found when comparing the banded treatments. Subsurface drip irrigation significantly reduced emissions in both years by ~50-78% and increased yields in the first year. Nitrification inhibitors also successfully reduced emissions by 60% when applied at the appropriate plant growth stage with no effect on yield suggesting that nitrification is a significant source of N2O in the absence of the inhibitor. These results suggest that fertilizer management strategies targeting N2O emissions from nitrification can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas footprint from ammonium-based fertilizer application.
Value of Cultural Practices for Improving Nitrogen Management in Corn
Author: Measured and Daycent- Simulated Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soil Planted to Corn in Dairy Cropping Systems
Author: Maria Ponce De Leon JaraPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Crop rotations, organic nutrient amendments, reduced tillage practices, and integration of cover crops are practices that have the potential to increase the sustainability of crop production, yet they also impact nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Agricultural soil management has been estimated to contribute 79% of the total N2O emissions in the U.S., and inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization is one of the main contributors. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that has a global warming potential which is approximately 298 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2) over a 100-year period and is currently the dominant ozone-depleting substance. Few studies have assessed the effects of organic N amendments on direct N2O within the context of a typical dairy forage cropping system. Most research has been limited to studying the effects of one or two sources of N inputs on N2O emissions; however, dairy forage cropping systems often apply manure and have more than two N sources that likely both contribute to N2O emissions. This study investigated how different dairy cropping practices that include differences in crop residues, N inputs (dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer), timing of N amendment applications and environmental conditions influenced N2O emissions from no-till soil planted to corn (Zea mays L.). A two-year field study was carried out as part of the Pennsylvania State Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems Experiment, where corn was planted following annual grain crops, perennial forages, and a green manure legume crop; all were amended with dairy manure. In the corn-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation, N sources (dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer) and two methods of manure application (broadcasted and injected) were also compared.Chapter 1 reviews the scientific literature; describing the biotic and abiotic processes of N2O production in soils, summarizing current research on N2O emissions in agricultural systems, and emphasizing the main management and environmental drivers contributing to the emissions. This chapter reviews methods for matching N supply with crop demand, coupling N flow cycles, using advanced fertilizer techniques, and optimizing tillage management. Also, the applicability and limitations of current research to effectively reduce N2O emissions in a variety of regions are discussed.Chapter 2 analyzes the effect of corn production management practices and environmental conditions contributing to N2O in the Pennsylvania State Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems Experiment. Significantly higher N2O emissions were observed 15-42 days after manure injection and 1-4 days after mid-season UAN application. Manure injection had 2-3 times greater potential for N2O emissions compared to broadcast manure during this time period. Integration of legumes and grasses in the cropping system reduced inorganic fertilizer use compared to soybean with manure or UAN, however, direct N2O emissions were not reduced. The Random Forest method was used to identify and rank the predictor variables for N2O emissions. The most important variables driving N2O emissions were: time after manure application, time after previous crop termination, soil nitrate, and moisture. These field research results support earlier recommendations for reducing N losses including timing N inputs close to crop uptake, and avoiding N applications when there is a high chance of precipitation to reduce nitrate accumulation in the soil and potential N losses from denitrification.Chapter 3 reports the comparison of N2O fluxes predicted with the biogeochemical model DAYCENT compared to measured data from the two-year dairy cropping systems study. Daily N2O emissions simulated by DAYCENT had between 41% and 76% agreement with measured daily N2O emissions in 2015 and 2016. DAYCENT overestimated the residual inorganic N fertilizer impact on N2O emissions in the corn following soybean with inorganic fertilizer and broadcast manure. Comparisons between DAYCENT simulated and measured N2O fluxes indicate that DAYCENT did not represent well organic N amendments from crop residues of perennials and legume cover crops, or manure application in no-till dairy systems. DAYCENT was generally able to reproduce temporal patterns of soil temperature, but volumetric soil water contents (VSWC) predicted by DAYCENT were generally lower than measured values. After precipitation events, DAYCENT predicted that VSWC tended to rapidly decrease and drain to deeper layers. Both the simulated and measured soil inorganic N increased with N fertilizer addition; however, the model tended to underestimate soil inorganic N concentration in the 0-5 cm layer. Our results suggest that DAYCENT overestimated the residual N impact of inorganic fertilizer on N2O emissions and mineralization of organic residues and nitrification happened faster than DAYCENT predicted. Chapter 4 highlights the impact of manure injection and the importance of timing organic N amendments from manures and/or crop residue with crop N uptake to mitigate N2O emissions. More research is needed to better understand the tradeoffs of these strategies in no till dairy cropping systems to help farmers in their operational management decisions. Improving the parametrization of DAYCENT for dairy cropping systems in no-till systems with high surface legume crop residues from perennials and cover crops, will make the model a more useful tool for testing different mitigation scenarios for farmers and policy-designer decision making.