Seasonal Growth, Retention, and Movement of Juvenile Coho Salmon in Natural and Constructed Habitats of the Mid-Klamath River PDF Download
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Author: Shari K. Witmore Publisher: ISBN: Category : Coho salmon Languages : en Pages : 150
Book Description
Retention rate was positively correlated with average maximum depth; however the summer retention rate of juvenile salmon at the sites was not correlated with salmon growth at the sites. I observed three seasonal movement patterns of juvenile coho salmon: spring redistribution of fry; fall redistribution associated with initial high flows, and outmigration of smolts during the following spring. A diurnal movement pattern was also detected at the mouths of Tom Martin Creek and Caltrans Pond in which juvenile coho salmon left the study site in the evening and returned in the early morning. This exploratory study showed that not only do juvenile coho salmon in the mid-Klamath display several different migratory patterns; choosing different types of off-channel habitats to rear, but the growth and retention rates of those fish depend on complex and site specific characteristics rather than type of habitat.
Author: Shari K. Witmore Publisher: ISBN: Category : Coho salmon Languages : en Pages : 150
Book Description
Retention rate was positively correlated with average maximum depth; however the summer retention rate of juvenile salmon at the sites was not correlated with salmon growth at the sites. I observed three seasonal movement patterns of juvenile coho salmon: spring redistribution of fry; fall redistribution associated with initial high flows, and outmigration of smolts during the following spring. A diurnal movement pattern was also detected at the mouths of Tom Martin Creek and Caltrans Pond in which juvenile coho salmon left the study site in the evening and returned in the early morning. This exploratory study showed that not only do juvenile coho salmon in the mid-Klamath display several different migratory patterns; choosing different types of off-channel habitats to rear, but the growth and retention rates of those fish depend on complex and site specific characteristics rather than type of habitat.
Author: Michelle R. Krall Publisher: ISBN: Category : Coho salmon Languages : en Pages : 80
Book Description
Substantial investment has been directed toward construction of off-channel ponds in the middle Klamath River basin to benefit Coho Salmon populations. Previous research showed that abundance, retention, and growth of juvenile Coho Salmon varied across sites but were not consistently different between constructed ponds and natural habitats; instead, variation was attributed to individual site characteristics. However, the characteristics responsible for these differences are not clear. In this exploratory study, I investigated the effect of accessibility on juvenile Coho Salmon abundance within nine constructed ponds. I also assessed whether habitat conditions, Coho Salmon density, and food availability within the ponds could predict abundance, retention, and growth of Coho Salmon. Few strong relationships were found between characteristics of ponds and the response variables. Despite potentially stressful conditions at some sites, Coho Salmon occupied most ponds through the summer, suggesting that they provide suitable rearing habitats. Lack of accessibility throughout the year had potentially important effects on the survival and life history of individuals trapped in constructed ponds. Retention rates were strongly correlated with zooplankton availability, while Coho Salmon density and available benthic prey displayed little correlation with retention. While growth rate differed among ponds; while measures of prey availability did not explain variation in growth rate, growth rate was negatively correlated with Coho Salmon density in the ponds. Constructed off-channel ponds serve as important rearing habitat for Coho Salmon and an increased understanding of their role in Coho Salmon rearing and production is necessary.
Author: Adam D. Weybright Publisher: ISBN: Category : Coho salmon Languages : en Pages : 110
Book Description
Juvenile salmonids display highly variable spatial and temporal movement patterns that are influenced by density dependent (e.g., competition, predation) and density independent (e.g., genetics, stream discharge, physical habitat conditions) factors. The effects of these factors differ with fish life history stage, but will ultimately affect how salmonids utilize freshwater nursery habitats and influence their size at smolting. Although juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (Walbaum 1792) movement patterns and their relationships with body mass have been previously examined, the temporal scale considered in most studies has been within individual seasonal periods. In this study, we monitored the movement of PIT tagged juvenile coho salmon throughout the period of freshwater residence in an entire southern Oregon coastal basin to identify the prevalent sedentary and mobile strategies these fish may adopt and to examine possible relationships between those strategies and fish body mass, growth and survival. Specific objectives include: 1) to describe juvenile coho salmon movement strategies and patterns during the freshwater residence period; 2) to determine the relative proportions of juvenile coho salmon that exhibit each movement strategy; 3) to establish whether juvenile coho salmon body mass and growth rates are related with a set of habitat variables recorded during this study; 4) to determine whether coho salmon body mass or growth rates are related to movement strategy; and 5) to evaluate whether winter survival of juvenile coho salmon is associated with movement strategy. Results revealed seasonally and spatially variable movement. More than half of coho salmon tracked throughout the period of freshwater residence exhibited movement behavior that differed between summer and winter seasons. Within seasonal periods, coho salmon in tidally affected reaches exhibited greater prevalence of mobile behavior relative to those in riverine reaches. Regression analysis indicated coho biomass density, habitat unit structural complexity and size at tagging were important in predicting summer growth of coho salmon. Juvenile coho salmon that were mobile during summer were either larger or no different in body mass in early summer relative to fish that exhibited sedentary behavior. Similarly, no consistent differences were observed between sedentary and mobile coho salmon in regards to summer growth. Coho salmon that were sedentary in summer and winter experienced higher apparent winter survival than mobile fish in each season, though the reach in which an individual resided at the start of winter appeared to also affect survival. Coho salmon residing in the tide gate reservoir reach and mainstem headwater reaches experienced greatest apparent winter survival. These results indicate that juvenile coho salmon movement within a stream basin is spatially and temporally variable and that mobility does not necessarily indicate inferior competitive ability. In a broader context, variable movement patterns reflect the capacity for plastic behavior in salmonids and this research demonstrates the importance of maintaining seasonally diverse freshwater and estuarine nursery habitats for juvenile fish.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Coho salmon Languages : en Pages : 124
Book Description
Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) rely on unique habitats during the winter season, which may dictate how much individuals may growth and when migration from freshwater rearing habitat to the ocean occurs. Here I analyze movement timing and growth patterns for coho salmon through a field-based study and a literature review. For the field portion, I examined hatchery-stocked juvenile coho salmon across four stream basins in the Russian River watershed, California to determine the relative importance of climate, landscape, and fish size metrics in predicting movement and growth patterns over a winter rearing and spring smolt outmigration time period (December 2014-June 2015). I observed three unique movement strategies: winter parr movement, spring smolt movement, and inter-tributary movement. Movement was predicted in relation to daily temperature and precipitation, followed by in-stream and upslope basin conditions in random forest modeling. Specifically, fish that moved later were associated with basins that contained higher productivity and low-gradient floodplain habitats, while fish that moved earlier came from streams that lacked invertebrate prey and had limited low-gradient rearing habitat. Fish size and timing of movement were the primary predictors of growth, with relatively larger fish in the spring growing faster than fish that were relatively smaller prior to winter. These relationships suggest that hatchery-release fish are still highly influenced by environmental conditions once released, especially in terms of initial seasonal movement, and that watershed conditions should be considered when utilizing hatchery-rearing programs to supplement wild fish populations. In North America, coho salmon populations are distributed from Alaska through California, and may exhibit unique movement and growth patterns in relationship to population-scale vulnerability (Endangered Species Act listing), basin area, and availability and types of rearing habitat. For the second part of my thesis, I conducted a literature review to assess what factors are commonly considered in predicting movement and growth patterns for these fish, as well as the types (season and life stage) and number of movement strategies reported. Eighteen studies were summarized, of which sixteen identified unique movement strategies, ranging from one to four. Despite a wide range of basin areas and latitudes, winter parr and spring smolt movements were commonly observed, with authors primarily relating these behaviors to in-stream habitat and fish size metrics. Additionally, growth was linked positively and primarily with off-channel winter rearing, which may outweigh the importance of fish size in predicting growth when high quality rearing habitats are available during the winter season. Recognizing movement timing diversity and its drivers can help recover threatened coho salmon populations. More widely distributed populations may have unique phenotypic expressions based on localized genetic and environmental interactions, increasing diversity and overall stability across the population, a concept known as the portfolio effect. Understanding fish-habitat relationships can aid recovery efforts by providing a framework of climatic and watershed conditions that support unique behaviors, even in already severely limited populations.
Author: Dalton J. Hance Publisher: ISBN: Category : Coho salmon Languages : en Pages : 77
Book Description
From the summer dry season to the winter wet season. Such movement that connects summer and winter habitats may be particularly important for coho salmon, O. kisutch, because availability of overwintering habitat can limit freshwater survival for this species. Here, I describe basin-scale variability in the spatial pattern of fall movement for juvenile coho salmon between mainstem and tributary streams during the fall of 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005. Juvenile coho salmon were tagged with a passive integrated transponder (PIT) and could be detected at five stationary detection sites, two located in perennial tributaries, two in intermittent tributaries, and one in the upper mainstem of the West Fork Smith River, Oregon. For each detection site, I compare the likelihood of detection during the fall by juvenile coho salmon from tagging locations over a multi-kilometer range of distances in each direction away from the tributary confluence. I developed logistic regression models with data from each detection site to estimate: 1) the relative likelihood of immigration into a tributary as compared to emigration out of the tributary, and 2) the relative likelihood of immigration into a tributary from the mainstem downstream of the tributary confluence as compared to immigration from the mainstem upstream of the confluence. For each pair of directions at each detection site, I also compare the change in the likelihood of detection with increasing distance for each direction. Overall, at the two upper-river detection sites, juvenile coho salmon were more likely to emigrate than to immigrate. At the remaining detection sites, juvenile coho salmon were no more likely to emigrate than immigrate. Of these detection sites, fish that immigrated into the mid-river perennial stream were more likely to come from the mainstem downstream of the confluence, whereas fish that immigrated into the two lower-river intermittent tributaries were more likely to come from the mainstem upstream of the confluence. Fall movement of juvenile coho salmon between tributary and mainstem habitat can occur over relatively long distances. This case study demonstrates variation among tributaries in the overall likelihood of emigration and immigration and in the source of immigrants from the mainstem, which may be related to spatial context that combines the physical characteristics and network position of tributary streams. The demonstrated variation in fall movement that connects summer and winter habitat within a stream network is a first step in exploring how complexity in movement interacts with the spatial arrangement and quality of seasonal habitats. More research on the causes of variation in the expression of fall movement will improve our understanding of how the spatial arrangement of habitat within a stream network influences the survival of juvenile coho salmon over the whole freshwater life cycle.
Author: Molly Gorman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Coho salmon Languages : en Pages : 79
Book Description
The Scott and Shasta rivers, Klamath River tributaries, experience spatial disparity in habitat quality in spring and summer as a result of historical and current land-use. Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) born in the upper tributary reaches often rear in natal streams before migrating to sea. However, those born in the lower reaches often encounter unsuitable habitat and emigrate during their first spring to seek non-natal rearing habitats. It is assumed that these early outmigrants are population losses. This study evaluated first-summer survival, and contribution to the adult population, of non-natal rearing juveniles in the Klamath River Basin. In the spring of 2014 and 2015 juveniles were tagged using Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags as they were leaving the lower Scott and Shasta Rivers. Movement and survival was subsequently tracked using recapture and detection efforts in potential mainstem summer rearing locations. Strontium microchemistry from otolith samples of returning adult Coho Salmon throughout the basin was analyzed to estimate the contribution of non-natal rearing juveniles to adult returns. Few tagged individuals were detected in non-natal rearing habitats, but those detected in these habitats had survival rates comparable to natal-rearing individuals. Otolith analysis indicated that the proportion of juvenile Coho Salmon rearing in non-natal habitats varied by spawning site. In total, 53% of the 116 adults sampled reared in a natal location as juveniles, while 47% reared in a non-natal location. These results suggest that non-natal rearing can contribute to adult returns and could be a significant population segment with increased restoration.
Author: Shari K. Witmore
Author: Shari K. Witmore
Author: Michelle R. Krall
Author: Adam D. Weybright
Author: Paul M. Iwanaga
Author: 
Author: Dalton J. Hance
Author: J. A. Miller
Author: Molly Gorman
Author: Gordon H. Reeves
Author: Thomas J. Hassler