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Author: Alessandro Di Nola Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
While the COVID-19 pandemic had a large and asymmetric impact on firms, many countries quickly enacted massive business rescue programs which are specifically targeted to smaller firms. Little is known about the effects of such policies on business entry and exit, factor reallocation, and macroeconomic outcomes. This paper builds a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous and financially constrained firms in order to evaluate the short- and long-term consequences of small firm rescue programs in a pandemic recession. We calibrate the stationary equilibrium and the pandemic shock to the U.S. economy, taking into account the factual Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) as a specific grant policy. We find that the policy has only a small impact on aggregate employment because (i) jobs are saved predominately in less productive firms that account for a small share of employment and (ii) the grant induces a reallocation of resources away from larger and less impacted firms. Much of this reallocation happens in the aftermath of the pandemic episode. While a universal grant reduces the firm exit rate substantially, a targeted policy is not only more cost-effective, it also largely prevents the creation of "zombie firms" whose survival is socially inefficient.
Author: Alessandro Di Nola Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
While the COVID-19 pandemic had a large and asymmetric impact on firms, many countries quickly enacted massive business rescue programs which are specifically targeted to smaller firms. Little is known about the effects of such policies on business entry and exit, factor reallocation, and macroeconomic outcomes. This paper builds a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous and financially constrained firms in order to evaluate the short- and long-term consequences of small firm rescue programs in a pandemic recession. We calibrate the stationary equilibrium and the pandemic shock to the U.S. economy, taking into account the factual Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) as a specific grant policy. We find that the policy has only a small impact on aggregate employment because (i) jobs are saved predominately in less productive firms that account for a small share of employment and (ii) the grant induces a reallocation of resources away from larger and less impacted firms. Much of this reallocation happens in the aftermath of the pandemic episode. While a universal grant reduces the firm exit rate substantially, a targeted policy is not only more cost-effective, it also largely prevents the creation of "zombie firms" whose survival is socially inefficient.
Author: Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas Publisher: ISBN: Category : Business enterprises Languages : en Pages : 54
Book Description
Abstract: We estimate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on business failures among small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) in seventeen countries using a large representative firm-level database. We use a simple model of firm cost-minimization and measure each firm's liquidity shortfall during and after COVID-19. Our framework allows for a rich combination of sectoral and aggregate supply, productivity, and demand shocks. We estimate a large increase in the failure rate of SMEs under COVID-19 of nearly 9 percentage points, absent government support. Accommodation & Food Services, Arts, Entertainment & Recreation, Education, and Other Services are among the most affected sectors. The jobs at risk due to COVID-19 related SME business failures represent 3.1 percent of private sector employment. Despite the large impact on business failures and employment, we estimate only moderate effects on the financial sector: the share of Non Performing Loans on bank balance sheets would increase by up to 11 percentage points, representing 0.3 percent of banks' assets and resulting in a 0.75 percentage point decline in the common equity Tier-1 capital ratio. We evaluate the cost and effectiveness of various policy interventions. The fiscal cost of an intervention that narrowly targets at risk firms can be modest (0.54% of GDP). However, at a similar level of effectiveness, non-targeted subsidies can be substantially more expensive (1.82% of GDP). Our results have important implications for the severity of the COVID-19 recession, the design of policies, and the speed of the recovery
Author: Georgij Alekseev Publisher: ISBN: Category : COVID-19 (Disease) Languages : en Pages : 82
Book Description
We analyze a large-scale survey of owners, managers, and employees of small businesses in the United States to understand the effects of the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic on those businesses. The survey was fielded in late April 2020 among Facebook business page administrators, frequent sellers on Facebook's e-commerce platform Marketplace, and the general Facebook user population. We observe more than 66,000 responses covering most sectors of the economy, including many businesses that had stopped operating due to the pandemic. The survey asks 136 questions covering topics such as changes in business operations and employment, changes in financing patterns, and the interaction of household and business responsibilities. We characterize the adjustments implemented to survive the pandemic and explore the key challenges to continue operating or to re-open. We show how these patterns differ across industry, firm size, owner gender, and other firm characteristics.
Author: Luna Z. Rainstorm Publisher: BornIncredible.com ISBN: 177696943X Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 356
Book Description
"Fortify your financial future by understanding and navigating the complex world of recessions." Navigate uncertain financial waters with "Recession-Proof Your Life," a comprehensive guide to understanding, preparing for, and surviving economic downturns. Gain a thorough understanding of the history, causes, and consequences of recessions, as well as strategies to protect your finances, career, and emotional well-being. Explore the history of major recessions, such as the Great Depression and the 2008 financial crisis, and learn valuable lessons from each event. Understand the definition and indicators of a recession, as well as the economic cycles that lead to these downturns. Discover the various types of recessions, such as demand-side, supply-side, and financial crises, and learn about the impact of recessions on employment, housing, small businesses, and more. Uncover the role of government in managing recessions, as well as the influence of international recessions and globalization on the economy. Examine the psychological aspects of recessions, including fear, uncertainty, and the importance of maintaining optimism during challenging times. Learn effective strategies for surviving a recession, from budgeting and finding alternate sources of income to protecting your assets and investments. Tackle job loss and unemployment during recessions with practical coping strategies and tips for finding new employment opportunities. Adapt your business or start a new one during an economic downturn by pivoting your business model and identifying growth opportunities. Understand how recessions impact education, healthcare, mental health, social justice, and retirement. Find out how communities and governments respond to recessions, and learn about available resources and support programs. Master the art of investing during a recession, with a focus on risk management and diversification. Prepare for future recessions by learning from past experiences and embracing innovation. In "Recession-Proof Your Life," you'll find a wealth of knowledge, tips, and strategies to help you face economic uncertainty with confidence. Become financially resilient and well-prepared for any economic challenge that comes your way. Table Of Contents Introduction Explanation Of A Recession Prevalence And Impact Of Recessions Importance Of Understanding The History Of Recessions And How To Survive Them History Of Recessions: Overview Of The History Of Recessions Major Recessions Throughout History Causes And Consequences Of Past Recessions Lessons Learned From Past Recessions What Is A Recession: Definition Of A Recession Causes And Indicators Of A Recession The Impact Of A Recession On The Economy And Individuals Understanding The Difference Between A Recession And A Depression The Economic Cycle The Role Of Interest Rates In The Economic Cycle The Business Cycle And Recessions Indicators Of A Recession Leading Economic Indicators Lagging Economic Indicators Coincident Economic Indicators Types Of Recessions Demand-Side Recessions Supply-Side Recessions Financial Crises The Great Recession Of 2008 Causes Of The Great Recession The Impact Of The Great Recession Lessons Learned From The Great Recession The Impact Of Recessions On Employment Unemployment Rates During Recessions The Impact Of Recessions On Different Industries Strategies For Managing Job Loss During A Recession The Impact Of Recessions On Housing Housing Market Trends During Recessions The Impact Of Recessions On Home Values Strategies For Managing Homeownership During A Recession The Impact Of Recessions On Small Businesses The Unique Challenges Faced By Small Businesses During A Recession Strategies For Managing A Small Business During A Recession Government Programs And Assistance For Small Businesses During A Recession The Role Of Government In Managing Recessions Fiscal Policy During A Recession Monetary Policy During A Recession The Effectiveness Of Government Intervention During A Recession International Recessions And Globalization The Impact Of Recessions On International Trade The Role Of Globalization In The Spread Of Recessions Strategies For Managing The Impact Of International Recessions The Psychology Of Recessions The Impact Of Fear And Uncertainty During A Recession Strategies For Managing Anxiety During A Recession The Role Of Optimism And Hope In Recovering From A Recession Surviving A Recession: Maintaining A Budget And Reducing Expenses Finding Alternate Sources Of Income Protecting Assets And Investments Coping With The Emotional Impact Of A Recession Job Loss And Unemployment: Overview Of Job Loss And Unemployment During A Recession Strategies For Coping With Job Loss And Unemployment Finding New Employment Opportunities Managing Finances During Unemployment Practical Tips / Strategies To Reduce Debt Business And Entrepreneurship During A Recession: Overview Of Strategies For Business Survival During A Recession Pivoting Business Models To Adapt To A Recession Finding Opportunities For Growth During A Recession Starting A Business During A Recession Successful Businesses Started During Past Recessions Community And Government Response To A Recession: The Role Of International Organizations In Responding To Global Recessions Investing During A Recession The Impact Of Recessions On The Stock Market Strategies For Managing Investments During A Recession The Role Of Diversification In Managing Risk During A Recession The Impact Of Recessions On Education The Impact Of Recessions On Education Funding The Impact Of Recessions On Student Loan Debt Strategies For Managing Education During A Recession Healthcare During A Recession The Impact Of Recessions On Healthcare Funding The Impact Of Recessions On Healthcare Access Strategies For Managing Healthcare During A Recession The Impact Of Recessions On Mental Health Strategies For Managing Mental Health During A Recession The Role Of Community Support In Managing Mental Health During A Recession Recessions And Social Justice The Impact Of Recessions On Marginalized Communities Strategies For Managing The Impact Of Recessions On Social Justice The Role Of Government Policies In Addressing Social Justice During A Recession The Impact Of Recessions On Retirement The Impact Of Recessions On Retirement Savings Strategies For Managing Retirement During A Recession The Role Of Government Programs In Supporting Retirement During A Recession The Future Of Recessions Predictions For Future Recessions Strategies For Preparing For Future Recessions The Role Of Innovation In Managing Future Recessions Lessons Learned From Recessions Key Takeaways From Past Recessions Strategies For Managing Future Recessions Based On Past Experiences The Role Of Resilience In Recovering From A Recession Conclusion: Recap Of Key Points Final Thoughts On Understanding And Surviving A Recession Importance Of Being Prepared For Economic Downturns And Seeking Support When Needed. 2023 Indicators Interesting Facts Asset Bubbles Frequently Asked Questions. What Happens In A Recession? What Would A Recession Mean? What Is A Recession Vs Depression? How Long Do Recessions Last? What Is A Recession What Should You Not Do In A Recession? Who Suffers The Most During A Recession? Who Benefits In A Recession? Does Recession Mean Crash? Are We Headed For A Depression In 2023? How Do You Survive A Recession? How Do You Prepare For A Recession? What Jobs Will Be Affected By A Recession? How Long Did 2008 Recession Last? Should You Sell Before A Recession? What Will Happen If The World Goes Into Recession? Will The World Go Into Recession 2023? How Long Will The 2023 Recession Last? What To Buy In Recession? Is My Money Safe During A Recession? What Is Best To Hold In A Recession? Who Will Be Hit Hardest By Recession? Who Gets Laid Off In A Recession? What Is The Biggest Problem In A Recession? Do People Lose Money During A Recession? Do I Lose Money In A Recession? What Are The Signs Of A Recession Coming? How Long Will 2023 Recession Last? What Happens If We Go Into Recession? What Does A Recession Do To The Average Person? Who Benefits From A Recession? Who Suffers Most In A Recession? How Long Do Recessions Usually Last? How Do You Profit From A Recession? What Are The Financial Predictions For 2023? How Much Money Should You Hold In A Recession? What Is The Best Fixed Income During A Recession? What Is The Most Stable Asset In The World? Is A Recession Scary? What Are The Five Stages Of Recession? Is A Recession When You Lose Your Job? How Do I Keep My Job During A Recession? Who Does A Recession Hurt The Most? Which Jobs Are Safest In A Recession? What Happens To The Average Person During A Recession? Do People Work Harder In A Recession? What Defines A Job Recession? How Long Does A Recession Lost? Is A Recession Coming In 2023? How Do You Prepare For A Job Loss In A Potential Recession? How Does A Company Survive A Recession? How Do You Prepare Employees For A Recession? How To Get Rich During A Recession? What Goes Up The Most During A Recession? Who Makes The Most Money During Recession? What Jobs Are Most Affected By A Recession? What Jobs Are Good In A Bad Economy? Who To Survive A Recession? Does A Recession Affect The Rich? Who Gets Hurt In A Recession And Why? What Would Be Worse Than A Recession? Will Recession Last Into 2024? Should I Hold More Cash During Recession? How Much Cash Should I Have In A Recession? Who Earned Most Money In 2008 Financial Crisis? What Does A Recession Mean For Hr? What Does A Recession Look Like For Me? What Is A Bank Run? What Is A Bank Run And Why Is It A Problem? What Are Bank Runs Examples? What Do Banks Do During A Bank Run? What Is The Biggest Bank Run In History? Why Do People Do Bank Runs? What Happens After A Bank Run? What Happens To My Money If The Banks Collapse? How Do You Stop A Bank Run? What Is The Difference Between Bank Runs And Bank Fails? What Is Another Word For Bank Runs? How Do Banks Really Make Money? What Is The Central Issue That Causes Bank Runs And Panics? What Group Is Responsible For Stepping In To Prevent A Bank Run? Who Owes World Bank The Most? Why Do Most People Keep Their Money In The Bank? What Were Bank Runs During The Great Depression? Can A Bank Survive A Bank Run? How Long Does A Bank Have To Come After You? Should I Withdraw My Money From The Bank? Can The Bank Take Your Money If The Bank Fails? Do You Lose All Your Money When A Bank Collapses? Have Questions / Comments?
Author: Etemad, Hamid Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN: 1802205772 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 456
Book Description
The international cast of authors in this important book explore how internationalizing small and medium sized enterprises (iSMEs) face major crises, such as COVID-19, and have managed them to reach a stable and desired state post-crisis. Chapter orientations vary from theoretical to empirical. Each focuses on issues related to a major crisis, and present already-deployed success strategies in 14 different country environments. The rich diversity of chapters offers a highly significant and timely contribution to the field.
Author: Gary Rivlin Publisher: HarperCollins ISBN: 0063065983 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 381
Book Description
A veteran journalist follows an inspiring ensemble cast of small business owners fighting to keep their businesses alive through Covid-19, while exploring the sweeping trends and government policies that had brought small businesses to the breaking point long before the coronavirus hit. There is a tendency to fetishize small business even as it shrinks before our eyes. Americans extol the virtues of small, local, often family-run shops, yet buy from big-box retailers and chains that dominate the competition. Even before the pandemic, small businesses seemed endangered. When Covid-19 hit, the resounding question was: How will they be able to survive this? Saving Main Street is an unfiltered, up-close examination of a small group of business owners and their employees, their struggles, and their strategies to survive. It is an eye-opening tale of grit, perseverance, and entrepreneurial spirit that follows three businesses: a restaurant owner and his rambunctious staff, an immigrant running her own hair salon, and the owner of a “non-life sustaining” gift shop—alongside a larger cast of vividly drawn characters. Gary Rivlin focuses on the first days of the Covid lockdown and the ensuing eighteen months of chaos, including the personal and financial risks, a contentious presidential election, and contradictory governmental guidelines—all which compounded the everyday challenges of running an independent business trying to attract and retain customers who expect low prices, convenience, and endless choice. Rivlin keenly observes small businesses from all angles, examining commonly held “myths”; contradictions in government policy; enormous racial and class fissures; a national self-identity intrinsically connected to the ideal of small business, and how the decline of this American way of retail impacts our notions of American exceptionalism, community, and civic duty. As Rivlin reveals, there’s something enduring about small business in the American psyche. Life will have changed in unprecedented ways on the other side of this pandemic, yet hard times will also create opportunities, offering hope and survival.
Author: Chris Pilkerton Publisher: Post Hill Press ISBN: Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 123
Book Description
“We were in absolute crisis, and we were risking a major, major meltdown of financial conditions, economic conditions and health conditions simultaneously.” —Steven Mnuchin, Secretary of the US Treasury, September 2020 “We packed months of legislative process into five days.” —US Senator Charles Schumer, March 2020 “Be fast, have no regrets. You must be the first mover. The virus will always get you if you don’t move quickly.” —Dr. Michael Ryan, World Health Organization/epidemiologist, March 2020 ____________________________________________ In early 2020, the American economy was roaring. Unemployment was historically low, and small business optimism was on the rise. And then the coronavirus changed everything. Lockdowns, massive unemployment claims, and small business closures spread throughout the country. Those who could do so worked from their homes, virtually educating their children and trying to maintain some sense of normalcy for their families. All they could do was watch the news as the media reported that millions of Americans were infected with the virus, and that many would ultimately lose their lives to complications associated with the disease. Along Main Streets across the country, the dreams of countless entrepreneurs faced permanent ruin; their hopes hung in the balance in the halls of Congress and within the walls of the Oval Office. The CARES Act was passed and signed into law in March 2020, with a price tag of over $2 trillion. Small businesses and their workers relied on various programs, including the now famed Paycheck Protection Program, which ultimately sought to inject $800 billion into the US economy. This is the story of that time, and what the world learned about the resilience of the entrepreneur. In Plandemic, former US Small Business Administration Acting Administrator and White House Senior Policy Advisor Chris Pilkerton contends that when the next pandemic hits, policymakers must be prepared with a focused action plan to support the economic engine of the United States of America: small business.
Author: Charles Albert Eric Goodhart Publisher: ISBN: Category : Adverse selection (Insurance) Languages : en Pages : 48
Book Description
A sizeable proportion of enterprises, especially SMEs, in receipt of financial assistance from the government, will fail to repay. In this paper we asked whether, and to what extent, it may be beneficial to apply a screening mechanism to deter those mostly likely to fail to repay from seeking such financial assistance in the first place. The answer largely turns on the relative weights attached for the objectives of stabilisation as compared with allocative efficiency. For this purpose, we develop a two-sector infinite horizon model featuring oligopolistic small businesses and a screening contract in the presence of a pandemic shock with asymmetric information. The adversely affected sector with private information can apply for government loans to reopen businesses once the pandemic has passed. First, we show that a pro-allocation government sets a harsh default sanction to deter entrepreneurs with bad projects from reentering and improves aggregate productivity in the long run, but the economy suffers persistent unemployment in the near term. However, a pro-stabilisation government sets a lenient default sanction or provides full guarantees to reach full employment in the short term, but the economy will be shifted to a lower equilibrium in the long run. The optimal default sanction balances the trade-off between allocation and stabilisation. Then, we derive an analytic measure of "Stabilisation Proclivity" and characterise the parameter space and the macro-financial frictions that render the government either more pro-allocation or more pro-stabilisation. Finally, we solve for the optimal default sanction numerically and conducts comparative statics for various policy analyses.
Author: Alessandro Di Nola
Author: Alessandro Di Nola
Author: Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas
Author: Georgij Alekseev
Author: Luna Z. Rainstorm
Author: Etemad, Hamid
Author: Gary Rivlin
Author: Chris Pilkerton
Author: Bob Papes
Author: Charles Albert Eric Goodhart
Author: Robert Jay Dilger