Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 14
Book Description
Quantification of Black Carbon Mixing State from Traffic
Author: Aerosol Measurement
Author: Pramod KulkarniPublisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470387416
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 920
Book Description
Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications Third Edition is the most detailed treatment available of the latest aerosol measurement methods. Drawing on the know-how of numerous expert contributors; it provides a solid grasp of measurement fundamentals and practices a wide variety of aerosol applications. This new edition is updated to address new and developing applications of aerosol measurement, including applications in environmental health, atmospheric science, climate change, air pollution, public health, nanotechnology, particle and powder technology, pharmaceutical research and development, clean room technology (integrated circuit manufacture), and nuclear waste management.
The Future of Atmospheric Chemistry Research
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicinePublisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309445655
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 227
Book Description
Our world is changing at an accelerating rate. The global human population has grown from 6.1 billion to 7.1 billion in the last 15 years and is projected to reach 11.2 billion by the end of the century. The distribution of humans across the globe has also shifted, with more than 50 percent of the global population now living in urban areas, compared to 29 percent in 1950. Along with these trends, increasing energy demands, expanding industrial activities, and intensification of agricultural activities worldwide have in turn led to changes in emissions that have altered the composition of the atmosphere. These changes have led to major challenges for society, including deleterious impacts on climate, human and ecosystem health. Climate change is one of the greatest environmental challenges facing society today. Air pollution is a major threat to human health, as one out of eight deaths globally is caused by air pollution. And, future food production and global food security are vulnerable to both global change and air pollution. Atmospheric chemistry research is a key part of understanding and responding to these challenges. The Future of Atmospheric Chemistry Research: Remembering Yesterday, Understanding Today, Anticipating Tomorrow summarizes the rationale and need for supporting a comprehensive U.S. research program in atmospheric chemistry; comments on the broad trends in laboratory, field, satellite, and modeling studies of atmospheric chemistry; determines the priority areas of research for advancing the basic science of atmospheric chemistry; and identifies the highest priority needs for improvements in the research infrastructure to address those priority research topics. This report describes the scientific advances over the past decade in six core areas of atmospheric chemistry: emissions, chemical transformation, oxidants, atmospheric dynamics and circulation, aerosol particles and clouds, and biogeochemical cycles and deposition. This material was developed for the NSF's Atmospheric Chemistry Program; however, the findings will be of interest to other agencies and programs that support atmospheric chemistry research.
Physical Chemistry of Gas-Liquid Interfaces
Author: Jennifer A. FaustPublisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128136421
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 492
Book Description
Physical Chemistry of Gas-Liquid Interfaces, the first volume in the Developments in Physical & Theoretical Chemistry series, addresses the physical chemistry of gas transport and reactions across liquid surfaces. Gas–liquid interfaces are all around us, especially within atmospheric systems such as sea spry aerosols, cloud droplets, and the surface of the ocean. Because the reaction environment at liquid surfaces is completely unlike bulk gas or bulk liquid, chemists must readjust their conceptual framework when entering this field. This book provides the necessary background in thermodynamics and computational and experimental techniques for scientists to obtain a thorough understanding of the physical chemistry of liquid surfaces in complex, real-world environments. 2019 PROSE Awards - Winner: Category: Chemistry and Physics: Association of American Publishers Provides an interdisciplinary view of the chemical dynamics of liquid surfaces, making the content of specific use to physical chemists and atmospheric scientists Features 100 figures and illustrations to underscore key concepts and aid in retention for young scientists in industry and graduate students in the classroom Helps scientists who are transitioning to this field by offering the appropriate thermodynamic background and surveying the current state of research
Quantification and Modeling of Black Carbon Exposure for Seattle Commuters
Author: Brooke ReynoldsPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Commuters
Languages : en
Pages : 5
Book Description
Background: Exposure to traffic-related air pollution may be elevated during commute trips, but could vary with different transportation microenvironments and commuting behavior. Given the variety of commute options available within urban settings, understanding the potential differences in exposures for different commuter choices has potential implications for health, and may inform individual commuter choices and transportation strategies to reduce exposures. Methods: Black carbon concentrations, a surrogate for traffic-related air pollution, were measured for a stratified selection of commute trips for different transportation modes and for arterial and local roadways in Seattle, WA. Black carbon concentrations were analyzed to develop an exposure model capable of providing an estimate of commute exposure with respect to route characterization, mode of transportation, time of day, and ambient pollution level. Results: Results generated typical black carbon exposures of commuters in the Seattle area differentiated by variables such as commute time, mode, and route. Sampling data was used to generate three exposure models utilizing these variables to predict an average black carbon exposure concentration based on commute characteristics. Regression model predictions of black carbon exposure significantly differed between transit modes; of all modes included in the models, transit tunnel predictions were highest and walking predictions were lowest. Within-mode comparisons indicate BC exposure predictions for arterial routes are higher than predictions for local/residential routes, are higher between the hours of 6-9 am than between the hours of 4-6 pm, and increase with increased ambient PM2.5 levels. Conclusion: Commute mode and route can impact personal exposure to black carbon. Better understanding of exposure differences for commute modes and routes in Seattle could enable commuters the opportunity to alter commute choices to minimize exposure to black carbon, as well as enable cities and municipalities such as Seattle to consider exposure potential when making decisions about public transportation infrastructure, such as bus type, placement of bus stops, or ventilation in transit tunnels.
Determination of the spatial and temporal variability of size-resolved PM2.5 composition and mixing state in multiple regions in California
Author: Kimberly PratherPublisher: California Air Resources Board
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 318
Book Description
Final report for California Air Resources Board contract 04-336. For an abstract and link to full text, please see: http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/single-project.php?row_id=64974
Carbonaceous Aerosol
Author: András GelencsérPublisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402028873
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 357
Book Description
The concept of carbonaceous aerosol has only recently emerged from atmospheric pollution studies; even standard nomenclature and terminology are still unsettled. This monograph is the first to offer comprehensive coverage of the nature and atmospheric role of carbonaceous aerosol particles. Atmospheric chemists, physicists, meteorologists, and modellers will find this a thought-inspiring and sometimes provocative overview of all global phenomena affected by or related to carbonaceous aerosol.
Quantitative Analysis of Major Factors Affecting Black Carbon Transport and Concentrations in the Unique Atmospheric Structures of Urban Environment
Author: Marissa Shuang LiangPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 227
Book Description
Black carbon (BC) from vehicular emission in transportation is a principal component of particulate matters [plus/minus] 2.5 [microgram] (PM2.5). PM2.5 and other diesel emission pollutants (e.g., NOx) are regulated by the Clean Air Act (CAA) according to the National Ambient Air Quality standards (NAAQS). This doctoral dissertation details a study on transport behaviors of black carbon and PM2.5 from transportation routes, their relations with the atmospheric structure of an urban formation, and their relations with the use of biodiesel fuels. The results have implications to near-road risk assessment and to the development of sustainable transportation solutions in urban centers. The first part of study quantified near-roadside black carbon transport as a function of particulate matter (PM) size and composition, as well as microclimatic variables (temperature and wind fields) at the interstate highway I-75 in northern Cincinnati, Ohio. Among variables examined, wind speed and direction significantly affect the roadside transport of black carbon and hence its effective emission factor. Observed non-Gaussian dispersion occurred during low wind and for wind directions at acute angles or upwind to the receptors, mostly occurring in the morning hours. Meandering of air pollutant mass under thermal inversion is likely the driving force. In contrary, Gaussian distribution predominated in daytime of strong downwinds. The roles of urban atmospheric structure, wind fields, and the urban heat island (UHI) effects were further examined on pollutant dispersion and transport. Spatiotemporal variations of traffic flow, atmospheric structure, ambient temperature and PM2.5 concentration data from 14 EPA-certified NAAQS monitoring stations, were analyzed in relation to land-use in the Cincinnati metropolitan area. The results show a decade-long UHI effects with higher interior temperature than that in exurban, and a prominent nocturnal thermal inversion frequent in urban boundary layer. The combined contribution from both traffic and atmospheric circulation accounted for observed spatiotemporal variability in PM2.5 concentrations. Based on these experimental and quantitative analyses, a three-dimensional model is proposed for contaminant's transport in highly urbanized Cincinnati region. Furthermore this dissertation explored implications on roadside pollutant evaluation, and on the risk analysis of future fuel substitution using biodiesel. The Gaussian-type models are poor in determining the effective emission factor particularly under nocturnal thermal inversion for which the effective emission factor is a function of lapse rate in the morning. The Gaussian models are applicable in daytime after the breakdown of thermal inversion. Lastly, among three types of fuels examined, the proposed butanol-added biodiesel-diesel blend (D0B15Bu5) yielded a good compromise between black carbon and NOx emissions while maintaining proper combustion properties. It is also found that the emission contained less black carbon and had higher organic carbon (OC) and elemental (EC) ratio than tested petroleum diesel. As demonstrated in other parts of this study, the OC-enriched emission will likely affect the black carbon occurrence and PM concentrations in the urban environments. Overall, it is suggested that urban formation and biofuel usage define the environmental impacts of black carbon, and are the focus for climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Characterizing the Climate Impacts of Brown Carbon
Author: Lynn M. RussellAir Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter
Author: National Center for Environmental Assessment (Research Triangle Park, N.C.)Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Air quality
Languages : en
Pages : 1100
Book Description