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Author: Christopher R. Bertram Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Predators directly interact with their prey. These direct interactions can indirectly alter the interactions between prey and other community members. For example, predators can alter prey life history, behavior, or morphology resulting in an indirect change in the interaction between their prey and another species (Trait-mediated indirect effects). We used two dominant predators of the zooplankter Daphnia, Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and larvae of the phantom midge fly Chaoborus punctipennis, to observe how predator presence altered Daphnia traits. These trait changes were predicted to influence the interaction between Daphnia and Metschnikowia bicuspidata, a virulent and common (>40% prevalence in some lakes) fungal endo-parasitoid. In a series of susceptibility and life history assays, we determined that predators altered prey susceptibility in a genotype specific manner, they influenced parasite fitness, and affected prey life history. All of these effects have important implications in disease dynamics. This study highlights the importance of predator-induced trait-mediated indirect effects on host-parasite interactions and more generally of examining species interactions in the context of the community in which they occur.
Author: Christopher R. Bertram Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Predators directly interact with their prey. These direct interactions can indirectly alter the interactions between prey and other community members. For example, predators can alter prey life history, behavior, or morphology resulting in an indirect change in the interaction between their prey and another species (Trait-mediated indirect effects). We used two dominant predators of the zooplankter Daphnia, Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and larvae of the phantom midge fly Chaoborus punctipennis, to observe how predator presence altered Daphnia traits. These trait changes were predicted to influence the interaction between Daphnia and Metschnikowia bicuspidata, a virulent and common (>40% prevalence in some lakes) fungal endo-parasitoid. In a series of susceptibility and life history assays, we determined that predators altered prey susceptibility in a genotype specific manner, they influenced parasite fitness, and affected prey life history. All of these effects have important implications in disease dynamics. This study highlights the importance of predator-induced trait-mediated indirect effects on host-parasite interactions and more generally of examining species interactions in the context of the community in which they occur.
Author: Adam Zvanut Hasik Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Parasitism is one of the most common life history strategies employed in nature, yet the effects of parasites are often thought to be minimal, and the vast majority of studies fail to consider parasites and their effects on host organisms. This is likely a problem, as the magnitude of parasite-mediated effects on their hosts can be quite large. Additionally, the effects of parasites are known to extend beyond the host to affect other species interactions. I used a series of approaches to gain a more integral understanding of host-parasite interactions by studying (1) the effects of parasites on biotic interactions that hosts engage in, (2) how biotic interactions such as predation and competition can affect host immune defense, and (3) how abiotic and biotic factors within the local environment affecting the host can further mediate parasitism dynamics. Specifically, in Chapter 1 I conducted a phylogenetically informed meta-analysis of the effects of parasites on species interactions (i.e., predation, competition, mutualism, and reproduction). I found that despite a strong overall negative effect on species interactions, the effects of parasites surprisingly ranged from being strongly beneficial to strongly deleterious on host species interactions. In Chapter 2 I used larval damselflies and their dominant fish predator to test how cascading effects of predators on host competitive interactions and resource acquisition affected a critical component of damselfly immune function, the phenoloxidase (PO) cascade. I found that neither direct density-mediated effects, indirect, trait-mediated effects, nor combined effects of predators via natural selection affected total PO activity. Instead, PO levels increased with resource availability, implying resource limitation. Finally, in Chapter 3 I used two field experiments and a detailed observational study to investigate how host, abiotic, and biotic factors within the local environment affected the relationships between damselfly (Enallagma spp.) hosts and their water mite (Arrenururs spp.) ectoparasites. I found that parasitism was species-specific and did not vary with host density or host condition (i.e., immune function). Instead, parasitism was largely predicted by abiotic factors (i.e., pH). Collectively, my results indicate that parasites are key players in the complex web of species interactions that compose food webs. Furthermore, host-parasite interactions are mediated by many of the same ecological factors as other species interactions, which has implications for parasitism dynamics within ecological communities. Future studies of food webs must incorporate parasites into their experimental and theoretical designs, and future studies of host-parasite interactions must expand beyond the focal relationship and consider the ecology of both the host and parasite.
Author: David P. Hughes Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0199642230 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 247
Book Description
Parasites that manipulate the behaviour of their hosts represent striking examples of adaptation by natural selection. This text provides an authoritative review of host manipulation by parasites that assesses developments in the field and lays out a framework for future research.
Author: Janice Moore Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 019534913X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 329
Book Description
When a parasite invades an ant, does the ant behave like other ants? Maybe not-and if it doesn't, who, if anyone, benefits from the altered behaviors? The parasite? The ant? Parasites and the Behavior of Animals shows that parasite-induced behavioral alterations are more common than we might realize, and it places these alterations in an evolutionary and ecological context. Emphasizing eukaryotic parasites, the book examines the adaptive nature of behavioral changes associated with parasitism, exploring the effects of these changes on parasite transmission, parasite avoidance, and the fitness of both host and parasite. The behavioral changes and their effects are not always straightforward. To the extent that virulence, for instance, is linked to parasite transmission, the evolutionary interests of parasite and host will diverge, and the current winner of the contest to maximize reproductive rates may not be clear, or, for that matter, inevitable. Nonetheless, by affecting susceptibility, host/parasite lifespan and fecundity, and transmission itself, host behavior influences parameters that are basic to our comprehension of how parasites invade host populations, and fundamentally, how parasites evolve. Such an understanding is important for a wide range of scientists, from ecologists and parasitologists to evolutionary, conservation and behavioral biologists: The behavioral alterations that parasites induce can subtly and profoundly affect the distribution and abundance of animals.
Author: Jacques Brodeur Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1402047673 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 257
Book Description
This volume explores modern concepts of trophic and guild interactions among natural enemies in natural and agricultural ecosystems - a field that has become a hot topic in ecology and biological control over the past decade. It is the first book on trophic and guild interactions to make the link to biological control, and is compiled by internationally recognized scientists who have combined their expertise.
Author: Melanie J. Hatcher Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1139496980 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 463
Book Description
Interactions between competitors, predators and their prey have traditionally been viewed as the foundation of community structure. Parasites – long ignored in community ecology – are now recognized as playing an important part in influencing species interactions and consequently affecting ecosystem function. Parasitism can interact with other ecological drivers, resulting in both detrimental and beneficial effects on biodiversity and ecosystem health. Species interactions involving parasites are also key to understanding many biological invasions and emerging infectious diseases. This book bridges the gap between community ecology and epidemiology to create a wide-ranging examination of how parasites and pathogens affect all aspects of ecological communities, enabling the new generation of ecologists to include parasites as a key consideration in their studies. This comprehensive guide to a newly emerging field is of relevance to academics, practitioners and graduates in biodiversity, conservation and population management, and animal and human health.
Author: Claude Combes Publisher: University of Chicago Press ISBN: 0226114465 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 743
Book Description
In Parasitism, Claude Combes explores the fascinating adaptations parasites have developed through their intimate interactions with their hosts. He begins with the biology of parasites—their life cycles, habitats, and different types of associations with their hosts. Next he discusses genetic interactions between hosts and parasites, and he ends with a section on the community ecology of parasites and their role in the evolution of their hosts. Throughout the book Combes enlivens his discussion with a wealth of concrete examples of host-parasite interactions.
Author: Opender Koul Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 0203302567 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 204
Book Description
Their natural enemies largely determine the population size and dynamic behavior of many plant-eating insects. Any reduction in enemy number can result in an insect outbreak. Applied biological control is thus one strategy for restoring functional biodiversity in many agroecosystems. Predators and Parasitoids addresses the role of natural enemies i
Author: Christopher R. Bertram
Author: Christopher R. Bertram
Author: Lien Luong
Author: Adam Zvanut Hasik
Author: David P. Hughes
Author: Kenneth Wilson
Author: Janice Moore
Author: Jacques Brodeur
Author: Melanie J. Hatcher
Author: Claude Combes
Author: Opender Koul