Author: Frances Dickey
Publisher: University of Virginia Press
ISBN: 0813932696
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 367
Book Description
In The Modern Portrait Poem, Frances Dickey recovers the portrait as a poetic genre from the 1860s through the 1920s. Combining literary and art history, she examines the ways Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne, and J. M. Whistler transformed the genre of portraiture in both painting and poetry. She then shows how their new ways of looking at and thinking about the portrait subject migrated across the Atlantic to influence Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Amy Lowell, E. E. Cummings, and other poets. These poets creatively exposed the Victorian portrait to new influences ranging from Manet’s realism to modern dance, Futurism, and American avant-garde art. They also condensed, expanded, and combined the genre with other literary modes including epitaph, pastoral, and Bildungsroman. Dickey challenges the tendency to view Modernism as a break with the past and as a transition from aural to visual orientation. She argues that the Victorian poets and painters inspired the new generation of Modernists to test their vision of Aestheticism against their perception of modernity and the relationship between image and text. In bridging historical periods, national boundaries, and disciplinary distinctions, Dickey makes a case for the continuity of this genre over the Victorian/Modernist divide and from Britain to the United States in a time of rapid change in the arts.
The Modern Portrait Poem
Author: Frances Dickey
Publisher: University of Virginia Press
ISBN: 0813932696
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 367
Book Description
In The Modern Portrait Poem, Frances Dickey recovers the portrait as a poetic genre from the 1860s through the 1920s. Combining literary and art history, she examines the ways Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne, and J. M. Whistler transformed the genre of portraiture in both painting and poetry. She then shows how their new ways of looking at and thinking about the portrait subject migrated across the Atlantic to influence Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Amy Lowell, E. E. Cummings, and other poets. These poets creatively exposed the Victorian portrait to new influences ranging from Manet’s realism to modern dance, Futurism, and American avant-garde art. They also condensed, expanded, and combined the genre with other literary modes including epitaph, pastoral, and Bildungsroman. Dickey challenges the tendency to view Modernism as a break with the past and as a transition from aural to visual orientation. She argues that the Victorian poets and painters inspired the new generation of Modernists to test their vision of Aestheticism against their perception of modernity and the relationship between image and text. In bridging historical periods, national boundaries, and disciplinary distinctions, Dickey makes a case for the continuity of this genre over the Victorian/Modernist divide and from Britain to the United States in a time of rapid change in the arts.
Publisher: University of Virginia Press
ISBN: 0813932696
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 367
Book Description
In The Modern Portrait Poem, Frances Dickey recovers the portrait as a poetic genre from the 1860s through the 1920s. Combining literary and art history, she examines the ways Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne, and J. M. Whistler transformed the genre of portraiture in both painting and poetry. She then shows how their new ways of looking at and thinking about the portrait subject migrated across the Atlantic to influence Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Amy Lowell, E. E. Cummings, and other poets. These poets creatively exposed the Victorian portrait to new influences ranging from Manet’s realism to modern dance, Futurism, and American avant-garde art. They also condensed, expanded, and combined the genre with other literary modes including epitaph, pastoral, and Bildungsroman. Dickey challenges the tendency to view Modernism as a break with the past and as a transition from aural to visual orientation. She argues that the Victorian poets and painters inspired the new generation of Modernists to test their vision of Aestheticism against their perception of modernity and the relationship between image and text. In bridging historical periods, national boundaries, and disciplinary distinctions, Dickey makes a case for the continuity of this genre over the Victorian/Modernist divide and from Britain to the United States in a time of rapid change in the arts.
Portrait of Beatrice
Author: Fabio Camilletti
Publisher: University of Notre Dame Pess
ISBN: 026810400X
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 296
Book Description
The Portrait of Beatrice examines both Dante's and D. G. Rossetti's intellectual experiences in the light of a common concern about visuality. Both render, in different times and contexts, something that resists clear representation, be it the divine beauty of the angel-women or the depiction of the painter's own interiority in a secularized age. By analyzing Dante's Vita Nova alongside Rossetti's Hand and Soul and St. Agnes of Intercession, which inaugurates the Victorian genre of 'imaginary portrait' tales, this book examines how Dante and Rossetti explore the tension between word and image by creating 'imaginary portraits.' The imaginary portrait—Dante's sketched angel appearing in the Vita Nova or the paintings evoked in Rossetti's narratives—is not (only) a non-existent artwork: it is an artwork whose existence lies elsewhere, in the words alluding to its inexpressible quality. At the same time, thinking of Beatrice as an 'imaginary Lady' enables us to move beyond the debate about her actual existence. Rather, it allows us to focus on her reality as a miracle made into flesh, which language seeks incessantly to grasp. Thus, the intergenerational dialogue between Dante and Rossetti—and between thirteenth and nineteenth centuries, literature and painting, Italy and England—takes place between different media, oscillating between representation and denial, mimesis and difference, concealment and performance. From medieval Florence to Victorian London, Beatrice's 'imaginary portrait' touches upon the intertwinement of desire, poetry, and art-making in Western culture.
Publisher: University of Notre Dame Pess
ISBN: 026810400X
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 296
Book Description
The Portrait of Beatrice examines both Dante's and D. G. Rossetti's intellectual experiences in the light of a common concern about visuality. Both render, in different times and contexts, something that resists clear representation, be it the divine beauty of the angel-women or the depiction of the painter's own interiority in a secularized age. By analyzing Dante's Vita Nova alongside Rossetti's Hand and Soul and St. Agnes of Intercession, which inaugurates the Victorian genre of 'imaginary portrait' tales, this book examines how Dante and Rossetti explore the tension between word and image by creating 'imaginary portraits.' The imaginary portrait—Dante's sketched angel appearing in the Vita Nova or the paintings evoked in Rossetti's narratives—is not (only) a non-existent artwork: it is an artwork whose existence lies elsewhere, in the words alluding to its inexpressible quality. At the same time, thinking of Beatrice as an 'imaginary Lady' enables us to move beyond the debate about her actual existence. Rather, it allows us to focus on her reality as a miracle made into flesh, which language seeks incessantly to grasp. Thus, the intergenerational dialogue between Dante and Rossetti—and between thirteenth and nineteenth centuries, literature and painting, Italy and England—takes place between different media, oscillating between representation and denial, mimesis and difference, concealment and performance. From medieval Florence to Victorian London, Beatrice's 'imaginary portrait' touches upon the intertwinement of desire, poetry, and art-making in Western culture.
Death Drop
Author: Melanie Jackson
Publisher: Orca Book Publishers
ISBN: 1459811941
Category : Juvenile Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
On his way to baseball practice, Zeke lines up for Vancouver's newest thrill ride: Death Drop, an elevator that falls faster than gravity. The theme of the ride is based on the story of Persephone, who tumbled into the underworld. Zeke tumbles into a frightening situation himself after he discovers a little girl who is lost. He takes her to the Death Drop manager's office. But later, when he tries to find out what happened with her, the ride's staff say they never saw her! To find the missing girl, Zeke must navigate a devilish plot that includes Dante Gabriel Rossetti's famous painting Proserpine, a fiery drop into flames, and an angry coach. This short novel is a high-interest, low-reading level book for middle-grade readers who are building reading skills, want a quick read or say they don’t like to read! The epub edition of this title is fully accessible.
Publisher: Orca Book Publishers
ISBN: 1459811941
Category : Juvenile Fiction
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
On his way to baseball practice, Zeke lines up for Vancouver's newest thrill ride: Death Drop, an elevator that falls faster than gravity. The theme of the ride is based on the story of Persephone, who tumbled into the underworld. Zeke tumbles into a frightening situation himself after he discovers a little girl who is lost. He takes her to the Death Drop manager's office. But later, when he tries to find out what happened with her, the ride's staff say they never saw her! To find the missing girl, Zeke must navigate a devilish plot that includes Dante Gabriel Rossetti's famous painting Proserpine, a fiery drop into flames, and an angry coach. This short novel is a high-interest, low-reading level book for middle-grade readers who are building reading skills, want a quick read or say they don’t like to read! The epub edition of this title is fully accessible.
Pre-Raphaelite Sisters
Author: Jan Marsh
Publisher: National Portrait Gallery
ISBN: 9781855147270
Category : ART
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Overlooked stories of the female painters and subjects of Pre-Raphaelite art When the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood exhibited their first works in 1849 it heralded a revolution in British art. Styling themselves the "Young Painters of England," this group of young men aimed to overturn stale Victorian artistic conventions and challenge the previous generation with their startling colors and compositions. Think of the images created by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and others in their circle, however, and it is not men but pale-faced young women with lustrous, tumbling locks that spring to mind, gazing soulfully from the picture frame or in dramatic scenes painted in glowing colors. Who were these women? What is known of their lives and their roles in a movement that spanned over half a century? Some were models, plucked from obscurity to pose for figures in Pre-Raphaelite paintings, while others were sisters, wives, daughters and friends of the artists. Several were artists themselves, with aspirations to match those of the men, sharing the same artistic and social networks yet condemned by their gender to occupy a separate sphere. Others inhabited and sustained a male-dominated art world as partners in production, maintaining households and studios and socializing with patrons. Some were skilled in the arts of interior decoration, dressmaking, embroidery, jewelry-making--the fine crafts that formed a supportive tier for the "higher" arts of painting and sculpture. Although their backgrounds and life experiences certainly varied widely, all were engaged in creating Pre-Raphaelite art. Containing over 100 beautifully reproduced images, Pre-Raphaelite Sisters illustrates the obscure stories of some of the movement's most familiar faces. "
Publisher: National Portrait Gallery
ISBN: 9781855147270
Category : ART
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Overlooked stories of the female painters and subjects of Pre-Raphaelite art When the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood exhibited their first works in 1849 it heralded a revolution in British art. Styling themselves the "Young Painters of England," this group of young men aimed to overturn stale Victorian artistic conventions and challenge the previous generation with their startling colors and compositions. Think of the images created by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and others in their circle, however, and it is not men but pale-faced young women with lustrous, tumbling locks that spring to mind, gazing soulfully from the picture frame or in dramatic scenes painted in glowing colors. Who were these women? What is known of their lives and their roles in a movement that spanned over half a century? Some were models, plucked from obscurity to pose for figures in Pre-Raphaelite paintings, while others were sisters, wives, daughters and friends of the artists. Several were artists themselves, with aspirations to match those of the men, sharing the same artistic and social networks yet condemned by their gender to occupy a separate sphere. Others inhabited and sustained a male-dominated art world as partners in production, maintaining households and studios and socializing with patrons. Some were skilled in the arts of interior decoration, dressmaking, embroidery, jewelry-making--the fine crafts that formed a supportive tier for the "higher" arts of painting and sculpture. Although their backgrounds and life experiences certainly varied widely, all were engaged in creating Pre-Raphaelite art. Containing over 100 beautifully reproduced images, Pre-Raphaelite Sisters illustrates the obscure stories of some of the movement's most familiar faces. "
National Portrait Gallery
Author: Tarnya Cooper
Publisher: National Portrait Gallery
ISBN: 9781855144859
Category : Portraits
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
"A national pantheon of the greatest names in British history and culture, the collections of the National Portrait Gallery contain more than 11,000 paintings, sculptures and works on paper and over a quarter of a million photographs. There are kings and queens, courtiers and courtesans, politicians and poets, soldiers and scientists, artists and writers, philosophers and film stars individuals from every sphere. This book presents a broad selection of the personalities that have shaped the last four centuries of British life, from Elizabeth I to David Beckham, from Shakespeare to Seamus Heaney, portrayed by artists as diverse as Hans Holbein, David Bailey, Joshua Reynolds and Paula Rego. Special features ... provide insights into particular areas of the Collection, and an introductory essay explains the history and purpose of this great public institution"--Publisher's description.
Publisher: National Portrait Gallery
ISBN: 9781855144859
Category : Portraits
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
"A national pantheon of the greatest names in British history and culture, the collections of the National Portrait Gallery contain more than 11,000 paintings, sculptures and works on paper and over a quarter of a million photographs. There are kings and queens, courtiers and courtesans, politicians and poets, soldiers and scientists, artists and writers, philosophers and film stars individuals from every sphere. This book presents a broad selection of the personalities that have shaped the last four centuries of British life, from Elizabeth I to David Beckham, from Shakespeare to Seamus Heaney, portrayed by artists as diverse as Hans Holbein, David Bailey, Joshua Reynolds and Paula Rego. Special features ... provide insights into particular areas of the Collection, and an introductory essay explains the history and purpose of this great public institution"--Publisher's description.
Rossetti's Obsession
Author: Jill Iredale
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780946657643
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 62
Book Description
Jane Morris (née Burden) was the wife of William Morris, and the favoured model of Pre-Raphaelite painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti. In his maturity Rossetti drew and painted Jane with an obsessional intensity and she was cast in many literary and mythological roles, including Dante's Beatrice, Pandora, Proserpine and Astarte. Whether in direct or symbolic guise, Jane's features are depicted with a sombre intensity that offer a glimpse into Rossetti's troubled soul. The exhibition, marking the centenary of Jane's death, brings together compelling and rarely seen drawings and pastel studies of Jane by Rossetti. The exhibition also features images of Jane as herself and explores her life and interests beyond modelling. Jane Morris (1839-1914) was a talented embroiderer, linguist and musician and played a role in the family business Morris & Co. The recent publication of her letters (The Collected Letters of Jane Morris, edited by Jan Marsh and Frank C. Sharp, 2012), gives an unparalleled insight into her interests and personality, balancing the sullen and silent impression that Rossetti's paintings have immortalised. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882) was the leading member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. His depictions of Jane ensured that her face became the iconic image of Pre-Raphaelite womanhood. A touring exhibition in partnership with Bradford Museums and Galleries.--http://www.wmgallery.org.uk.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780946657643
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 62
Book Description
Jane Morris (née Burden) was the wife of William Morris, and the favoured model of Pre-Raphaelite painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti. In his maturity Rossetti drew and painted Jane with an obsessional intensity and she was cast in many literary and mythological roles, including Dante's Beatrice, Pandora, Proserpine and Astarte. Whether in direct or symbolic guise, Jane's features are depicted with a sombre intensity that offer a glimpse into Rossetti's troubled soul. The exhibition, marking the centenary of Jane's death, brings together compelling and rarely seen drawings and pastel studies of Jane by Rossetti. The exhibition also features images of Jane as herself and explores her life and interests beyond modelling. Jane Morris (1839-1914) was a talented embroiderer, linguist and musician and played a role in the family business Morris & Co. The recent publication of her letters (The Collected Letters of Jane Morris, edited by Jan Marsh and Frank C. Sharp, 2012), gives an unparalleled insight into her interests and personality, balancing the sullen and silent impression that Rossetti's paintings have immortalised. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882) was the leading member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. His depictions of Jane ensured that her face became the iconic image of Pre-Raphaelite womanhood. A touring exhibition in partnership with Bradford Museums and Galleries.--http://www.wmgallery.org.uk.
Princes of Victorian Bohemia
Author: Juliet Hacking
Publisher: Prestel Publishing
ISBN:
Category : Photography
Languages : en
Pages : 108
Book Description
This intimate picture of nineteenth-century artistic London is the first devoted exclusively to Wynfield's photography, and illustrates his unique contribution to the art.
Publisher: Prestel Publishing
ISBN:
Category : Photography
Languages : en
Pages : 108
Book Description
This intimate picture of nineteenth-century artistic London is the first devoted exclusively to Wynfield's photography, and illustrates his unique contribution to the art.
Masterpieces of D.G. Rossetti (1828-1882)
Author: Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
Delphi Complete Paintings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti (Illustrated)
Author: Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Publisher: Delphi Classics
ISBN:
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 734
Book Description
A founding member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Dante Gabriel Rossetti created a visionary body of paintings that defined a new art of sensuality and medieval revivalism. Delphi’s Masters of Art Series presents the world’s first digital e-Art books, allowing digital readers to explore the works of the world’s greatest artists in comprehensive detail. This volume presents the complete paintings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti in beautiful detail, with concise introductions, hundreds of high quality images and the usual Delphi bonus material. (Version 1) * The complete paintings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti — over 120 paintings, fully indexed and arranged in chronological and alphabetical order * Includes reproductions of rare works * Features a special ‘Highlights’ section, with concise introductions to the masterpieces, giving valuable contextual information * Enlarged ‘Detail’ images, allowing you to explore Rossetti’s celebrated works in detail, as featured in traditional art books * Hundreds of images in stunning colour – highly recommended for viewing on tablets and smart phones or as a valuable reference tool on more conventional eReaders * Special chronological and alphabetical contents tables for the complete paintings * Easily locate the paintings you want to view * Wide selection of the artist’s pen and chalk drawings also included * Features two bonus biographies - discover Rossetti's artistic and personal life * Ruskin’s seminal lecture on Rossetti’s art * Scholarly ordering of plates into chronological order and literary genres Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to browse through our range of exciting e-Art books CONTENTS: The Highlights THE GIRLHOOD OF MARY VIRGIN ECCE ANCILLA DOMINI: THE ANNUNCIATION THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEATH OF BEATRICE THE SEED OF DAVID BOCCA BACIATA HELEN OF TROY VENUS VERTICORDIA THE BELOVED BEATA BEATRIX MONNA VANNA REVERIE LA PIA DE’ TOLOMEI DANTE’S DREAM AT THE TIME OF THE DEATH OF BEATRICE THE BOWER MEADOW LA GHIRLANDATA PROSERPINE ASTARTE SYRIACA A VISION OF FIAMMETTA The Paintings THE COMPLETE PAINTINGS ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PAINTINGS Selected Drawings LIST OF DRAWINGS The Biographies and Criticism RECOLLECTIONS OF DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI by T. Hall Caine BRIEF BIOGRAPHY: DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI by Richard Garnett REALISTIC SCHOOLS OF PAINTING: D. G. ROSSETTI AND W. HOLMAN HUNT by John Ruskin Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to browse through our range of exciting titles
Publisher: Delphi Classics
ISBN:
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 734
Book Description
A founding member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Dante Gabriel Rossetti created a visionary body of paintings that defined a new art of sensuality and medieval revivalism. Delphi’s Masters of Art Series presents the world’s first digital e-Art books, allowing digital readers to explore the works of the world’s greatest artists in comprehensive detail. This volume presents the complete paintings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti in beautiful detail, with concise introductions, hundreds of high quality images and the usual Delphi bonus material. (Version 1) * The complete paintings of Dante Gabriel Rossetti — over 120 paintings, fully indexed and arranged in chronological and alphabetical order * Includes reproductions of rare works * Features a special ‘Highlights’ section, with concise introductions to the masterpieces, giving valuable contextual information * Enlarged ‘Detail’ images, allowing you to explore Rossetti’s celebrated works in detail, as featured in traditional art books * Hundreds of images in stunning colour – highly recommended for viewing on tablets and smart phones or as a valuable reference tool on more conventional eReaders * Special chronological and alphabetical contents tables for the complete paintings * Easily locate the paintings you want to view * Wide selection of the artist’s pen and chalk drawings also included * Features two bonus biographies - discover Rossetti's artistic and personal life * Ruskin’s seminal lecture on Rossetti’s art * Scholarly ordering of plates into chronological order and literary genres Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to browse through our range of exciting e-Art books CONTENTS: The Highlights THE GIRLHOOD OF MARY VIRGIN ECCE ANCILLA DOMINI: THE ANNUNCIATION THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEATH OF BEATRICE THE SEED OF DAVID BOCCA BACIATA HELEN OF TROY VENUS VERTICORDIA THE BELOVED BEATA BEATRIX MONNA VANNA REVERIE LA PIA DE’ TOLOMEI DANTE’S DREAM AT THE TIME OF THE DEATH OF BEATRICE THE BOWER MEADOW LA GHIRLANDATA PROSERPINE ASTARTE SYRIACA A VISION OF FIAMMETTA The Paintings THE COMPLETE PAINTINGS ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PAINTINGS Selected Drawings LIST OF DRAWINGS The Biographies and Criticism RECOLLECTIONS OF DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI by T. Hall Caine BRIEF BIOGRAPHY: DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI by Richard Garnett REALISTIC SCHOOLS OF PAINTING: D. G. ROSSETTI AND W. HOLMAN HUNT by John Ruskin Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to browse through our range of exciting titles
Reading Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Author: Brian Donnelly
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317071263
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
A revolutionary figure throughout his career, Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s work provides a distinctly revolutionary lens through which the Victorian period can be viewed. Suggesting that Rossetti’s work should be approached through his poetry, Brian Donnelly argues that it is both inscribed by and inscribes the development of verbal as well as visual culture in the Victorian era. In his discussions of modernity, aestheticism, and material culture, he identifies Rossetti as a central figure who helped define the terms through which we approach the cultural productions of this period. Donnelly begins by articulating a method for reading Rossetti’s poetry that highlights the intertextual relations within and between the poetry and paintings. His interpretations of such poems as the 'Mary’s Girlhood' sonnets, the sonnet sequence The House of Life, and 'The Orchard-Pit' in relationship to paintings such as The Girlhood of Mary Virgin and Ecce Ancilla Domini! shed light on Victorian ideals of femininity, on consumer culture, and on the role of gender hierarchies in Victorian culture. Situating Rossetti’s poetry as the key to all of his work, Donnelly also makes a case for its centrality in its representation of the dominant discourses of the late Victorian period: faith, sex, consumption, death, and the nature of representation itself.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317071263
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 205
Book Description
A revolutionary figure throughout his career, Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s work provides a distinctly revolutionary lens through which the Victorian period can be viewed. Suggesting that Rossetti’s work should be approached through his poetry, Brian Donnelly argues that it is both inscribed by and inscribes the development of verbal as well as visual culture in the Victorian era. In his discussions of modernity, aestheticism, and material culture, he identifies Rossetti as a central figure who helped define the terms through which we approach the cultural productions of this period. Donnelly begins by articulating a method for reading Rossetti’s poetry that highlights the intertextual relations within and between the poetry and paintings. His interpretations of such poems as the 'Mary’s Girlhood' sonnets, the sonnet sequence The House of Life, and 'The Orchard-Pit' in relationship to paintings such as The Girlhood of Mary Virgin and Ecce Ancilla Domini! shed light on Victorian ideals of femininity, on consumer culture, and on the role of gender hierarchies in Victorian culture. Situating Rossetti’s poetry as the key to all of his work, Donnelly also makes a case for its centrality in its representation of the dominant discourses of the late Victorian period: faith, sex, consumption, death, and the nature of representation itself.