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Author: José María da Rocha Álvarez Publisher: ISBN: Category : Asset allocation Languages : en Pages : 43
Book Description
What accounts for differences in output per capita and total factor productivity (TFP) across countries? Empirical evidence points to resource misallocation across heterogeneous production units as an important factor. We study resource misallocation in a model where establishment-level productivity is endogenous and responds to the same policy distortions that create misallocation. In this framework, policy distortions not only misallocate resources across a given set of productive units (static effect), but also create disincentives for productivity improvement (dynamic effect) thereby affecting the productivity distribution and further contributing to lower aggregate output and productivity. The dynamic effect is substantial quantitatively. Reducing the dispersion in revenue productivity in the model by 25 percentage points to the level of the U.S. benchmark implies an increase in aggregate output and TFP by a factor of 2.9-fold. Improved resource allocation accounts for 42 percent of the gain, whereas the change in the productivity distribution accounts for the remaining 58 percent.
Author: José María da Rocha Álvarez Publisher: ISBN: Category : Asset allocation Languages : en Pages : 43
Book Description
What accounts for differences in output per capita and total factor productivity (TFP) across countries? Empirical evidence points to resource misallocation across heterogeneous production units as an important factor. We study resource misallocation in a model where establishment-level productivity is endogenous and responds to the same policy distortions that create misallocation. In this framework, policy distortions not only misallocate resources across a given set of productive units (static effect), but also create disincentives for productivity improvement (dynamic effect) thereby affecting the productivity distribution and further contributing to lower aggregate output and productivity. The dynamic effect is substantial quantitatively. Reducing the dispersion in revenue productivity in the model by 25 percentage points to the level of the U.S. benchmark implies an increase in aggregate output and TFP by a factor of 2.9-fold. Improved resource allocation accounts for 42 percent of the gain, whereas the change in the productivity distribution accounts for the remaining 58 percent.
Author: Jose-Maria Da-Rocha Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
We consider policy distortions in a model where plants face idiosyncratic productivity shocks that evolve following a Brownian motion. Introducing idiosyncratic shocks into the model implies that plants have non-constant operating profits and as a result there is an endogenous exit margin and incumbent plants must decide in each period whether or not to remain in the industry. By using the forward Kolmogorov equation, we analytically characterize the Stationary Equilibrium. Our main contribution is to show that if a model is being calibrated/estimated without idiosyncratic shocks, where plants face constant productivity over time and the exit rate is exogenous to fit data generated from a model with shocks and endogenous entry, TFP distortions will be overestimated.
Author: Pedro Bento Publisher: ISBN: Category : Asset allocation Languages : en Pages : 66
Book Description
Abstract: We consider a tractable model of heterogeneous production units that features endogenous entry and productivity investment to assess the quantitative impact of policy distortions on aggregate output and establishment size. Relative to the standard factor misallocation framework, policy distortions featuring a positive productivity elasticity of distortions imply larger reductions in output through smaller investments in establishment productivity. A calibrated version of the model implies that when the productivity elasticity of distortions increases from 0.09 in the U.S. to 0.5 in India, aggregate output and average establishment size fall by 53 and 86 percent, compared to 37 and 0 percent in the standard factor misallocation model. Entry productivity investment and factor misallocation contribute equally to the reduction in output, whereas the effect of lower life-cycle productivity growth is fully offset by increased entry and reduced productivity dispersion. Establishment size differences in the model are consistent with evidence from a comprehensive dataset we construct on average establishment size in manufacturing using census data for 134 countries
Author: Nasir Hossein Dad Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
What accounts for the large gaps in aggregate productivity across countries? I study the impact of equity frictions and policy distortions on aggregate productivity, investments in productivity and average firm size. I document that economies with deeper equity markets have higher productivity, invest more in productivity, have larger firms on average and exhibit lower elasticity of productivity to distortions. I build and calibrate a general equilibrium model with endogenous entry and productivity investments and find that equity frictions and policy distortions can account for up to 50 percent of TFP losses. I show that the equity frictions amplify the productivity effect of distortionary policies by affecting productivity investment channel, dampening aggregate productivity and economic growth. I decompose the impact of policy distortions through a static resource misallocation channel and dynamic implications through investments in productivity. I find that the dynamic effect is 3-fold larger than the impact through the resource misallocation in the US (benchmark) economy. I re-calibrate the quantitative model to Mexico and find that the dynamic effect is 5-fold larger than the impact through resource misallocation. I highlight a key interaction between equity frictions, policy distortions and investments in productivity. I show that policy distortions have a larger impact in economies with less developed equity markets and bulk of the effects are accounted for through distortion in productivity investments.
Author: Diego Restuccia Publisher: ISBN: Category : Capital Languages : en Pages : 35
Book Description
We formulate a version of the growth model in which production is carried out by heterogeneous plants and calibrate it to US data. In the context of this model we argue that differences in the allocation of resources across heterogeneous plants may be an important factor in accounting for cross-country differences in output per capita. In particular, we show that policies which create heterogeneity in the prices faced by individual producers can lead to sizeable decreases in output and measured TFP in the range of 30 to 50 percent. We show that these effects can result from policies that do not rely on aggregate capital accumulation or aggregate relative price differences. More generally, the model can be used to generate differences in capital accumulation, relative prices, and measured TFP.
Author: Diego Restuccia Publisher: UN ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 44
Book Description
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in Latin America is low -- about one fifth of that of the United States. In addition, in the last five decades, Latin America has been unsuccessful to catch-up in wealth to the United States level while other countries at similar or lower stages of development have been successful. The failure to achieve higher levels of relative income embodies so called the development problem of Latin America. According to the publication, the bulk of the difference in GDP per capita between Latin America and the United States is explained by low GDP per worker and, especially, low total factor productivity (TFP) in Latin America.
Author: Fredrik Erixon Publisher: Yale University Press ISBN: 0300222122 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 313
Book Description
Timely, compelling, and certain to be controversial—a deeply researched study that reveals how companies and policy makers are hindering innovation-led growth Conventional wisdom holds that Western economies are on the threshold of fast-and-furious technological development. Fredrik Erixon and Bjorn Weigel refute this idea, bringing together a vast array of data and case studies to tell a very different story. With expertise spanning academia and the business world, Erixon and Weigel illustrate how innovation is being hampered by existing government regulations and corporate practices. Capitalism, they argue, has lost its mojo. Assessing the experiences of global companies, including Nokia, Uber, IBM, and Apple, the authors explore three key themes: declining economic dynamism in Western economies; growing corporate reluctance to contest markets and innovate; and excessive regulation limiting the diffusion of innovation. At a time of low growth, high unemployment, and increasing income inequality, innovation-led growth is more necessary than ever. This book unequivocally details the obstacles hindering our future prosperity.
Author: James J. Heckman Publisher: University of Chicago Press ISBN: 0226322858 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 585
Book Description
Law and Employment analyzes the effects of regulation and deregulation on Latin American labor markets and presents empirically grounded studies of the costs of regulation. Numerous labor regulations that were introduced or reformed in Latin America in the past thirty years have had important economic consequences. Nobel Prize-winning economist James J. Heckman and Carmen Pagés document the behavior of firms attempting to stay in business and be competitive while facing the high costs of complying with these labor laws. They challenge the prevailing view that labor market regulations affect only the distribution of labor incomes and have little or no impact on efficiency or the performance of labor markets. Using new micro-evidence, this volume shows that labor regulations reduce labor market turnover rates and flexibility, promote inequality, and discriminate against marginal workers. Along with in-depth studies of Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Jamaica, and Trinidad, Law and Employment provides comparative analysis of Latin American economies against a range of European countries and the United States. The book breaks new ground by quantifying not only the cost of regulation in Latin America, the Caribbean, and in the OECD, but also the broader impact of this regulation.
Author: Santiago Levy Algazi Publisher: Inter-American Development Bank ISBN: 1597823058 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 323
Book Description
Why has an economy that has done so many things right failed to grow fast? Under-Rewarded Efforts traces Mexico’s disappointing growth to flawed microeconomic policies that have suppressed productivity growth and nullified the expected benefits of the country’s reform efforts. Fast growth will not occur doing more of the same or focusing on issues that may be key bottlenecks to productivity growth elsewhere, but not in Mexico. It will only result from inclusive institutions that effectively protect workers against risks, redistribute towards those in need, and simultaneously align entrepreneurs’ and workers’ incentives to raise productivity.
Author: José María da Rocha Álvarez
Author: José María da Rocha Álvarez
Author: Jose-Maria Da-Rocha
Author: Pedro Bento
Author: Nasir Hossein Dad
Author: Diego Restuccia
Author: Rachel Griffith
Author: Diego Restuccia
Author: Fredrik Erixon
Author: James J. Heckman
Author: Santiago Levy Algazi