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Author: Hans Menning Publisher: GRIN Verlag ISBN: 3638340554 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 128
Book Description
Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2002 in the subject Psychology - Biological Psychology, grade: magna cum laude, University of Münster (Institute for Experimental Audiology), language: English, abstract: The motivation for this thesis came from the intriguing idea that we continuously restructure our brain through everyday learning. How can this highly complex, highly adaptive “learning device” change and reorganize itself all the time while keeping the illusion that we are constantly “ourselves”? The question is, whether learning has the power to trigger functional and structural changes in the brain. Several levels of thinking are involved in an interdisciplinary way. Thus, on a psychological level, 3 major topics enter this work: learning, memory and preconscious or pre-attentive perception and processing of information. Pre-attentive perception means that the subjects' attention and awareness is not mirrored in the neuronal response at a great deal. Learning is involved in this study as an improving discrimination of fine frequency and word duration differences; the latter was examined in a group of native and non-native speakers. Memory is referred to as sensory memory, a short-time memory trace that is established through the repetition of the same “standard” stimulus. In the auditory modality this has been termed “echoic memory”. A long, repetitive training engraves deep “traces” into the memory. The lifelong training of one’s native language results in a very fast and highly automated long-term memory access. On a neurophysiological level the main topics are plasticity and the reorganization of the underlying representational brain areas. Plastic changes on a molecular, synaptic and neuronal level and reorganization of cortical “maps” have been demonstrated abundantly in animal studies. On a physical level the measured magnetic fields and the calculation of the source parameters of their underlying neural generators are discussed in the light of the neurophysiological and psychological phenomena. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation thesis was, to transfer the insights of animal plasticity research onto the human brain and to draw a connection line between discrimination learning and the underlying neurophysiological changes. In a second step, these effects of discrimination learning are tested on speech perception.
Author: Hans Menning Publisher: GRIN Verlag ISBN: 3638340554 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 128
Book Description
Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2002 in the subject Psychology - Biological Psychology, grade: magna cum laude, University of Münster (Institute for Experimental Audiology), language: English, abstract: The motivation for this thesis came from the intriguing idea that we continuously restructure our brain through everyday learning. How can this highly complex, highly adaptive “learning device” change and reorganize itself all the time while keeping the illusion that we are constantly “ourselves”? The question is, whether learning has the power to trigger functional and structural changes in the brain. Several levels of thinking are involved in an interdisciplinary way. Thus, on a psychological level, 3 major topics enter this work: learning, memory and preconscious or pre-attentive perception and processing of information. Pre-attentive perception means that the subjects' attention and awareness is not mirrored in the neuronal response at a great deal. Learning is involved in this study as an improving discrimination of fine frequency and word duration differences; the latter was examined in a group of native and non-native speakers. Memory is referred to as sensory memory, a short-time memory trace that is established through the repetition of the same “standard” stimulus. In the auditory modality this has been termed “echoic memory”. A long, repetitive training engraves deep “traces” into the memory. The lifelong training of one’s native language results in a very fast and highly automated long-term memory access. On a neurophysiological level the main topics are plasticity and the reorganization of the underlying representational brain areas. Plastic changes on a molecular, synaptic and neuronal level and reorganization of cortical “maps” have been demonstrated abundantly in animal studies. On a physical level the measured magnetic fields and the calculation of the source parameters of their underlying neural generators are discussed in the light of the neurophysiological and psychological phenomena. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation thesis was, to transfer the insights of animal plasticity research onto the human brain and to draw a connection line between discrimination learning and the underlying neurophysiological changes. In a second step, these effects of discrimination learning are tested on speech perception.
Author: Amanda Christine Reed Publisher: ISBN: Category : Auditory pathways Languages : en Pages : 184
Book Description
Humans and many other species have the capacity to learn and change their behavioral responses when they repeatedly practice a discrimination task. This change in behavior must be caused by changes in response properties of the nervous system. Understanding the relationship between learning and changes in neural responses has been an important field of study for the past twenty years. Numerous papers have observed correlations between plasticity in primary cortical areas and improved perceptual discrimination abilities, implying that this plasticity is the underlying cause of improved performance. However, a causal relationship cannot be proven unless plasticity is induced outside of a behavioral context. In the following dissertation I document the perceptual consequences of plasticity induced using stimulation of the nucleus basalis paired with auditory stimuli. The nucleus basalis is a deep-brain structure which releases acetylcholine onto the neocortex during behaviorally important events. Damage to this structure has been shown to impair both learning and plasticity, and stimulation during presentation of sensory stimuli produces plasticity which mimics the effects observed after behavioral training. We demonstrate for the first time that pairing nucleus basailis stimulation with a tone can alter learning and performance of a frequency discrimination task. We also document a pattern of plasticity after discrimination training and nucleus basalis stimulation which indicates that cortical plasticity in primary sensory areas may be important for learning but not performance of a discrimination task. Finally, we report a further possible source of cortical plasticity and behavioral improvement by showing that nucleus basalis-stimulation pairing can cause stimulus-specific plasticity in both primary and secondary cortical areas. The results of these studies reveal that cortical plasticity contributes to sensory discrimination and perceptual learning, and provide new insights about the relationship between cortical plasticity and continued performance of well-learned behavioral tasks.
Author: David Poeppel Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461423139 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 404
Book Description
We live in a complex and dynamically changing acoustic environment. To this end, the auditory cortex of humans has developed the ability to process a remarkable amount of diverse acoustic information with apparent ease. In fact, a phylogenetic comparison of auditory systems reveals that human auditory association cortex in particular has undergone extensive changes relative to that of other species, although our knowledge of this remains incomplete. In contrast to other senses, human auditory cortex receives input that is highly pre-processed in a number of sub-cortical structures; this suggests that even primary auditory cortex already performs quite complex analyses. At the same time, much of the functional role of the various sub-areas in human auditory cortex is still relatively unknown, and a more sophisticated understanding is only now emerging through the use of contemporary electrophysiological and neuroimaging techniques. The integration of results across the various techniques signify a new era in our knowledge of how human auditory cortex forms basis for auditory experience. This volume on human auditory cortex will have two major parts. In Part A, the principal methodologies currently used to investigate human auditory cortex will be discussed. Each chapter will first outline how the methodology is used in auditory neuroscience, highlighting the challenges of obtaining data from human auditory cortex; second, each methods chapter will provide two or (at most) three brief examples of how it has been used to generate a major result about auditory processing. In Part B, the central questions for auditory processing in human auditory cortex are covered. Each chapter can draw on all the methods introduced in Part A but will focus on a major computational challenge the system has to solve. This volume will constitute an important contemporary reference work on human auditory cortex. Arguably, this will be the first and most focused book on this critical neurological structure. The combination of different methodological and experimental approaches as well as a diverse range of aspects of human auditory perception ensures that this volume will inspire novel insights and spurn future research.
Author: Josef Syka Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 0387231811 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 404
Book Description
The symposium that has provided the basis for this book, "Plasticity of the Central Auditory System and Processing of Complex Acoustic Signals" was held in Prague on July 7-10, 2003. This is the fourth in a series of seminal meetings summarizing the state of development of auditory system neuroscience that has been organized in that great world city. Books that have resulted from these meetings represent important benchmarks for auditory neuroscience over the past 25 years. A 1980 meeting, "Neuronal Mechanisms of Hearing" hosted the most distinguished hearing researchers focusing on underlying brain processes from this era. It resulted in a highly influential and widely subscribed and cited proceedings co-edited by professor Lindsay Aitkin. The subject of the 1987 meeting was the "Auditory Pathway - Structure and Function". It again resulted in another important update of hearing science research in a widely referenced book - edited by the late Bruce Masterton. While the original plan was to hold a meeting summarizing the state of auditory system neuroscience every 7 years, historical events connected with the disintegration of the Soviet Empire and return of freedom to Czechoslovakia resulted in an unavoidable delay of what was planned to be a 1994 meeting. It wasn't until 1996 that we were able to meet for the third time in Prague, at that time to review "Acoustical Signal Processing in the Central Auditory System".
Author: Thomas N. Parks Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1475742193 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 336
Book Description
The auditory system has a remarkable ability to adjust to an ever-changing environment. The six review chapters that comprise Plasticity of the Central Auditory System cover a spectrum of issues concerning this ability to adapt, defined by the widely applicable term "plasticity". With chapters focusing on the development of the cochlear nucleus, the mammalian superior olivary complex, plasticity in binaural hearing, plasticity in the auditory cortex, neural plasticity in bird songs, and plasticity in the insect auditory system, this volume represents much of the most current research in this field. The volume is thorough enough to stand alone, but is closely related a previous SHAR volume, Development of the Auditory System (Volume 9) by Rubel, Popper, and Fay. The book fully addresses the difficulties, challenges, and complexities of this topic as it applies to the auditory development of a wide variety of species.
Author: Jeffery A. Winer Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1441900748 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 711
Book Description
There has been substantial progress in understanding the contributions of the auditory forebrain to hearing, sound localization, communication, emotive behavior, and cognition. The Auditory Cortex covers the latest knowledge about the auditory forebrain, including the auditory cortex as well as the medial geniculate body in the thalamus. This book will cover all important aspects of the auditory forebrain organization and function, integrating the auditory thalamus and cortex into a smooth, coherent whole. Volume One covers basic auditory neuroscience. It complements The Auditory Cortex, Volume 2: Integrative Neuroscience, which takes a more applied/clinical perspective.
Author: Yale E. Cohen Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 146142349X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 336
Book Description
Hearing and communication present a variety of challenges to the nervous system. To be heard and understood, a communication signal must be transformed from a time-varying acoustic waveform to a perceptual representation to an even more abstract representation that integrates memory stores with semantic/referential information. Finally, this complex, abstract representation must be interpreted to form categorical decisions that guide behavior. Did I hear the stimulus? From where and whom did it come? What does it tell me? How can I use this information to plan an action? All of these issues and questions underlie auditory cognition. Since the early 1990s, there has been a re-birth of studies that test the neural correlates of auditory cognition with a unique emphasis on the use of awake, behaving animals as model. Continuing today, how and where in the brain neural correlates of auditory cognition are formed is an intensive and active area of research. Importantly, our understanding of the role that the cortex plays in hearing has the potential to impact the next generation of cochlear- and brainstem-auditory implants and consequently help those with hearing impairments. Thus, it is timely to produce a volume that brings together this exciting literature on the neural correlates of auditory cognition. This volume compliments and extends many recent SHAR volumes such as Sound Source Localization (2005) Auditory Perception of Sound Sources (2007), and Human Auditory Cortex (2010). For example, in many of these volumes, similar issues are discussed such as auditory-object identification and perception with different emphases: in Auditory Perception of Sound Sources, authors discuss the underlying psychophysics/behavior, whereas in the Human Auditory Cortex, fMRI data are presented. The unique contribution of the proposed volume is that the authors will integrate both of these factors to highlight the neural correlates of cognition/behavior. Moreover, unlike other these other volumes, the neurophysiological data will emphasize the exquisite spatial and temporal resolution of single-neuron [as opposed to more coarse fMRI or MEG data] responses in order to reveal the elegant representations and computations used by the nervous system.
Author: Hania Kover Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 160
Book Description
During an early epoch of development, the brain is highly adaptive to the stimulus environment. Repeatedly exposing young animals to a particular tone, for example, leads to an enlarged representation of that tone in primary auditory cortex. While the neural effects of simple, single-frequency tonal environments are well characterized, the principles that guide plasticity in complex tone environments, as well as the perceptual consequences of cortical plasticity, remain unclear. To address these questions, this dissertation documents the neural and perceptual effects of simple and complex manipulations to the early acoustic environment. First, I show that rearing rat pups in a multi-tone environment leads to complex primary cortical representational changes that are related to the statistical relationships between experienced sounds. Specifically, tones that occur together within short temporal sequences tend to be represented by the same groups of neurons, whereas tones that occur separately are represented separately. This suggests that the development of primary auditory cortical response properties is sensitive to higher-order statistical relationships between sounds. The observed neural changes are accompanied by perceptual changes. Discrimination ability for sounds that never occur together within temporal sequences is improved. Heightened perceptual sensitivity is correlated with heightened neuronal response contrasts. These results suggest that early experience-dependent neural changes can mediate perceptual changes that may be related to statistical learning. Finally, I develop and experimentally test a model of the relationship between cortical sensory representations and perception. The model suggests that cortical stimulus representations may function as the neural representation of previously encountered stimulus probabilities, and makes predictions about how changes in these representations should affect perception within a statistical inference framework. Preliminary behavioral results support the model predictions, suggesting that one function of early experience-dependent plasticity may be to internalize stimulus distributions to shape future perception and behavior.
Author: Hans Menning
Author: Hans Menning
Author: Amanda Christine Reed
Author: David Poeppel
Author: Josef Syka
Author: Hans Menning
Author: Thomas N. Parks
Author: Jeffery A. Winer
Author: Yale E. Cohen
Author: Hania Kover
Author: Aage R. Møller