Author: T. Elliman Publisher: Springer ISBN: 1489930736 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 194
Book Description
Open Systems for Europe AD. Elliman, C. Sanger Open Systems for Europe combines two important and topical themes. First, Open Systems - the development of vendor-independent means to link and interwork with applications across a range of different systems. Secondly, the formation of a single European market after 1992 with its attendant opening up of public purchasing and the removal of the remaining obstacles to the free movement of products, people and services between the member states of the European Community. What unites these two themes is the issue of standards. As Walter de Backer, Director of Informatics of the Commission of the European Communities ( CEC) says in his keynote paper [Ch. 1J, more and more organisations are beginning to realise that an IT strategy based on standards is feasible, econo mic and necessary. It is feasible, if not immediately, then certainly through an evolutionary path phased over a number of years; it is economic because the costs associated with interface changes and conversions can be avoided, if not eliminated totally; and it is necessary if organisations are to communicate and interwork effectively. Moreover, the restructuring of Europe into a single market has already prompted a realignment of corporate interests - existing groups are breaking up and forming new, pan-European conglomerates.
Author: Rainer W.G. Herbers Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400938152 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 241
Book Description
Interoperability has been a requirement in NATO ever since the Alliance came into being - an obvious requirement when 16 independent Nations agree to allocate national resources for the achievement of a common goal: to maintain peace. With the appearance of data processing in the command and control pro cess of the armed forces, the requirement for interoperability expanded into the data processing field. Although problems of procedural and operational interoperability had been constantly resolved to some extent as they arose over the years, the introduction of data proces sing increased the problems of technical interoperability. The increase was partially due to the natural desire of nations to support their own national industries. But it was definetely also due to the lack of time and resources needed to solve the problems. During the mid- and late -1970s the International Standards Organisa tion (ISO) decided to develop a concept ("model") which would allow "systems" to intercommunicate. The famous ISO 7-layer model for Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) was born. The OSI model was adopted by NATO in 1983 as thi basis for standardization of data communications in NATO. The very successful (first) Symposium on Interoperability of ADP Sys tems, held in November 1982 at the SHAPE Technical Centre (STC), gave an exten~ive overview of the work carried out on the lower layers of the model and revealed some intriguing ideas about the upper layers. The first Symposium accurately reflected the state-of-the-art at that point in time.
Author: Roman S. Ingarden Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9780792344735 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 320
Book Description
This book aims to present an information-theoretical approach to thermodynamics and its generalisations. On the one hand, it generalises the concept of `information thermodynamics' to that of `information dynamics' in order to stress applications outside thermal phenomena. On the other hand, it is a synthesis of the dynamics of state change and the theory of complexity, which provide a common framework to treat both physical and nonphysical systems together. Both classical and quantum systems are discussed, and two appendices are included to explain principal definitions and some important aspects of the theory of Hilbert spaces and operator algebras. The concept of higher-order temperatures is explained and applied to biological and linguistic systems. The theory of open systems is presented in a new, much more general form. Audience: This volume is intended mainly for theoretical and mathematical physicists, but also for mathematicians, experimental physicists, physical chemists, theoretical biologists, communication engineers, and all those interested in entropy and open systems. It can also be recommended as a supplementary text.
Author: Michal Bobek Publisher: OUP Oxford ISBN: 0191669989 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 321
Book Description
The last two decades have witnessed an exponential growth in debates on the use of foreign law by courts. Different labels have been attached to the same phenomenon: judges drawing inspiration from outside of their national legal systems for solving purely domestic disputes. By doing so, the judges are said to engage in cross-border judicial dialogues. They are creating a larger, transnational community of judges. This book puts similar claims to test in relation to highest national jurisdictions (supreme and constitutional courts) in Europe today. How often and why do judges choose to draw inspiration from foreign materials in solving domestic cases? The book addresses these questions from both an empirical and a theoretical angle. Empirically, the genuine use of comparative arguments by national highest courts in five European jurisdictions is examined: England and Wales, France, Germany, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. On the basis of comparative discussion of the practice and its national theoretical underpinning in these and partially also in other European systems, an overreaching theoretical framework for the current judicial use of comparative arguments is developed. Drawing on the author's own past judicial experience in a national supreme court, this book is a critical account of judicial engagement with foreign authority in Europe today. The sober middle ground inductively conceptualized and presented in this book provides solid jurisprudential foundations for the ongoing use of comparative arguments by courts as well as its further scholarly discussion.
Author: A. Midttun Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 008053127X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 355
Book Description
The electricity generation and supply industry is undergoing rapid changes in the 1990s. As demands for economic power continue to increase, governments throughout Europe are contemplating a reformation of electricity policy for the 21st century. This book discusses the current state of the European electricity generation and supply industry and the options for improvement in the future.Written by renowned experts in the field of energy policy and economics, the book includes detailed case studies of national electricity regulation from around Europe, and a timely overview of European Union electricity policy on liberalisation and deregulation. Given that the changes to the European electricity industries will provide valuable pointers to change in other areas, this book is essential reading for industry analysts, policy makers, utility companies and others with an interest in the future of energy generation and transmission worldwide.
Author: Sam Stuart Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 1483142132 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 233
Book Description
IT Perspectives Conference is a documentation of the top-level conference sponsored by the publishers of Computer Weekly, which aims to examine the issues that concern computer professionals and to provide at least some of the answers while indicating the directions which IT may be expected to take moving on to the 1990s. Leading figures from the IT industry and from major computer users show how they are tackling the transition from the limited task based approach of traditional computing to the more wide-ranging strategic issues implicit in the concept of information as a resource to be managed, used competitively, and even sold. In looking towards a future characterized by transaction-oriented systems, online databases, and distributed processing, the significance of tools such as fourth generation languages and computer-assisted software engineering is described and the vital role of communications at all levels from local area networks to the development of international standards is examined. This book will be useful to anyone wishing to discern the main trends in IT development and computer systems implementation as they set out to develop the systems of the 1990s.
Author: Hannes P. Lubich Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9783540588443 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 284
Book Description
This monograph presents the still young, but already large and very active interdisciplinary realm of computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) in a systematic and well-balanced way. Besides technical progress also the cultural, social, legal, psychological and economic aspects of CSCW are discussed. The book makes accessible a wealth of information and culminates in the development and detailed discussion of a "Collaboratory" suitable to fulfil the needs of scientific cooperation in Europe. The book addresses CSCW research and development professionals as well as the general scientist interested in CSCW-based scientific cooperation. The bibliography with its more than 600 entries and the subject index are particularly comprehensive and helpful.
Author: Leo H. Kahane Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0199874778 Category : Sports & Recreation Languages : en Pages : 542
Book Description
Stephen Shmanske and Leo Kahane have brought together nearly all of the important authors in the quickly growing field of Sports Economics to contribute chapters to this two-volume set. The result is truly informative in its content and path breaking in its importance to the field. Anyone contemplating research in the field of sports economics will find the works in these volumes to provide both ample background in subject after subject and numerous suggestions for future avenues of research. The editors have recognized two ways that economics and sports interact. First, economic analysis has helped everyone understand many of the peculiar institutions in sports. And second, quality data about individual productivity, salaries, career histories, teamwork, and managerial behavior has helped economists study topics as varied as the economics of discrimination, salary dispersion, and antitrust policy. These two themes of economics helping sports and sports helping economics provide the organizational structure to the two-volume set. The reader will find that sports economists employ or comment on practically every field in economics. Labor Economics comes into play in the areas of salary formation, salary dispersion, and discrimination. Baseballs history and the NCAA are studied with Industrial Organization and Antitrust. Public Finance and Contingent Value Modeling come into play in the study of stadium finance and franchise location. The Efficient Market Hypothesis is examined with data from gambling markets. Macroeconomic effects are studied with data from mega events like the Super Bowl, The World Cup, and the Olympics. The limits of Econometrics are pushed and illustrated with superb data in many of the papers herein. Topics in Applied microeconomics like demand estimation and price discrimination are also covered in several of the included papers. Game Theory, measurement of production functions, and measurement of managerial efficiency all come into play. Talented authors in each of these fields have made contributions to these volumes. The volumes are also rich from the point of view of the sports fan. Every major team sport is covered, and many interesting comparisons can be made especially between the North American League organization and the European-style promotion and relegation leagues. Golf, NASCAR, College athletics, Womens sports, the Olympics, and even bowling are represented in these pages. There is literally something for everyone.
Author: Michelle P. Egan Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0199244057 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 380
Book Description
Analysing the policies and institutions used by the EU to create a single market, this text draws upon literature from several disciplines to develop an account of the regulatory strategies and institutional arrangements adopted.
Author: T. Elliman
Author: Rainer W.G. Herbers
Author: Roman S. Ingarden
Author: Michal Bobek
Author: A. Midttun
Author: Sam Stuart
Author: 
Author: Hannes P. Lubich
Author: Leo H. Kahane
Author: Michelle P. Egan