Object Localization Using Passive RFID Tags PDF Download

Author: Ramprabhu Jayaraman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Radio frequency identification systems
Languages : en
Pages : 70

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Book Description
Passive radio frequency identification (RFID) systems are revolutionizing the indoor positioning and tracking applications. There has been substantial research on practical applications of this technology and hospitals especially trauma care units are one such area where this capability can lead to improved workflow. Our system uses the Alien RFID reader and the "Squiggle" passive RFID tags to create an effective solution for tracking various medical items. Based on the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) value of the tags, we developed a localization algorithm which uses a neural network estimator to estimate the distances of the tags. To reduce the effect of noise in the RSSI values received from the reader, we accumulate data over a period of time, remove the outliers and the average the remaining RSSI values. The RSSI based estimation algorithm provides very accurate estimation when the spatial density of tags is low (about 25 tags per square meter). To improve the localization accuracy at higher spatial densities we augmented the RSSI method of estimating distances by using the number of times the tags were read or the "read-count'. We also investigated how different types of occluding materials affect the localization accuracy. Metal and Humans also can cause complete occlusion when the positioned in direct line of sight between the antenna and the tag. To overcome human based occlusion, we placed an additional ceiling mounted antenna per 10 m2. This intervention makes possible the detection (but not localization) of tags when the vertical field of view is not occluded. We also studied the effect of the material to which the tags are attached and determined the effects on localization accuracy. The software system developed using Java is designed in a modular fashion and provides interfaces to tools like Matlab so that it is easy to experiment to various other localization algorithms. We also developed an intuitive User Interface to display the locations of tags and the associated items. Once a tag is identified its associated description can be looked up in a computer database and this also can be displayed in the user interface.

Author: Jinsong Han
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319126466
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 66

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Book Description
This SpringerBrief examines the use of cheap commercial passive RFID tags to achieve accurate device-free object-tracking. It presents a sensitive detector, named Twins, which uses a pair of adjacent passive tags to detect uncooperative targets (such as intruders). Twins leverages a newly observed phenomenon called critical state that is caused by interference among passive tags. The author expands on the previous object tracking methods, which are mostly device-based, and reveals a new interference model and their extensive experiments for validation. A prototype implementation of the Twins-based intrusion detection scheme with commercial off-the-shelf reader and tags is also covered in this SpringerBrief. Device-Free Object Tracking Using Passive Tags is designed for researchers and professionals interested in smart sensing, localization, RFID and Internet of Things applications. The content is also useful for advanced-level students studying electrical engineering and computer science.

Author: Akshay Shetty
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical care
Languages : en
Pages : 62

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Book Description
Technologies using identification by radio frequencies (RFID) are experiencing rapid development and healthcare is a major application area benefiting from it. Highly pervasive RFID enables remote identification, tracking and localization of the medical staff, patients, medications and equipment, thus increasing safety, optimizing in real-time management and providing support for new ambient-intelligent services. This thesis describes and evaluates an algorithm that enables object localization and tracking using passive RFID tags. This thesis also describes scenarios of how this technology can be used as a part of building a smart trauma resuscitation room by tracking the equipments. The main contribution of this thesis is the adaptation of the Weighted K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm as a localization technique to track objects in a confined and crowded space by using passive RFID tags. The input parameter to the algorithm is the received signal strength indicator (RSSI), which gives a measure of back-scattered radio frequencies from passive tags. While using RFID technology special attention has to be given to the placement of antennas to get the optimum result. Therefore, we analyzed various antenna placement configurations with mean error and error consistency as the two performance parameters. The detection of multiple tags and human occlusion are two major concerns while tracking tags in a confined space with many team members collaborating on solving a problem. The RF signal can be interrupted by people walking around randomly and holding multiple (tagged) instruments at the same time. While the algorithm worked fine when tracking multiple tags, we had to modify the experimental set-up and attach an antenna onto the ceiling (which we call a vertical antenna), so that even if all the wall antennas are blocked we get at least one input parameter to base our localization decision on. We evaluated the algorithm for different combinations of configurations and number of neighbors, and achieved the following results. The best results were obtained for the 3 antennae (placed orthogonally) configuration considering the 4 nearest neighbors wherein a mean error rate of 15% of the maximum possible error was achieved under ideal conditions. We tested the algorithm for different human occlusion scenarios i.e. blocking 1 or 2 wall antennas, standing in random positions and then roaming in the field area randomly. The mean error rate for the standing scenario was measured as 20% of the maximum possible error and 18% in the case of roaming configuration. The error was found to be consistently within our defined maximum error for 100% of the recorded readings. The results obtained were found to be satisfactory for our application where, more than the exact location of the object, knowing whether the object is within a particular region is good enough for the users to know what task is being carried out in the trauma bay. Also the algorithm holds good in an indoor environment having a lot of factors and materials which affect the RF signal disrupting accurate calculation of the location co-ordinates. The algorithm does not require extensive data collection prior to implementation which makes it easily deployable in any environment. Apart from the problems mentioned there are some other factors like materials on which the tags are attached and orientation of tags which were found to be potential hindrances for accurate localization. Acceptable solutions to these problems form a part of our future work.

Author: Ankit Sarda
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical instruments and apparatus
Languages : en
Pages : 54

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Book Description
Radio Frequency Technologies (RFID) are experiencing rapid development and business, retail, manufacturing and healthcare are the major application areas benefiting from it. We describe and analyze an algorithm which helps in tracking of medical equipment and personnel and patients in a Trauma Bay. We adapt the Read Count algorithm to be used at multiple attenuation levels as a localization technique. The input parameter to the algorithm is the read count value which gives a measure of number of times the back-scattered radio frequencies from passive tags has been received by the antenna. Special attention has to be given to the placement of antennas to get the optimum result. The detection of multiple tags and human occlusion are two major concerns which we have tried to solve by suing multiple horizontal antennas along with 1 vertical antenna. We have discussed the results and analysis of such a configuration and accordingly given a conclusion. The problems associated with the configuration have also been discussed which can form part of future work.

Author: Jae Sung Choi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Radio frequency
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
In a smart environment, accurate locations of objects are a fundamental and critical issue. To achieve this goal, we present several methods based on passive far-field UHF RFID technologies, which can satisfy accuracy, robustness and reliability, cost efficiency, simplicity, compatibility, and scalability. Our research overcomes several negative characteristics of the use of cost efficient passive UHF RFID. Our research has several important contributions. First, we study the causes of the problems of using passive UHF RFID in localization, with detailed empirical results, and then, present the impacts of the causes on existing localization techniques such as KNN. Second, we present a new model of backscattered signal strength for passive far-field UHF RFID system under tag-to-tag interference. We propose a method to estimate power variations due to tag interference, based on a tag-to-tag distance and angle using a second order under-damped system. We present a novel localization algorithm to estimate target object location using our Tag-to-tag Interference Model (LMTI). According to the empirical results, LMTI improves accuracy be over 200% compared with RSSI based KNN algorithm when objects are empty boxes, and 127% improvement when objects are the print cartridges contained in aluminum foil bags. Third, we present another approach to achieve accurate localization. Localization using Detection of Tag Interference (LDTI) algorithm, which detects the tag interference on a map of reference tags to estimate target location. To avoid selection of spatially non-adjacent reference tags, we also present the most interfered reference group finding algorithm, which considers spatial relations between reference tags. LDTI based smart shelf performs on average 0.0948m estimation error for 9 empty cardboard boxes, and average 0.1831m estimation error for 9 print cartridge containers, which is a 71% accuracy improvement compared to the KNN algorithm. Finally, we present a novel Vision and passive UHF RFID integrated Localization (VRL) system on smart shelf application to improve performance under harsh conditions. VRL performs on average 0.079m estimation error for 10 print cartridge containers, which is a 61% accuracy improvement compared to the LDTI algorithm under low False Negative Reference (FNR) interrogation conditions. Moreover, it shows 555% computation overhead reduction compared a homogeneous vision system. In high FNR conditions, VRL system achieves over 620% increased accuracy compared to LDTI, and 437% reduced computation time compared to a pure vision based localization system.

Author: Nuno Borges Carvalho
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111957854X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 432

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Book Description
Provides a collection of works produced by COST Action IC1301 with the goal of achieving significant advances in the field of wireless power transmission This book constitutes together information from COST Action IC1301, a group of academic and industry experts seeking to align research efforts in the field of wireless power transmission (WPT). It begins with a discussion of backscatter as a solution for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and goes on to describe ambient backscattering sensors that use FM broadcasting for low cost and low power wireless applications. The book also explores localization of passive RFID tags and augmented tags using nonlinearities of RFID chips. It concludes with a review of methods of electromagnetic characterization of textile materials for the development of wearable antennas. Wireless Power Transmission for Sustainable Electronics: COST WiPE - IC1301 covers textile-supported wireless energy transfer, and reviews methods for the electromagnetic characterization of textile materials for the development of wearable antennas. It also looks at: backscatter RFID sensor systems for remote health monitoring; simultaneous localization (of robots and objects) and mapping (SLAM); autonomous system of wireless power distribution for static and moving nodes of wireless sensor networks; and more. Presents techniques for smart beam-forming for "on demand" wireless power transmission (WPT) Discusses RF and microwave energy harvesting for space applications Describes miniaturized RFID transponders for object identification and sensing Wireless Power Transmission for Sustainable Electronics: COST WiPE - IC1301 is an excellent book for both graduate students and industry engineers involved in wireless communications and power transfer, and sustainable materials for those fields.

Author:
Publisher: IEEE Computer Society Press
ISBN: 9781424421015
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1072

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Book Description

Author: Alseny Diallo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Global Positioning System
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
Location-based services (LBSs) are significantly becoming a vital part of life. Global Navigation Satellite Systems such as GPS have been used in a wide range of applications, from transport navigation, and synchronization of telecommunications networks. GPS works remarkably well in outdoor positioning. However, GPS does not perform well when the target object is close to walls, buildings, trees, or indoor environments. This is because the signal from the GPS satellites is too weak to penetrate an obstacle like concrete walls and buildings. Due to the complicated characteristics of indoor environments, the development of an indoor localization technique is always linked with a set of difficulties. For instance, indoor localization systems are challenged by the influence of obstacles like equipment, movement of human beings, doors, walls, and more. To overcome those challenges, we propose an indoor localization system that uses radio frequency identification tags or RFID tags to localize moving targets. Our indoor localization algorithm derives the accurate location of a target object using a set of RFID tags deployed in a predefined area. Our localization algorithm derives the target device’s location based on the signal it receives from surrounding tags. Depending on the number of tags in the surrounding area, the algorithm uses different formulas to calculate the target’s location. Specifically, there are three different cases. A case where a target object is nearby one tag, two tags or three tags. The localization algorithm works well when an area is well covered by tags. To optimize the coverage using a limited number of tags, we developed a greedy algorithm that uses a novel score function to help deploy the RFID tags in a predefined area to guarantee maximum coverage. This approach is evaluated using both simulation and real system use cases. Additionally, we designed a system deployment that uses the localization algorithm and the tag deployment algorithm to track several target objects in a 2-dimensional space. The system is proven to be reliable, fault-tolerant and scale very well with an increase in workload. The results show our approach is effective in localizing target objects with high accuracy.

Author: Matthew Chan
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781303087776
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 172

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Book Description
One of the most sought-after innovations in RFID technology is the ability to accurately locate stationary objects and track moving entities in real time. The author proposes three multi-leveled detectable count RFID localization algorithms (nearest-neighbor, multilateration, Bayesian inference) to accomplish these tasks using UHF passive RFID tags---chosen due to low cost and efficient implementation---by affixing them onto the floor as known reference nodes. Simulations are conducted to examine the accuracy and performance of the algorithms to locate stationary and mobile objects. Furthermore, experiments are carried out to test the localization of stationary objects in a real world setting such as a laboratory environment. The outcomes from the simulations and experiments are analyzed. The results are remarkable and most importantly, when the proper parametric values are considered, such as reference tag density and detection range, the accuracy performance of the algorithms achieved are impressive which confirms that the proposed methods are highly preferable when accurate, efficient and cost-effective passive RFID localization systems are to be implemented. Future directions of the study include exploration of different ratios for the three power levels of the RFID reader, use of other reference tag spacing pattern besides square such as hexagon, examination of other multi-level approach beside tri-level such as quad-, penta- or dual-level, experimentation with different kinds of RFID reference tags besides the passive Alien type G, as well as field tests of methods for mobile entities in a realistic real-world settings such as a laboratory.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Artificial intelligence
Languages : en
Pages :

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