Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309259533
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 568
Book Description
Although epilepsy is one of the nation's most common neurological disorders, public understanding of it is limited. Many people do not know the causes of epilepsy or what they should do if they see someone having a seizure. Epilepsy is a complex spectrum of disorders that affects an estimated 2.2 million Americans in a variety of ways, and is characterized by unpredictable seizures that differ in type, cause, and severity. Yet living with epilepsy is about much more than just seizures; the disorder is often defined in practical terms, such as challenges in school, uncertainties about social situations and employment, limitations on driving, and questions about independent living. The Institute of Medicine was asked to examine the public health dimensions of the epilepsies, focusing on public health surveillance and data collection; population and public health research; health policy, health care, and human services; and education for people with the disorder and their families, health care providers, and the public. In Epilepsy Across the Spectrum, the IOM makes recommendations ranging from the expansion of collaborative epilepsy surveillance efforts, to the coordination of public awareness efforts, to the engagement of people with epilepsy and their families in education, dissemination, and advocacy for improved care and services. Taking action across multiple dimensions will improve the lives of people with epilepsy and their families. The realistic, feasible, and action-oriented recommendations in this report can help enable short- and long-term improvements for people with epilepsy. For all epilepsy organizations and advocates, local, state, and federal agencies, researchers, health care professionals, people with epilepsy, as well as the public, Epilepsy Across the Spectrum is an essential resource.
Epilepsy Across the Spectrum
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309259533
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 568
Book Description
Although epilepsy is one of the nation's most common neurological disorders, public understanding of it is limited. Many people do not know the causes of epilepsy or what they should do if they see someone having a seizure. Epilepsy is a complex spectrum of disorders that affects an estimated 2.2 million Americans in a variety of ways, and is characterized by unpredictable seizures that differ in type, cause, and severity. Yet living with epilepsy is about much more than just seizures; the disorder is often defined in practical terms, such as challenges in school, uncertainties about social situations and employment, limitations on driving, and questions about independent living. The Institute of Medicine was asked to examine the public health dimensions of the epilepsies, focusing on public health surveillance and data collection; population and public health research; health policy, health care, and human services; and education for people with the disorder and their families, health care providers, and the public. In Epilepsy Across the Spectrum, the IOM makes recommendations ranging from the expansion of collaborative epilepsy surveillance efforts, to the coordination of public awareness efforts, to the engagement of people with epilepsy and their families in education, dissemination, and advocacy for improved care and services. Taking action across multiple dimensions will improve the lives of people with epilepsy and their families. The realistic, feasible, and action-oriented recommendations in this report can help enable short- and long-term improvements for people with epilepsy. For all epilepsy organizations and advocates, local, state, and federal agencies, researchers, health care professionals, people with epilepsy, as well as the public, Epilepsy Across the Spectrum is an essential resource.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309259533
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 568
Book Description
Although epilepsy is one of the nation's most common neurological disorders, public understanding of it is limited. Many people do not know the causes of epilepsy or what they should do if they see someone having a seizure. Epilepsy is a complex spectrum of disorders that affects an estimated 2.2 million Americans in a variety of ways, and is characterized by unpredictable seizures that differ in type, cause, and severity. Yet living with epilepsy is about much more than just seizures; the disorder is often defined in practical terms, such as challenges in school, uncertainties about social situations and employment, limitations on driving, and questions about independent living. The Institute of Medicine was asked to examine the public health dimensions of the epilepsies, focusing on public health surveillance and data collection; population and public health research; health policy, health care, and human services; and education for people with the disorder and their families, health care providers, and the public. In Epilepsy Across the Spectrum, the IOM makes recommendations ranging from the expansion of collaborative epilepsy surveillance efforts, to the coordination of public awareness efforts, to the engagement of people with epilepsy and their families in education, dissemination, and advocacy for improved care and services. Taking action across multiple dimensions will improve the lives of people with epilepsy and their families. The realistic, feasible, and action-oriented recommendations in this report can help enable short- and long-term improvements for people with epilepsy. For all epilepsy organizations and advocates, local, state, and federal agencies, researchers, health care professionals, people with epilepsy, as well as the public, Epilepsy Across the Spectrum is an essential resource.
The Comorbidities of Epilepsy
Author: Marco Mula
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128148780
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 416
Book Description
Epilepsy is one of most frequent neurological disorders affecting about 50 million people worldwide and 50% of them have at least another medical problem in comorbidity; sometimes this is a the cause of the epilepsy itself or it is due to shared neurobiological links between epilepsy and other medical conditions; other times it is a long-term consequence of the antiepileptic drug treatment. The Comorbidities of Epilepsy offers an up-to-date, comprehensive overview of all comorbidities of epilepsy (somatic, neurological and behavioral), by international authorities in the field of clinical epileptology, with an emphasis on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. This book includes also a critical appraisal of the methodological aspects and limitations of current research on this field. Pharmacological issues in the management of comorbidities are discussed, providing information on drug dosages, side effects and interactions, in order to enable the reader to manage these patients safely. The Comorbidities of Epilepsy is aimed at all health professionals dealing with people with epilepsy including neurologists, epileptologists, psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, epilepsy specialist nurses and clinical researchers. - Provides a comprehensive overview of somatic, neurological and behavioral co-morbidities of epilepsy - Discusses up-to-date management of comorbidities of epilepsy - Written by a group of international experts in the field
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128148780
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 416
Book Description
Epilepsy is one of most frequent neurological disorders affecting about 50 million people worldwide and 50% of them have at least another medical problem in comorbidity; sometimes this is a the cause of the epilepsy itself or it is due to shared neurobiological links between epilepsy and other medical conditions; other times it is a long-term consequence of the antiepileptic drug treatment. The Comorbidities of Epilepsy offers an up-to-date, comprehensive overview of all comorbidities of epilepsy (somatic, neurological and behavioral), by international authorities in the field of clinical epileptology, with an emphasis on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. This book includes also a critical appraisal of the methodological aspects and limitations of current research on this field. Pharmacological issues in the management of comorbidities are discussed, providing information on drug dosages, side effects and interactions, in order to enable the reader to manage these patients safely. The Comorbidities of Epilepsy is aimed at all health professionals dealing with people with epilepsy including neurologists, epileptologists, psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, epilepsy specialist nurses and clinical researchers. - Provides a comprehensive overview of somatic, neurological and behavioral co-morbidities of epilepsy - Discusses up-to-date management of comorbidities of epilepsy - Written by a group of international experts in the field
Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies
Author: Jeffrey Noebels
Publisher: OUP USA
ISBN: 0199746540
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1258
Book Description
Jasper's Basic Mechanisms, Fourth Edition, is the newest most ambitious and now clinically relevant publishing project to build on the four-decade legacy of the Jasper's series. In keeping with the original goal of searching for "a better understanding of the epilepsies and rational methods of prevention and treatment.", the book represents an encyclopedic compendium neurobiological mechanisms of seizures, epileptogenesis, epilepsy genetics and comordid conditions. Of practical importance to the clinician, and new to this edition are disease mechanisms of genetic epilepsies and therapeutic approaches, ranging from novel antiepileptic drug targets to cell and gene therapies.
Publisher: OUP USA
ISBN: 0199746540
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1258
Book Description
Jasper's Basic Mechanisms, Fourth Edition, is the newest most ambitious and now clinically relevant publishing project to build on the four-decade legacy of the Jasper's series. In keeping with the original goal of searching for "a better understanding of the epilepsies and rational methods of prevention and treatment.", the book represents an encyclopedic compendium neurobiological mechanisms of seizures, epileptogenesis, epilepsy genetics and comordid conditions. Of practical importance to the clinician, and new to this edition are disease mechanisms of genetic epilepsies and therapeutic approaches, ranging from novel antiepileptic drug targets to cell and gene therapies.
New Research on Epilepsy and Behavior
Author: Keith J. Hollaway
Publisher: Nova Publishers
ISBN: 9781600213816
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 360
Book Description
The chapters in this important book touch upon clinical neurology, neurosurgery, neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology, neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, and neuroimaging. They include localisation of ictal and postictal behaviours; neuroendocrine aspects of epilepsy; psychiatric and psychosocial aspects of epilepsy; behavioural aspects of epilepsy surgery; cognitive and affective effects of seizure treatment and functional imaging and animal models.
Publisher: Nova Publishers
ISBN: 9781600213816
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 360
Book Description
The chapters in this important book touch upon clinical neurology, neurosurgery, neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology, neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, and neuroimaging. They include localisation of ictal and postictal behaviours; neuroendocrine aspects of epilepsy; psychiatric and psychosocial aspects of epilepsy; behavioural aspects of epilepsy surgery; cognitive and affective effects of seizure treatment and functional imaging and animal models.
The Comprehensive Evaluation and Treatment of Epilepsy
Author: Steven C. Schachter
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080529461
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 287
Book Description
Epilepsy is, after headache, the second most common neurological disorder. This book clarifies the many courses of action to take in treating patients with epilepsy. It presents current knowledge about seizures and epilepsy in a comprehensive, socially conscious, and clear manner. The editors have provided this information in a comprehensive, easy-to-use, and practical form. This short, simple pedagogical guide to the diagnosis and management of epilepsy is an important reference work for all medical schools, hospitals, clinics, and primary care centers. - This book integrates the latest research into essential reviews on: - Initial management of patients with seizures - Neuroradiological evaluation of epilepsy - Psychosocial aspects of epilepsy - Neuropsychologic problems associated with epilepsy - Psychiatric disorders - Diagnosis and treatment of status epilepticus - Nonepileptic seizures - Ambulatory EEG monitoring - Epilepsy surgery - Endocrine aspects of partial seizures - Epilepsy in the elderly
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080529461
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 287
Book Description
Epilepsy is, after headache, the second most common neurological disorder. This book clarifies the many courses of action to take in treating patients with epilepsy. It presents current knowledge about seizures and epilepsy in a comprehensive, socially conscious, and clear manner. The editors have provided this information in a comprehensive, easy-to-use, and practical form. This short, simple pedagogical guide to the diagnosis and management of epilepsy is an important reference work for all medical schools, hospitals, clinics, and primary care centers. - This book integrates the latest research into essential reviews on: - Initial management of patients with seizures - Neuroradiological evaluation of epilepsy - Psychosocial aspects of epilepsy - Neuropsychologic problems associated with epilepsy - Psychiatric disorders - Diagnosis and treatment of status epilepticus - Nonepileptic seizures - Ambulatory EEG monitoring - Epilepsy surgery - Endocrine aspects of partial seizures - Epilepsy in the elderly
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309154006
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 246
Book Description
A respected resource for decades, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals has been updated by a committee of experts, taking into consideration input from the scientific and laboratory animal communities and the public at large. The Guide incorporates new scientific information on common laboratory animals, including aquatic species, and includes extensive references. It is organized around major components of animal use: Key concepts of animal care and use. The Guide sets the framework for the humane care and use of laboratory animals. Animal care and use program. The Guide discusses the concept of a broad Program of Animal Care and Use, including roles and responsibilities of the Institutional Official, Attending Veterinarian and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Animal environment, husbandry, and management. A chapter on this topic is now divided into sections on terrestrial and aquatic animals and provides recommendations for housing and environment, husbandry, behavioral and population management, and more. Veterinary care. The Guide discusses veterinary care and the responsibilities of the Attending Veterinarian. It includes recommendations on animal procurement and transportation, preventive medicine (including animal biosecurity), and clinical care and management. The Guide addresses distress and pain recognition and relief, and issues surrounding euthanasia. Physical plant. The Guide identifies design issues, providing construction guidelines for functional areas; considerations such as drainage, vibration and noise control, and environmental monitoring; and specialized facilities for animal housing and research needs. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals provides a framework for the judgments required in the management of animal facilities. This updated and expanded resource of proven value will be important to scientists and researchers, veterinarians, animal care personnel, facilities managers, institutional administrators, policy makers involved in research issues, and animal welfare advocates.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309154006
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 246
Book Description
A respected resource for decades, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals has been updated by a committee of experts, taking into consideration input from the scientific and laboratory animal communities and the public at large. The Guide incorporates new scientific information on common laboratory animals, including aquatic species, and includes extensive references. It is organized around major components of animal use: Key concepts of animal care and use. The Guide sets the framework for the humane care and use of laboratory animals. Animal care and use program. The Guide discusses the concept of a broad Program of Animal Care and Use, including roles and responsibilities of the Institutional Official, Attending Veterinarian and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Animal environment, husbandry, and management. A chapter on this topic is now divided into sections on terrestrial and aquatic animals and provides recommendations for housing and environment, husbandry, behavioral and population management, and more. Veterinary care. The Guide discusses veterinary care and the responsibilities of the Attending Veterinarian. It includes recommendations on animal procurement and transportation, preventive medicine (including animal biosecurity), and clinical care and management. The Guide addresses distress and pain recognition and relief, and issues surrounding euthanasia. Physical plant. The Guide identifies design issues, providing construction guidelines for functional areas; considerations such as drainage, vibration and noise control, and environmental monitoring; and specialized facilities for animal housing and research needs. The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals provides a framework for the judgments required in the management of animal facilities. This updated and expanded resource of proven value will be important to scientists and researchers, veterinarians, animal care personnel, facilities managers, institutional administrators, policy makers involved in research issues, and animal welfare advocates.
Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy
Author: Gregory L. Holmes, MD
Publisher: Demos Medical Publishing
ISBN: 1934559881
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 554
Book Description
The field of epilepsy and behavior has grown considerably in the past number of years, reflecting advances in the laboratory and clinic. Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice is the definitive text on epilepsy behavioral issues, from basic science to clinical applications, for all neurologists, psychosocial specialists, and researchers in the fields of epilepsy, neuroscience, and psychology/psychiatry. Behavioral aspects of epilepsy include a patient's experiences during seizures, his or her reaction during and between seizures, the frequency of episodes and what can be determined from the number of seizures. With contributions by dozens of leading international experts, this is the only book to cover all aspects of this critical emerging science. Adult and pediatric patients, animal models, and epilepsy surgery and its effects are all covered in detail. Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy is the only source for up-to-date information on a topic that has significant and growing interest in the medical community. This comprehensive, authoritative text has a bench to bedside, approach that covers: The mechanisms underlying epilepsy and behavior Neurophysiologic function Neuropsychiatric and behavioral disorders in patients with epilepsy The effects of treatments and surgery on behavior Pediatric and adolescent epilepsy Disorders associated with epilepsy that impact behavior And much more
Publisher: Demos Medical Publishing
ISBN: 1934559881
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 554
Book Description
The field of epilepsy and behavior has grown considerably in the past number of years, reflecting advances in the laboratory and clinic. Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice is the definitive text on epilepsy behavioral issues, from basic science to clinical applications, for all neurologists, psychosocial specialists, and researchers in the fields of epilepsy, neuroscience, and psychology/psychiatry. Behavioral aspects of epilepsy include a patient's experiences during seizures, his or her reaction during and between seizures, the frequency of episodes and what can be determined from the number of seizures. With contributions by dozens of leading international experts, this is the only book to cover all aspects of this critical emerging science. Adult and pediatric patients, animal models, and epilepsy surgery and its effects are all covered in detail. Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy is the only source for up-to-date information on a topic that has significant and growing interest in the medical community. This comprehensive, authoritative text has a bench to bedside, approach that covers: The mechanisms underlying epilepsy and behavior Neurophysiologic function Neuropsychiatric and behavioral disorders in patients with epilepsy The effects of treatments and surgery on behavior Pediatric and adolescent epilepsy Disorders associated with epilepsy that impact behavior And much more
The Neuropsychology of Epilepsy
Author: Thomas L. Bennett
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9780306439483
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
This was an exciting project to work on, and I attempted to obtain a broad sampling of current research on the neuropsychology of epilepsy. Because the emphasis of the book takes a neuropsychological perspective on epilepsy, the coverage is not redundant with previous texts on this topic. The book is organized around three themes, although individual chapters certainly often extend beyond the part in which they are located. The three major topics are the nature of epilepsy, cognitive and emotional consequences of epilepsy, and treatment approaches to epilepsy and outcome. In Part I, following a historical overview of epilepsy in Chapter 1 by Sandra D. Haynes and me, Gerald C. McIntosh presents a conceptualization of the epilepsies from a neurologist's perspective. The characteristics of seizure types are discussed, and the etiology of secondary epilepsies is described. Epileptic syndromes are considered. McIntosh outlines clinical seizure patterns associated with seizures originating from different cortical regions.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9780306439483
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
This was an exciting project to work on, and I attempted to obtain a broad sampling of current research on the neuropsychology of epilepsy. Because the emphasis of the book takes a neuropsychological perspective on epilepsy, the coverage is not redundant with previous texts on this topic. The book is organized around three themes, although individual chapters certainly often extend beyond the part in which they are located. The three major topics are the nature of epilepsy, cognitive and emotional consequences of epilepsy, and treatment approaches to epilepsy and outcome. In Part I, following a historical overview of epilepsy in Chapter 1 by Sandra D. Haynes and me, Gerald C. McIntosh presents a conceptualization of the epilepsies from a neurologist's perspective. The characteristics of seizure types are discussed, and the etiology of secondary epilepsies is described. Epileptic syndromes are considered. McIntosh outlines clinical seizure patterns associated with seizures originating from different cortical regions.
Seizures and Epilepsy
Author: Jerome Engel Jr
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019532854X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 737
Book Description
This second edition of 'Seizures and Epilepsy' is completely revised, due to tremendous advances in the understanding of the fundamental neuronal mechanisms underlying epileptic phenomena, as well as current diagnosis and treatment, which have been heavily influenced over the past several decades by seminal neuroscientific developments, particularly the introduction of molecular neurobiology, genetics, and modern neuroimaging. This resource covers a broad range of both basic and clinical epileptology.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019532854X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 737
Book Description
This second edition of 'Seizures and Epilepsy' is completely revised, due to tremendous advances in the understanding of the fundamental neuronal mechanisms underlying epileptic phenomena, as well as current diagnosis and treatment, which have been heavily influenced over the past several decades by seminal neuroscientific developments, particularly the introduction of molecular neurobiology, genetics, and modern neuroimaging. This resource covers a broad range of both basic and clinical epileptology.
On the Sacred Disease
Author: Hippocrates
Publisher: Library of Alexandria
ISBN: 1465528040
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 23
Book Description
It is thus with regard to the disease called Sacred: it appears to me to be nowise more divine nor more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause from the originates like other affections. Men regard its nature and cause as divine from ignorance and wonder, because it is not at all like to other diseases. And this notion of its divinity is kept up by their inability to comprehend it, and the simplicity of the mode by which it is cured, for men are freed from it by purifications and incantations. But if it is reckoned divine because it is wonderful, instead of one there are many diseases which would be sacred; for, as I will show, there are others no less wonderful and prodigious, which nobody imagines to be sacred. The quotidian, tertian, and quartan fevers, seem to me no less sacred and divine in their origin than this disease, although they are not reckoned so wonderful. And I see men become mad and demented from no manifest cause, and at the same time doing many things out of place; and I have known many persons in sleep groaning and crying out, some in a state of suffocation, some jumping up and fleeing out of doors, and deprived of their reason until they awaken, and afterward becoming well and rational as before, although they be pale and weak; and this will happen not once but frequently. And there are many and various things of the like kind, which it would be tedious to state particularly. They who first referred this malady to the gods appear to me to have been just such persons as the conjurors, purificators, mountebanks, and charlatans now are, who give themselves out for being excessively religious, and as knowing more than other people. Such persons, then, using the divinity as a pretext and screen of their own inability to of their own inability to afford any assistance, have given out that the disease is sacred, adding suitable reasons for this opinion, they have instituted a mode of treatment which is safe for themselves, namely, by applying purifications and incantations, and enforcing abstinence from baths and many articles of food which are unwholesome to men in diseases. Of sea substances, the surmullet, the blacktail, the mullet, and the eel; for these are the fishes most to be guarded against. And of fleshes, those of the goat, the stag, the sow, and the dog: for these are the kinds of flesh which are aptest to disorder the bowels. Of fowls, the cock, the turtle, and the bustard, and such others as are reckoned to be particularly strong. And of potherbs, mint, garlic, and onions; for what is acrid does not agree with a weak person. And they forbid to have a black robe, because black is expressive of death; and to sleep on a goat’s skin, or to wear it, and to put one foot upon another, or one hand upon another; for all these things are held to be hindrances to the cure. All these they enjoin with reference to its divinity, as if possessed of more knowledge, and announcing beforehand other causes so that if the person should recover, theirs would be the honor and credit; and if he should die, they would have a certain defense, as if the gods, and not they, were to blame, seeing they had administered nothing either to eat or drink as medicines, nor had overheated him with baths, so as to prove the cause of what had happened. But I am of opinion that (if this were true) none of the Libyans, who live in the interior, would be free from this disease, since they all sleep on goats’ skins, and live upon goats’ flesh; neither have they couch, robe, nor shoe that is not made of goat’s skin, for they have no other herds but goats and oxen. But if these things, when administered in food, aggravate the disease, and if it be cured by abstinence from them, godhead is not the cause at all; nor will purifications be of any avail, but it is the food which is beneficial and prejudicial, and the influence of the divinity vanishes.
Publisher: Library of Alexandria
ISBN: 1465528040
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 23
Book Description
It is thus with regard to the disease called Sacred: it appears to me to be nowise more divine nor more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause from the originates like other affections. Men regard its nature and cause as divine from ignorance and wonder, because it is not at all like to other diseases. And this notion of its divinity is kept up by their inability to comprehend it, and the simplicity of the mode by which it is cured, for men are freed from it by purifications and incantations. But if it is reckoned divine because it is wonderful, instead of one there are many diseases which would be sacred; for, as I will show, there are others no less wonderful and prodigious, which nobody imagines to be sacred. The quotidian, tertian, and quartan fevers, seem to me no less sacred and divine in their origin than this disease, although they are not reckoned so wonderful. And I see men become mad and demented from no manifest cause, and at the same time doing many things out of place; and I have known many persons in sleep groaning and crying out, some in a state of suffocation, some jumping up and fleeing out of doors, and deprived of their reason until they awaken, and afterward becoming well and rational as before, although they be pale and weak; and this will happen not once but frequently. And there are many and various things of the like kind, which it would be tedious to state particularly. They who first referred this malady to the gods appear to me to have been just such persons as the conjurors, purificators, mountebanks, and charlatans now are, who give themselves out for being excessively religious, and as knowing more than other people. Such persons, then, using the divinity as a pretext and screen of their own inability to of their own inability to afford any assistance, have given out that the disease is sacred, adding suitable reasons for this opinion, they have instituted a mode of treatment which is safe for themselves, namely, by applying purifications and incantations, and enforcing abstinence from baths and many articles of food which are unwholesome to men in diseases. Of sea substances, the surmullet, the blacktail, the mullet, and the eel; for these are the fishes most to be guarded against. And of fleshes, those of the goat, the stag, the sow, and the dog: for these are the kinds of flesh which are aptest to disorder the bowels. Of fowls, the cock, the turtle, and the bustard, and such others as are reckoned to be particularly strong. And of potherbs, mint, garlic, and onions; for what is acrid does not agree with a weak person. And they forbid to have a black robe, because black is expressive of death; and to sleep on a goat’s skin, or to wear it, and to put one foot upon another, or one hand upon another; for all these things are held to be hindrances to the cure. All these they enjoin with reference to its divinity, as if possessed of more knowledge, and announcing beforehand other causes so that if the person should recover, theirs would be the honor and credit; and if he should die, they would have a certain defense, as if the gods, and not they, were to blame, seeing they had administered nothing either to eat or drink as medicines, nor had overheated him with baths, so as to prove the cause of what had happened. But I am of opinion that (if this were true) none of the Libyans, who live in the interior, would be free from this disease, since they all sleep on goats’ skins, and live upon goats’ flesh; neither have they couch, robe, nor shoe that is not made of goat’s skin, for they have no other herds but goats and oxen. But if these things, when administered in food, aggravate the disease, and if it be cured by abstinence from them, godhead is not the cause at all; nor will purifications be of any avail, but it is the food which is beneficial and prejudicial, and the influence of the divinity vanishes.