Movement of Pollinators and Their Impact on Selfing and Gene Flow in Alfalfa PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Movement of Pollinators and Their Impact on Selfing and Gene Flow in Alfalfa PDF full book. Access full book title Movement of Pollinators and Their Impact on Selfing and Gene Flow in Alfalfa by Emmanuel Santa-Martinez. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Emmanuel Santa-Martinez Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Insect pollinators are important for the seed production of vegetables and fruits and for some forage and oil crops. Little is known about their impact on selfing, gene flow and plant mating systems. Both selfing and gene flow in agriculture are affected by how pollinators forage on plants. How pollen is deposited from flower to flower throughout consecutive visits can vary among pollinators. Pollinators can affect the proportion of seeds that results from self-fertilization. Also, pollinators can mediate gene flow via pollen and therefore help move genes among fields. Alfalfa represents a good model system to contrast the impact of distinct pollinators on selfing and gene flow. This thesis examines the foraging behavior of the European honey bee, the common eastern bumble bee and the alfalfa leafcutting bee on alfalfa plants and determine their impact on selfing rate and potential for gene flow. Selfing rate estimates were higher on plants visited by leafcutting bees and honey bees relative to bumble bees. Differences among bee species on the number of sequentially visited flowers, tripping rates and their ability to remove or deposit more pollen grains during a visit to a flower can explain the differences observed in selfing rates. We also quantified the impact of these pollinators on the reproductive success via female and male functions in alfalfa. Bee species affected plant reproductive success via both female and male functions. Plants visited by bumble bees had greater female and male reproductive success relative to honey bees and leafcutting bees. Differences among bee species in their impact on plant reproductive success were linked to differences in foraging behavior. Lastly, we compared pollen deposition curves for two bee species and their potential for transgene escape. Leafcutting bees exhibited steeper pollen deposition curves, hence shorter tails relative to bumble bees. This work improves our understanding of how distinct pollinators affect selfing rate and gene flow and therefore, how pollinators affect plant mating systems and ultimately the genetic structure of plant populations. This research contributes to the development of planting strategies to help reduce transgene escape and to promote the effective coexistence across different markets.
Author: Emmanuel Santa-Martinez Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Insect pollinators are important for the seed production of vegetables and fruits and for some forage and oil crops. Little is known about their impact on selfing, gene flow and plant mating systems. Both selfing and gene flow in agriculture are affected by how pollinators forage on plants. How pollen is deposited from flower to flower throughout consecutive visits can vary among pollinators. Pollinators can affect the proportion of seeds that results from self-fertilization. Also, pollinators can mediate gene flow via pollen and therefore help move genes among fields. Alfalfa represents a good model system to contrast the impact of distinct pollinators on selfing and gene flow. This thesis examines the foraging behavior of the European honey bee, the common eastern bumble bee and the alfalfa leafcutting bee on alfalfa plants and determine their impact on selfing rate and potential for gene flow. Selfing rate estimates were higher on plants visited by leafcutting bees and honey bees relative to bumble bees. Differences among bee species on the number of sequentially visited flowers, tripping rates and their ability to remove or deposit more pollen grains during a visit to a flower can explain the differences observed in selfing rates. We also quantified the impact of these pollinators on the reproductive success via female and male functions in alfalfa. Bee species affected plant reproductive success via both female and male functions. Plants visited by bumble bees had greater female and male reproductive success relative to honey bees and leafcutting bees. Differences among bee species in their impact on plant reproductive success were linked to differences in foraging behavior. Lastly, we compared pollen deposition curves for two bee species and their potential for transgene escape. Leafcutting bees exhibited steeper pollen deposition curves, hence shorter tails relative to bumble bees. This work improves our understanding of how distinct pollinators affect selfing rate and gene flow and therefore, how pollinators affect plant mating systems and ultimately the genetic structure of plant populations. This research contributes to the development of planting strategies to help reduce transgene escape and to promote the effective coexistence across different markets.
Author: Allen Emile Van Deynze Publisher: ISBN: Category : Alfalfa Languages : en Pages : 40
Book Description
"Although there have been instances in which low-level presence of regulated materials has resulted in market disruptions (e.g., Starlink corn, LL601 and LL604 rice), there is no evidence of significant market disruption associated with the commercialization of deregulated biotech traits in the United States. Concurrent with increased U.S. farmer adoption of biotech traits in corn, soybean, and cotton there have been increases in U.S. grain/fiber export (USDA-FAS 2007) and organic production (USDA-NASS 2007a, b, c). Although only 3 to 5% of the U.S. alfalfa hay production is sold to GE-sensitive markets (Putnam 2006), production for these markets has significant economic importance in specific regions of the United States. Approximately 33% of U.S. alfalfa seed production is exported, primarily to GE-sensitive markets. A thorough understanding of gene flow in alfalfa is critical to establishing stewardship programs that enable coexistence between alfalfa growers producing GE alfalfa hay or seed and growers producing these products for GE-sensitive markets. Understanding the relative importance of gene flow between and within feral plants, hay, and seed production fields helps to identify key biological, agricultural, and environmental barriers to gene flow and to formulate logical mitigation strategies for managing the AP of GE traits in non-GE alfalfa seed and hay. Synchrony in flowering, presence of pollinators, isolation distance, and relative abundance of pollen between pollen source and pollen recipient plants are typical biological barriers, most of which are amenable to management in hay and/or seed production systems. In general, it seems that NAFA Best Management Practices in hay and certified alfalfa seed production, coupled with the pollinator-specific isolation guidelines outlined in the NAFA Best Management Practices document, are adequate for managing AP to tolerance levels appropriate for most markets. These types of management practices are employed successfully by producers of certified seed in most crops, including alfalfa, to ensure genetic purity of seed stocks. Increased isolation distances in seed production--including production in non-GE seed production zones--use of border areas, crop rotation, use of certified seed, careful selection of the introduced pollinator, and routine elimination of neighboring feral alfalfa plants are tools that can be applied to decrease further the risk of gene flow in the production of seed for GE-sensitive markets."--Summary.
Author: Natalie Kira Boyle Publisher: ISBN: Category : Alfalfa Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
We evaluated the impact of migratory beekeeping practices on transgenic pollen flow between spatially isolated alfalfa fields by permitting honey bees, Apis mellifera, to openly forage upon transgenic alfalfa blossoms, and transporting them 112 km to forage on caged conventional alfalfa following either 8 or 32 hours of isolation from the transgenic source. Cross-pollination between transgenic and conventional alfalfa was nearly eliminated (0.00008%) following eight hours of isolation from the transgenic source.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309102898 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 327
Book Description
Pollinators-insects, birds, bats, and other animals that carry pollen from the male to the female parts of flowers for plant reproduction-are an essential part of natural and agricultural ecosystems throughout North America. For example, most fruit, vegetable, and seed crops and some crops that provide fiber, drugs, and fuel depend on animals for pollination. This report provides evidence for the decline of some pollinator species in North America, including America's most important managed pollinator, the honey bee, as well as some butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds. For most managed and wild pollinator species, however, population trends have not been assessed because populations have not been monitored over time. In addition, for wild species with demonstrated declines, it is often difficult to determine the causes or consequences of their decline. This report outlines priorities for research and monitoring that are needed to improve information on the status of pollinators and establishes a framework for conservation and restoration of pollinator species and communities.
Author: Jeff Ollerton Publisher: Pelagic Publishing Ltd ISBN: 1784272299 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 425
Book Description
A unique and personal insight into the ecology and evolution of pollinators, their relationships with flowers, and their conservation in a rapidly changing world. The pollination of flowers by insects, birds and other animals is a fundamentally important ecological function that supports both the natural world and human society. Without pollinators to facilitate the sexual reproduction of plants, the world would be a biologically poorer place in which to live, there would be an impact on food security, and human health would suffer. Written by one of the world’s leading pollination ecologists, this book provides an introduction to what pollinators are, how their interactions with flowers have evolved, and the fundamental ecology of these relationships. It explores the pollination of wild and agricultural plants in a variety of habitats and contexts, including urban, rural and agricultural environments. The author also provides practical advice on how individuals and organisations can study, and support, pollinators. As well as covering the natural history of pollinators and flowers, the author discusses their cultural importance, and the ways in which pollinator conservation has been portrayed from a political perspective. The book draws on field work experiences in South America, Africa, Australia, the Canary Islands and the UK. For over 30 years the author has spent his career researching how plants and pollinators evolve relationships, how these interactions function ecologically, their importance for society, and how we can conserve them in a rapidly changing world. This book offers a unique and personal insight into the science of pollinators and pollination, aimed at anyone who is interested in understanding these fascinating and crucial ecological interactions.
Author: Dharam P. Abrol Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400719426 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 812
Book Description
This book has a wider approach not strictly focused on crop production compared to other books that are strictly oriented towards bees, but has a generalist approach to pollination biology. It also highlights relationships between introduced and wild pollinators and consequences of such introductions on communities of wild pollinating insects. The chapters on biochemical basis of plant-pollination interaction, pollination energetics, climate change and pollinators and pollinators as bioindicators of ecosystem functioning provide a base for future insights into pollination biology. The role of honeybees and wild bees on crop pollination, value of bee pollination, planned honeybee pollination, non-bee pollinators, safety of pollinators, pollination in cages, pollination for hybrid seed production, the problem of diseases, genetically modified plants and bees, the role of bees in improving food security and livelihoods, capacity building and awareness for pollinators are also discussed.
Author: LeRoy Holm Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 9780471047018 Category : Gardening Languages : en Pages : 1158
Book Description
Responsible for a high proportion of the world's crop losses, weedstake away food that the world badly needs. They decrease thequality and quantity of vegetable fibers, wool, and hides, andinterfere with fishing, irrigation, hydroelectric power production,and the movement of shipping vessels. In order to recognize thetrue magnitude of the weed problem, and to be better equipped todesign effective weed control methods, it is vital to identify andlearn as much as possible about the many different species of thisdestructive agricultural predator. The culmination of four decades of global research, World Weedspresents comprehensive and up-to-date information on over 100weeds--addressing recent changes in such areas as crop tillagemethods, herbicide use, and agricultural runoff. This monumentalwork, featuring a wealth of original data from the authors,provides extensive coverage of the known biology of each species.Each entry contains a full botanical description, plus importantdetails on habitat requirements and distribution, seed production,ecology, physiology, crop impact, and more. Generously suppliedwith dozens of unique illustrations and species distribution mapscovering over 100 countries, this definitive resource boasts anextensive multilingual index of common names, and a massivebibliography with over 3,000 references to facilitate furtherreading and research. World Weeds is a truly masterful referencethat will be celebrated by weed and crop scientists, botanists, andothers for years to come.
Author: Andrew M Gordon Publisher: CABI ISBN: 178064485X Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 327
Book Description
Organic animal production has increased rapidly in recent years to keep up with the increasing consumer demand for organic meats. There are many guidelines and restrictions on what should go into the feedstuffs of organically farmed animals, from which difficulties arise when trying to ensure a well-balanced, nutritious diet without the use of any supplements. The book has been completely updated and revised to address how to formulate organic diets in situations where there is a declining supply of organic feed, as well as the feasibility of utilizing novel feedstuffs and their acceptability by consumers of organic meat products. Including the experiences of producers in relation to appropriate breeds and production systems for forage-based organic production, this book is an important read for researchers and students of organic food animal production, veterinary sciences and food; as well as food industry personnel and organic farmers.
Author: Anjana Rustagi Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 1839694939 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 136
Book Description
Plant reproductive ecology has emerged as an indispensable discipline for enhancing crop productivity and conserving biodiversity. The adaptive significance of variation in traits associated with floral biology, pollination, seed dispersal, and seedling establishment is an integral component of plant reproductive ecology and evolutionary biology. This book explores the diversity of flower symmetry and the evolutionary patterns of internal structures of generative organs in angiosperms. The rapidly emerging global crisis of declining pollinators poses a major threat to food security. As such, the book also covers the diversity of plant-pollinator interactions, the impact of non-native exotic plant communities on native plants and pollinators, and strategies for the restoration of pollinator communities.
Author: Emmanuel Santa-Martinez
Author: Emmanuel Santa-Martinez
Author: Allen Emile Van Deynze
Author: Natalie Kira Boyle
Author: National Research Council
Author: Jeff Ollerton
Author: Dharam P. Abrol
Author: LeRoy Holm
Author: Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth
Author: Andrew M Gordon
Author: Anjana Rustagi