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Author: William S. Jermyn Publisher: ISBN: Category : Microbiology Languages : en Pages : 177
Book Description
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram negative, curved rod shaped bacterium and is ubiquitous in marine an estuarine environments. V. cholerae is the etiological agent of the profuse, secretory diarrheal disease cholera. Two critical virulence factors, the toxin coregulated pilin (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT) is responsible for the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Both virulence factors are encoded on mobile genetic elements that can be transferred to non-pathogenic strains, enabling these strains to colonise and cause disease. The genes encoding the TCP pilin are located on the Vibrio pathogenicity island; whereas the CT genes are encoded on a filamentous bacteriophage CTX. Neuraminidase is a virulence factor that is thought to act synergistically with CT, by increasing the numbers of receptors available for CT binding. Numerous reports have suggested that neuraminidase is horizontally transferred in bacteria, for example the carriage of the nanH gene on Fels-1 bacteriophage in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. The aim of this thesis was to examine the mechanism of horizontal transfer of nanH in V. cholerae. Molecular and bioinformatics analyses revealed that nanH is encoded on a second pathogenicity island in V. cholerae, which was subsequently named Vibrio pathogenicity island-2 (VPI-2). The island is 57.3 kb in size and consists of three distinct regions; a type-1 restriction modification system, a nan-nag region and a Mu phage-like region. VPI-2 exhibits many of the characteristics of pathogenicity islands such as being located adjacent to a tRNA gene and is found predominantly in pathogenic strains. Interestingly, the island is also prevalent in V. mimicus, a species of Vibrio that is closely related to V. cholerae. The VPI-2 is inserted into the same chromosomal site in both species, adjacent to a tRNA serine and consists of both the nan-nag and Mu phage regions. Intriguingly, the Mu phage region is predominantly associated with clinical isolates whereas the nan-nag region is prevalent in both clinical and environmental isolates. Multi locus sequence analysis indicates that the VPI-2 has recently been transferred between the two species.
Author: William S. Jermyn Publisher: ISBN: Category : Microbiology Languages : en Pages : 177
Book Description
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram negative, curved rod shaped bacterium and is ubiquitous in marine an estuarine environments. V. cholerae is the etiological agent of the profuse, secretory diarrheal disease cholera. Two critical virulence factors, the toxin coregulated pilin (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT) is responsible for the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Both virulence factors are encoded on mobile genetic elements that can be transferred to non-pathogenic strains, enabling these strains to colonise and cause disease. The genes encoding the TCP pilin are located on the Vibrio pathogenicity island; whereas the CT genes are encoded on a filamentous bacteriophage CTX. Neuraminidase is a virulence factor that is thought to act synergistically with CT, by increasing the numbers of receptors available for CT binding. Numerous reports have suggested that neuraminidase is horizontally transferred in bacteria, for example the carriage of the nanH gene on Fels-1 bacteriophage in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. The aim of this thesis was to examine the mechanism of horizontal transfer of nanH in V. cholerae. Molecular and bioinformatics analyses revealed that nanH is encoded on a second pathogenicity island in V. cholerae, which was subsequently named Vibrio pathogenicity island-2 (VPI-2). The island is 57.3 kb in size and consists of three distinct regions; a type-1 restriction modification system, a nan-nag region and a Mu phage-like region. VPI-2 exhibits many of the characteristics of pathogenicity islands such as being located adjacent to a tRNA gene and is found predominantly in pathogenic strains. Interestingly, the island is also prevalent in V. mimicus, a species of Vibrio that is closely related to V. cholerae. The VPI-2 is inserted into the same chromosomal site in both species, adjacent to a tRNA serine and consists of both the nan-nag and Mu phage regions. Intriguingly, the Mu phage region is predominantly associated with clinical isolates whereas the nan-nag region is prevalent in both clinical and environmental isolates. Multi locus sequence analysis indicates that the VPI-2 has recently been transferred between the two species.
Author: Salvador Almagro-Moreno Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bacteriology Languages : en Pages : 187
Book Description
The emergence of many pathogenic species is due to the acquisition of genetic material in the form of pathogenicity islands (PAIs). As a model PAI, we work with Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 (VPI-2), a 57 kb integrative element encoded within pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae. V. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of brackish and estuarine environments; however it is widely known as the etiological agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. A neuraminidase (NanH) is encoded within VPI-2 that unmasks the receptors of the cholera toxin, the main cause of the watery diarrhea. The term sialic acid embraces a diverse group of nine-carbon aminosugars that are widely found in mucous surfaces such as the human gut. In this study, we examined the distribution and evolution of the genes involved in the catabolism of sialic acid among bacteria (Nan) and found that they were confined to pathogenic and commensal organisms. We also uncovered several putative HGT events, some of them among kingdoms. Subsequently, we determined the function of the NanA, NanE and NanK proteins encoded within VPI-2 in V. cholerae. In addition, we found that the ability to utilize sialic acid as a carbon source conferred a competitive advantage to pathogenic isolates of V. cholerae, highlighting an important relationship between the exploitation of host{u2019}s resources and bacterial colonization. Consequently, we focused on the first step in the transfer of virulence genes within a PAI through the study of VPI-2 excision. We found that VPI-2 excision is affected by environmental stimuli. and is tightly regulated by its cognate integrase and two novel RDFs. Interestingly, one of the RDFs also affected the excision of another PAI, showing for the first time cross-talk among two PAIs. We also studied the evolution of VPI-2 among a wide number of sequenced V. cholerae.
Author: Kaye Wachsmuth Publisher: ISBN: Category : Cholera Languages : en Pages : 488
Book Description
Presents the latest molecular studies of virulence, colonization, gene regulation, and the O1 antigen. Gives an in-depth and analytical approach to the epidemiology of cholera that includes outbreak investigations, case-control studies, and surveillance functions. Describes the molecular approach to epidemiologic problems and questions. Tracks the global spread of cholera by genetically defining individual strains. Addresses possible intervention and prevention strategies, including the latest vaccines, and their public health relevance.
Author: Yi-Wei Tang Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0123977630 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 2214
Book Description
The molecular age has brought about dramatic changes in medical microbiology, and great leaps in our understanding of the mechanisms of infectious disease. Molecular Medical Microbiology is the first book to synthesise the many new developments in both molecular and clinical research in a single comprehensive resource. This timely and authoritative three-volume work is an invaluable reference source of medical bacteriology. Comprising more than 100 chapters, organized into 17 major sections, the scope of this impressive work is wide-ranging. Written by experts in the field, chapters include cutting-edge information, and clinical overviews for each major bacterial group, in addition to the latest updates on vaccine development, molecular technology and diagnostic technology. Topics covered include bacterial structure, cell function, and genetics; mechanisms of pathogenesis and prevention; antibacterial agents; and infections ranging from gastrointestinal to urinary tract, centrtal nervous system, respiratory tract, and more. - The first comprehensive and accessible reference on molecular medical microbiology - Full color presentation througout - In-depth discussion of individual pathogenic bacteria in a system-oriented approach - Includes a clinical overview for each major bacterial group - Presents the latest information on vaccine development, molecular technology, and diagnostic technology - More than 100 chapters covering all major groups of bacteria - Written by an international panel of authors who are experts in their respective disciplines
Author: Hervé Tettelin Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030382818 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 311
Book Description
This open access book offers the first comprehensive account of the pan-genome concept and its manifold implications. The realization that the genetic repertoire of a biological species always encompasses more than the genome of each individual is one of the earliest examples of big data in biology that opened biology to the unbounded. The study of genetic variation observed within a species challenges existing views and has profound consequences for our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning bacterial biology and evolution. The underlying rationale extends well beyond the initial prokaryotic focus to all kingdoms of life and evolves into similar concepts for metagenomes, phenomes and epigenomes. The book’s respective chapters address a range of topics, from the serendipitous emergence of the pan-genome concept and its impacts on the fields of microbiology, vaccinology and antimicrobial resistance, to the study of microbial communities, bioinformatic applications and mathematical models that tie in with complex systems and economic theory. Given its scope, the book will appeal to a broad readership interested in population dynamics, evolutionary biology and genomics.
Author: Michael L. Vasil Publisher: American Society for Microbiology Press ISBN: 1555816762 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 1189
Book Description
A comprehensive compendium of scholarly contributions relating to bacterial virulence gene regulation. • Provides insights into global control and the switch between distinct infectious states (e.g., acute vs. chronic). • Considers key issues about the mechanisms of gene regulation relating to: surface factors, exported toxins and export mechanisms. • Reflects on how the regulation of intracellular lifestyles and the response to stress can ultimately have an impact on the outcome of an infection. • Highlights and examines some emerging regulatory mechanisms of special significance. • Serves as an ideal compendium of valuable topics for students, researchers and faculty with interests in how the mechanisms of gene regulation ultimately affect the outcome of an array of bacterial infectious diseases.
Author: Ivano de Filippis Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030832171 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 271
Book Description
This updated second edition of Molecular Typing in Bacterial Infections, presented in two volumes, covers both common and neglected bacterial pathogenic agents, highlighting the most effective methods for their identification and classification in the light of their specific epidemiology. New chapters have been included to add new species, as well as another view of how bacterial typing can be used. These books are valuable resources for the molecular typing of infectious disease agents encountered in both research and hospital clinical laboratory settings, as well as in culture collections and in the industry. Each of the 21 chapters provides an overview of specific molecular approaches to efficiently detect and type different bacterial pathogens. The chapters are grouped in five parts, covering respiratory and urogenital pathogens (Volume I), and gastrointestinal and healthcare-associated pathogens, as well as a new group of vector-borne and Biosafety level 3 pathogens including a description of typing methods used in the traditional microbiology laboratory in comparison to molecular methods of epidemiology (Volume II). Comprehensive and updated, Molecular Typing in Bacterial Infections provides state-of-the-art methods for accurate diagnosis and for the correct classification of different types which will prove to be critical in unravelling the transmission routes of human pathogens.
Author: Rita R Colwell Publisher: Frontiers E-books ISBN: 288919289X Category : Microbiology Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
Vibrios are Gram-negative bacilli that occur naturally in marine, estuarine, and freshwater systems. Some species include human and animal pathogens capable of causing gastroenteritis, wound infections, cholera, and fatal septicemia. Over the past decades, cutting edge research on Vibrio genomics has promoted a tremendous advance in our knowledge of these pathogens. Significant developments include the discovery of emerging epidemic clones, tracking the spread of new strain variants, and an intensified appreciation of the role of mobile genetic elements in antibiotic resistance spread as well as pathogenesis. Furthermore, improved understanding of the interaction of Vibrios with a variety of living organisms in the aquatic environment has documented the significant role of environmental reservoirs in their seasonal cycle favoring persistence of the pathogen during inter-epidemic periods and enhancing disease transmission. This Research Topic is dedicated to our current understanding in these areas and will bring together leading experts in the field to provide a deep overview of Vibrios ecology and evolution, and will suggest the pathway of future research in this field.
Author: William S. Jermyn
Author: William S. Jermyn
Author: Salvador Almagro-Moreno
Author: Kaye Wachsmuth
Author: Rita R. Colwell
Author: Yi-Wei Tang
Author: Hervé Tettelin
Author: Michael L. Vasil
Author: Ivano de Filippis
Author: Remus T. Dame
Author: Rita R Colwell