Author: Stephen E. FrolkingPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 462
Book Description
Modeling Soil Climate Controls on the Exchange of Trace Gases Between the Terrestrial Biosphere and the Atmosphere
Author: Stephen E. FrolkingExchange of Trace Gases Between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere
Author: M. O. AndreaePublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 376
Book Description
Microbiological basic of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil; Factors controlling NOx emissions from soils; Control of methane production in terrestrial ecosystems; Biological sinks of methane; What regulates production and consumption of trace gases in ecosystems: biology or physicochemistry?; Regional extrapolation of trace gas flux based on soil and ecosystems; Regional extrapolation: Vegetation-atmosphere approach; Global-scale extrapolation: a critical assessment; Aircraft-based measurements of trace gas fluxes; Extrapolation of flux measurements to regional and global scales; Chamber and isotop techniques; Micrometeorological techniques for the measurement of trace gas exchange; Methane flux measurements: methods and results; Fluxes of NOx abovesoil and vegetation; What are the relative roles of biological production, micrometeorology, and photochemistry in controlling the flux of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere?; Atmospheric deposition and nutrient cycling; Global climate and trace gas composition: from atmospheric history to the century; Experimental design for studying atmosphere interactions; Trace gas exchange and phsical climate: Critical interactions; Research priorities for studies on trace gas exchange.
Terrestrial Biosphere-Atmosphere Fluxes
Author: Russell MonsonPublisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107729580
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 511
Book Description
Fluxes of trace gases, water and energy - the 'breathing of the biosphere' - are controlled by a large number of interacting physical, chemical, biological and ecological processes. In this interdisciplinary book, the authors provide the tools to understand and quantitatively analyse fluxes of energy, organic compounds such as terpenes, and trace gases including carbon dioxide, water vapour and methane. It first introduces the fundamental principles affecting the supply and demand for trace gas exchange at the leaf and soil scales: thermodynamics, diffusion, turbulence and physiology. It then builds on these principles to model the exchange of water, carbon dioxide, terpenes and stable isotopes at the ecosystem scale. Detailed mathematical derivations of commonly used relations in biosphere-atmosphere interactions are provided for reference in appendices. An accessible introduction for graduate students and a key resource for researchers in related fields, such as atmospheric science, hydrology, meteorology, climate science, biogeochemistry and ecosystem ecology.
Biogenic Trace Gases
Author: P. A. MatsonPublisher: LibreDigital
ISBN: 9781444313819
Category : SCIENCE
Languages : en
Pages : 408
Book Description
Trace gases are those that are present in the atmosphere at relatively low concentrations. Small changes in their concentrations can have profound implications for major atmospheric fluxes, and thereore, can be used as indicators in studies of global change, global biogeochemical cycling and global warming. This new how-to guide will detail the concepts and techniques involved in the detection and measurement of trace gases, and the impact they have on ecological studies. Introductory chapters look at the role of trace gases in global cycles, while later chapters go on to consider techniques for the measurement of gases in various environments and at a range of scales. A how-to guide for measuring atmospheric trace gases. Techniques described are of value in addressing current concerns over global climate change.
Trace Gas Emissions and Plants
Author: S.N. SinghPublisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401735719
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
Atmospheric abudance of trace gases since the pre-industrial time has forced the earth's climate to change, threatening food security. Exchange of biogenic trace gases between the atmosphere and the biosphere is directly or indirectly influenced by the plants. This volume contains the latest findings on the correlation between the climate change and biogenic gas emission, plant response to elevated levels of carbon dioxide, temperature, ozone and UV-B in combination and alone, regulatory mechanism of methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emission and their mitigating options. Ecologists, atmospheric scientists, plant physiologists, research scholars, teachers and post-graduate students will benefit from this book.
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
Author: Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling
Author: Gordon BonanPublisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107043786
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 459
Book Description
Provides an essential introduction to modeling terrestrial ecosystems in Earth system models for graduate students and researchers.
Biogenic Trace Gases
Author: P. A. MatsonPublisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1444313819
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 408
Book Description
Trace gases are those that are present in the atmosphere at relatively low concentrations. Small changes in their concentrations can have profound implications for major atmospheric fluxes, and thereore, can be used as indicators in studies of global change, global biogeochemical cycling and global warming. This new how-to guide will detail the concepts and techniques involved in the detection and measurement of trace gases, and the impact they have on ecological studies. Introductory chapters look at the role of trace gases in global cycles, while later chapters go on to consider techniques for the measurement of gases in various environments and at a range of scales. A how-to guide for measuring atmospheric trace gases. Techniques described are of value in addressing current concerns over global climate change.
Carbonyl Sulfide Exchange Between Soils and the Atmosphere: Observations and Modeling
Author: Wu SunPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 183
Book Description
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a trace gas participating in key processes of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Despite its low mixing ratio in the troposphere (400-550 pmol mol-1), the amplitude of seasonal variability of COS greatly exceeds that of CO2 and is in phase with the gross photosynthesis of the terrestrial biosphere. Over the recent decade, COS has emerged as a promising tracer for quantifying terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) independently from respiration across the ecosystem to the global scales, because of the parallel uptake of COS and CO2 through leaf stomata. While leaf uptake of COS dominates surface COS flux on land in the absence of industrial and biomass burning emissions, soil COS flux is another smaller but significant component. Neglecting the soil component in ecosystem COS budget may bias GPP estimates derived from COS measurements. Soil may also vary from a sink to a source of COS depending on temperature and microbial sulfur metabolism. Due to the presence of potential interference from soil COS activities, using COS as a photosynthetic tracer requires soil COS flux to be separated from the net ecosystem COS exchange. This dissertation is dedicated to the mechanistic understanding of the soil-atmosphere exchange of COS using process-oriented modeling and field observations. A reactive transport model for soil COS processes is constructed to simulate soil-atmosphere COS flux from environmental variables. This model takes into account the dual-phase diffusive transport and the microbial sources and sinks of COS in the soil column. COS uptake and production rates are parameterized with enzyme kinetics and thermodynamics, consistent with lab incubation data. Leaf litter layer is explicitly resolved to account for litter COS uptake, whenever a litter layer is present. The model is evaluated against published field data of COS flux and demonstrates good skill in predicting both soil uptake and emission of COS. Model simulations further confirm that COS flux dependence on soil moisture is a result of two rivaling controls--the diffusive limitation on COS supply and the water limitation on microbial activity. Field observations on soil COS exchange have been conducted at an oak woodland in southern California and a boreal pine forest in southern Finland using automated soil chambers and mid-infrared quantum cascade laser spectrometer. Soils at both sites show consistent uptake behavior related to soil moisture and respiration. At the semi-arid oak woodland in California, microbial COS uptake is strongly limited by water availability in the dry season. The intact leaf litter layer contributes a significant portion to the overall soil COS uptake. Litter COS uptake increases with moisture content and shows a strong pulse immediately after the rain event, indicating a rapid reactivation of litter microbial activity following alleviated water stress. In the Finnish pine forest, soil COS uptake is limited by the diffusional supply of COS to soil microbes, according to the negative correlation with soil moisture. The contrasting responses of soil COS uptake to moisture in semi-arid and humid ecosystems reflect the coupling of diffusion and microbial uptake controls on COS flux. At both sites, soil COS uptake correlates well with respiration and the COS : CO2 flux ratio varies with temperature. The temperature dependence of COS : CO2 flux ratio may be a common feature of soils and indicate underlying shifts in active microbial groups. This dissertation advances knowledge of the physical and biological drivers of soil-atmosphere exchange of COS. Anticipated applications of the findings will be to better constrain global soil COS flux and derive COS-based estimates of GPP, which will be useful in understanding the responses of photosynthesis to climate variability.
Tropical Agriculture in Transition — Opportunities for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions?
Author: Reiner WassmannPublisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401736049
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Production from tropical agricultural systems will need to increase to satisfy the rising food demand of an increasing population coupled with changes in consumption patterns. At the same time, the agricultural sector is a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHG) in many developing countries, which can be attributed mainly to land-use change and methane emissions from rice and livestock. But how can we reconcile less GHG emissions from tropical agricultural systems while increasing productivity? Due to the interactive nature of these issues, this book is compiled of articles on natural resource management, as well as the socio-economic aspects of GHG mitigation. The scope of mitigation options in tropical agriculture is discussed for three different activities: (a) agroforestry; (b) rice-based production systems; (c) pasture/animal husbandry. Agronomic solutions alone will not be sufficient, as the institutional and economic frameworks within which farmers operate dictate whether a recommended agronomic management practice is acceptable. The prevention of deforestation, and the re-forestation of degraded land, could become key elements to national climate protection programs of some developing countries. Alternative management practices in rice-based and pasture systems may offer win-win options to reduce emissions and improve resource-use efficiencies.