Author: Deepak Singh
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. (P) LTD.
ISBN: 9391505422
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 180
Book Description
“Mathematics-l” is included as a paper for the first year Diploma program. Syllabus of this book is strictly aligned as per model curriculum of AICTE, and academic content is combined with the concept of outcome-based education. Book cover five Units Trigonometry, Functions and Limit, Differential Calculus, Complex numbers and partial Fraction, Permutation and Combination and Binomial Theorem. In every unit each topic is written in easy and lucid manner. A set of exercise at the end of each unit is clubbed to test the student’s comprehension. Some salient features of the book · Content of the book aligned with the mapping of Course Outcomes, Programs Outcomes and Unit Outcomes. · Book provides lots of real-world applications, interesting facts, QR Code for E-resources, mini projects, curiosity topics, sample specification table etc. · Students and teacher centric subject materials included in book with balanced and chronological manner. · Figures, tables and mathematical equations are inserted to improve clarity of the topics. · Short questions, objective questions and long answer exercises are given for practice of students after every chapter. · Comprehensive synopsis of formulae for a quick revision of the basic principles.
Mathematics-I | AICTE Prescribed Textbook (English)
Author: Deepak Singh
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. (P) LTD.
ISBN: 9391505422
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 180
Book Description
“Mathematics-l” is included as a paper for the first year Diploma program. Syllabus of this book is strictly aligned as per model curriculum of AICTE, and academic content is combined with the concept of outcome-based education. Book cover five Units Trigonometry, Functions and Limit, Differential Calculus, Complex numbers and partial Fraction, Permutation and Combination and Binomial Theorem. In every unit each topic is written in easy and lucid manner. A set of exercise at the end of each unit is clubbed to test the student’s comprehension. Some salient features of the book · Content of the book aligned with the mapping of Course Outcomes, Programs Outcomes and Unit Outcomes. · Book provides lots of real-world applications, interesting facts, QR Code for E-resources, mini projects, curiosity topics, sample specification table etc. · Students and teacher centric subject materials included in book with balanced and chronological manner. · Figures, tables and mathematical equations are inserted to improve clarity of the topics. · Short questions, objective questions and long answer exercises are given for practice of students after every chapter. · Comprehensive synopsis of formulae for a quick revision of the basic principles.
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. (P) LTD.
ISBN: 9391505422
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 180
Book Description
“Mathematics-l” is included as a paper for the first year Diploma program. Syllabus of this book is strictly aligned as per model curriculum of AICTE, and academic content is combined with the concept of outcome-based education. Book cover five Units Trigonometry, Functions and Limit, Differential Calculus, Complex numbers and partial Fraction, Permutation and Combination and Binomial Theorem. In every unit each topic is written in easy and lucid manner. A set of exercise at the end of each unit is clubbed to test the student’s comprehension. Some salient features of the book · Content of the book aligned with the mapping of Course Outcomes, Programs Outcomes and Unit Outcomes. · Book provides lots of real-world applications, interesting facts, QR Code for E-resources, mini projects, curiosity topics, sample specification table etc. · Students and teacher centric subject materials included in book with balanced and chronological manner. · Figures, tables and mathematical equations are inserted to improve clarity of the topics. · Short questions, objective questions and long answer exercises are given for practice of students after every chapter. · Comprehensive synopsis of formulae for a quick revision of the basic principles.
Mathematics II | AICTE Prescribed Textbook - English
Author: Garima Singh
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD
ISBN: 939150552X
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 160
Book Description
Mathematics-ll” is a Compulsory paper for the first year students of Diploma engineering courses (common to all branches). Syllabus of this book is strictly aligned to the model curriculum of AICTE. And academic content is amalgamated with the concept of outcome based education. Apart from diploma it is useful for all students who are interested in basic /elementary mathematics and competitive examinations. Book covers seven topics- Determinants, Matrices, Integral Calculus and it’s applications. Co-ordinate Geometry and it’s applications, vectors and it’s applications, Differential equations. Basic of MATLAB. Each topic is written in an easy and lucid manner with a holistic view. There has been deliberated attempt to keep the number of pages in the book minimum without compromising with the matter. Every chapter contains a set of exercises at the end of each unit to test the student’s comprehension. Some salient features of the book: l For direct recapitulation of main concepts, formulae and results a brief summary of each unit has been given. l Objective questions and subjective questions are given for practice of students after every unit. l Content of the book is aligned with the mapping of Course Outcomes, Programs Outcomes and uni Outcomes. l Apart from the theory explanation and solved examples book provides for mini projects, activities, fun facts, QR codes, case studies, video resources etc. l The text has been supplemented with notes, remarks, remember sections within grey boxes. l Student and teacher centric subject materials are included in the book in a balanced manner. l Real life applications are inserted to improve clarity of this topics. l Know more section has been introduced which constitutes of additional information related to the topic. l Check-out section has been introduced so as to active the curiosity part of the student by correlating all the topics studied in this book with MATLAB. l At the end of each unit. An excerpt related to eminent Indian Mathematicians is given so as to make . l Student have a glimpse of the rich Indian heritage, especially in the field of mathematics.
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD
ISBN: 939150552X
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 160
Book Description
Mathematics-ll” is a Compulsory paper for the first year students of Diploma engineering courses (common to all branches). Syllabus of this book is strictly aligned to the model curriculum of AICTE. And academic content is amalgamated with the concept of outcome based education. Apart from diploma it is useful for all students who are interested in basic /elementary mathematics and competitive examinations. Book covers seven topics- Determinants, Matrices, Integral Calculus and it’s applications. Co-ordinate Geometry and it’s applications, vectors and it’s applications, Differential equations. Basic of MATLAB. Each topic is written in an easy and lucid manner with a holistic view. There has been deliberated attempt to keep the number of pages in the book minimum without compromising with the matter. Every chapter contains a set of exercises at the end of each unit to test the student’s comprehension. Some salient features of the book: l For direct recapitulation of main concepts, formulae and results a brief summary of each unit has been given. l Objective questions and subjective questions are given for practice of students after every unit. l Content of the book is aligned with the mapping of Course Outcomes, Programs Outcomes and uni Outcomes. l Apart from the theory explanation and solved examples book provides for mini projects, activities, fun facts, QR codes, case studies, video resources etc. l The text has been supplemented with notes, remarks, remember sections within grey boxes. l Student and teacher centric subject materials are included in the book in a balanced manner. l Real life applications are inserted to improve clarity of this topics. l Know more section has been introduced which constitutes of additional information related to the topic. l Check-out section has been introduced so as to active the curiosity part of the student by correlating all the topics studied in this book with MATLAB. l At the end of each unit. An excerpt related to eminent Indian Mathematicians is given so as to make . l Student have a glimpse of the rich Indian heritage, especially in the field of mathematics.
MATHEMATICS - I (Calculus and Linear Algebra) For Computer Science Engineering Branches | AICTE Prescribed Textbook - English
Author: Reena Garg
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD.
ISBN: 9391505279
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 412
Book Description
Calculus and Linear Algebra cover all the modules prescribed by AICTE model curriculum to all the 1st year CSE students studying in engineering institutions and universities of the country. It serves as both text book /or useful reference work. It contains 5 units which included calculus, Algebra and vector spaces along with their applications. This renowned and well respected title provides in one handy volume with the essential mathematical tools that help in understanding the subject and problem solving techniques with many real life engineering applications. As per trademark of AICTE. This book is in student’s friendly style, author has endeavored enormous efforts in providing numerous solved examples and exercise under each topic to facilitate better understanding of the concepts to the students. Majority of questions in this book have been designed to access the reader’s understanding of the subject professionals or those who are preparing for competitive examinations will also find this book very useful. This book will give the students a complete grasp of the mathematical skills that are needed by engineers all over the country. Some Salient Features of the Book: · In depth coverage of all related, essential and mentioned topics as per AICTE in simple presentation with clarity and accuracy. · Emphasis on the applications of concepts and theorems. · Core concepts are presented through a large number of solved graded model examples in an innovative and lucid manner. · A good number of relatively competitive problems are given at the end of each unit in the form of short questions, HOTS, assignments, MCQs and know more for student’s practices purpose. Practical /Projects/ Activity also given in each unit for enhancing the student’s capability, to increase the feeling of team work. · To clarify the subject, the text has been supplemented through Notes, Observations and Remarks; an attempt has been made to explain the topic through maximum use of geometries wherever possible. · Some standard problems with sufficient hints have been included in each exercise to gauge the student’s visual understanding and for grasp the theory. · Video links, interesting facts, uses of ICT also included after each topic in every unit for easy understanding of the readers. Also included the pictorial representations of many topics for fast and permanent grasping of the content.
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD.
ISBN: 9391505279
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 412
Book Description
Calculus and Linear Algebra cover all the modules prescribed by AICTE model curriculum to all the 1st year CSE students studying in engineering institutions and universities of the country. It serves as both text book /or useful reference work. It contains 5 units which included calculus, Algebra and vector spaces along with their applications. This renowned and well respected title provides in one handy volume with the essential mathematical tools that help in understanding the subject and problem solving techniques with many real life engineering applications. As per trademark of AICTE. This book is in student’s friendly style, author has endeavored enormous efforts in providing numerous solved examples and exercise under each topic to facilitate better understanding of the concepts to the students. Majority of questions in this book have been designed to access the reader’s understanding of the subject professionals or those who are preparing for competitive examinations will also find this book very useful. This book will give the students a complete grasp of the mathematical skills that are needed by engineers all over the country. Some Salient Features of the Book: · In depth coverage of all related, essential and mentioned topics as per AICTE in simple presentation with clarity and accuracy. · Emphasis on the applications of concepts and theorems. · Core concepts are presented through a large number of solved graded model examples in an innovative and lucid manner. · A good number of relatively competitive problems are given at the end of each unit in the form of short questions, HOTS, assignments, MCQs and know more for student’s practices purpose. Practical /Projects/ Activity also given in each unit for enhancing the student’s capability, to increase the feeling of team work. · To clarify the subject, the text has been supplemented through Notes, Observations and Remarks; an attempt has been made to explain the topic through maximum use of geometries wherever possible. · Some standard problems with sufficient hints have been included in each exercise to gauge the student’s visual understanding and for grasp the theory. · Video links, interesting facts, uses of ICT also included after each topic in every unit for easy understanding of the readers. Also included the pictorial representations of many topics for fast and permanent grasping of the content.
MATHEMATICS - I (Calculus and Linear Algebra) For Non-Computer Science Engineering Branches | AICTE Prescribed Textbook - English
Author: Reena Garg
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD.
ISBN: 9391505171
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 596
Book Description
Calculus, Multivariable Calculus and Linear Algebra covers all the Modules prescribed by AICTE. Model curriculum to all the 1st year students (except CSE) studying in engineering institutions and universities of the country. It serves as both text book and / or useful reference work. It contains 5 units which include calculus, matrices, sequences & series and multivariable calculus along with their applications. This renowned and well respected title provides in one handy volume with the essential mathematical tools that helps in understanding the subject and problem solving techniques with many real life engineering applications. As per trademark of AICTE, this book is in student friendly style, author has endeavored enormous efforts in providing numerous solved examples and exercise under each topic to facilitate better understanding of the concepts to the students. Majority of Questions in this book have been designed to success the reader understands of the subject. Professionals or those who are preparing for competitive examinations will also find this book very useful. This book will give the students a complete grasp of the mathematical skills that are needed by engineers all over the country. Some Salient Features of the Book: · In depth coverage of all related, essential and mentioned topics as per AICTE in simple presentation with clarity and accuracy. · Emphasis on the applications of concepts and theorems. · Core concepts are presented through a large number of solved graded model examples in an innovative and lucid manner. · A good number of relatively competitive problems are given at the end of each unit in the form of short questions, HOTS, assignments, MCQs and know more for student’s practices purpose. Practical /Projects/ Activity also given in each unit for enhancing the student’s capability, to increase the feeling of team work. · To clarify the subject, the text has been supplemented through Notes, Observations and Remarks; an attempt has been made to explain the topic through maximum use of geometries wherever possible. · Some standard problems with sufficient hints have been included in each exercise to gauge the student’s visual understanding and for grasp the theory. · Video links, interesting facts, uses of ICT also included after each topic in every unit for easy understanding of the readers. Also included the pictorial representations of many topics for fast and permanent grasping of the content.
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD.
ISBN: 9391505171
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 596
Book Description
Calculus, Multivariable Calculus and Linear Algebra covers all the Modules prescribed by AICTE. Model curriculum to all the 1st year students (except CSE) studying in engineering institutions and universities of the country. It serves as both text book and / or useful reference work. It contains 5 units which include calculus, matrices, sequences & series and multivariable calculus along with their applications. This renowned and well respected title provides in one handy volume with the essential mathematical tools that helps in understanding the subject and problem solving techniques with many real life engineering applications. As per trademark of AICTE, this book is in student friendly style, author has endeavored enormous efforts in providing numerous solved examples and exercise under each topic to facilitate better understanding of the concepts to the students. Majority of Questions in this book have been designed to success the reader understands of the subject. Professionals or those who are preparing for competitive examinations will also find this book very useful. This book will give the students a complete grasp of the mathematical skills that are needed by engineers all over the country. Some Salient Features of the Book: · In depth coverage of all related, essential and mentioned topics as per AICTE in simple presentation with clarity and accuracy. · Emphasis on the applications of concepts and theorems. · Core concepts are presented through a large number of solved graded model examples in an innovative and lucid manner. · A good number of relatively competitive problems are given at the end of each unit in the form of short questions, HOTS, assignments, MCQs and know more for student’s practices purpose. Practical /Projects/ Activity also given in each unit for enhancing the student’s capability, to increase the feeling of team work. · To clarify the subject, the text has been supplemented through Notes, Observations and Remarks; an attempt has been made to explain the topic through maximum use of geometries wherever possible. · Some standard problems with sufficient hints have been included in each exercise to gauge the student’s visual understanding and for grasp the theory. · Video links, interesting facts, uses of ICT also included after each topic in every unit for easy understanding of the readers. Also included the pictorial representations of many topics for fast and permanent grasping of the content.
Engineering Mathematics-I
Author: Reena Garg
Publisher: KHANNA PUBLISHING HOUSE
ISBN: 9382609555
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 2019
Book Description
This book is designed to meet the complete requirements of Engineering Mathematics course of undergraduate syllabus, The book consists of seven chapters viz. infinite Series, Matrices, Expansion of Functions, Asymptotes, Curvature, Partial Differenciation , Multiple Integrals, Each chapter is treated in treated in systematic,logical and lucid manner, All these chapters are independent units in themselves. The students can go through the book picking up any chapter at any given times, without referring to other chapters, Hints, where ever necessary and answers of the questions in the exercises are given at the end of each exercise, Most of the questions-solved as well as unsolved-have been picked up from the examination papers of different universities and professional examinations, There are fully worked out examples and graded exercises (with answers) aimed at preparing the student for examination as well as higher studies, The authors have illustrated various methods to solve particular problems.
Publisher: KHANNA PUBLISHING HOUSE
ISBN: 9382609555
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 2019
Book Description
This book is designed to meet the complete requirements of Engineering Mathematics course of undergraduate syllabus, The book consists of seven chapters viz. infinite Series, Matrices, Expansion of Functions, Asymptotes, Curvature, Partial Differenciation , Multiple Integrals, Each chapter is treated in treated in systematic,logical and lucid manner, All these chapters are independent units in themselves. The students can go through the book picking up any chapter at any given times, without referring to other chapters, Hints, where ever necessary and answers of the questions in the exercises are given at the end of each exercise, Most of the questions-solved as well as unsolved-have been picked up from the examination papers of different universities and professional examinations, There are fully worked out examples and graded exercises (with answers) aimed at preparing the student for examination as well as higher studies, The authors have illustrated various methods to solve particular problems.
Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering | AICTE Prescribed Textbook - English
Author: Susan S. Mathew
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD.
ISBN: 9391505597
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 212
Book Description
Fundamentals of Electrical & Electronics Engineering” is a compulsory paper for the first year Diploma course in Engineering & Technology Syllabus of this book is strictly aligned as per model curriculum of AICTE, and academic content is amalgamated with the concept of outcome based education. Books covers six topics- Overview of Electronics Components and Signals. Overview of Analog Circuits. Overview of Digital Electronics, Electric and magnetic Circuits, A.C. Circuits and Transformer and Machines. Each topic is written is easy and lucid manner. A set of exercises at the end of each units to test the student’s comprehension is provided. Some salient features of the book: l Content of the book aligned with the mapping of Course Outcomes, Programs Outcomes and Unit Outcomes. l The practical applications of the topics are discussed along with micro projects and activities for generating further curiosity as well as improving problem solving capacity. l Book provides lots of vital facts, concepts, principles and other interesting information. l QR Codes of video resources and websites to enhance use of ICT for relevant supportive knowledge have been provided. l Student and teacher centric course materials included in book in balanced manner. l Figures, tables, equations and comparative charts are inserted to improve clarity of the topics. l Objective questions and subjective questions are given for practices of students at the end of each unit. Solved and unsolved problems including numerical examples are solved with systematic steps
Publisher: KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. PVT. LTD.
ISBN: 9391505597
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 212
Book Description
Fundamentals of Electrical & Electronics Engineering” is a compulsory paper for the first year Diploma course in Engineering & Technology Syllabus of this book is strictly aligned as per model curriculum of AICTE, and academic content is amalgamated with the concept of outcome based education. Books covers six topics- Overview of Electronics Components and Signals. Overview of Analog Circuits. Overview of Digital Electronics, Electric and magnetic Circuits, A.C. Circuits and Transformer and Machines. Each topic is written is easy and lucid manner. A set of exercises at the end of each units to test the student’s comprehension is provided. Some salient features of the book: l Content of the book aligned with the mapping of Course Outcomes, Programs Outcomes and Unit Outcomes. l The practical applications of the topics are discussed along with micro projects and activities for generating further curiosity as well as improving problem solving capacity. l Book provides lots of vital facts, concepts, principles and other interesting information. l QR Codes of video resources and websites to enhance use of ICT for relevant supportive knowledge have been provided. l Student and teacher centric course materials included in book in balanced manner. l Figures, tables, equations and comparative charts are inserted to improve clarity of the topics. l Objective questions and subjective questions are given for practices of students at the end of each unit. Solved and unsolved problems including numerical examples are solved with systematic steps
Mathematics-I Calculus and Linear Algebra (BSC-105) (For Computer Science & Engineering Students only)
Author: Bhui, Bikas Chandra & Chatterjee Dipak
Publisher: Vikas Publishing House
ISBN: 9352718836
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 480
Book Description
Mathematics-I for the paper BSC-105 of the latest AICTE syllabus has been written for the first semester engineering students of Indian universities. Paper BSC-105 is exclusively for CS&E students. Keeping in mind that the students are at the threshold of a completely new domain, the book has been planned with utmost care in the exposition of concepts, choice of illustrative examples, and also in sequencing of topics. The language is simple, yet accurate. A large number of worked-out problems have been included to familiarize the students with the techniques to solving them, and to instill confidence.Authors’ long experience of teaching various grades of students has helped in laying proper emphasis on various techniques of solving difficult problems.
Publisher: Vikas Publishing House
ISBN: 9352718836
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 480
Book Description
Mathematics-I for the paper BSC-105 of the latest AICTE syllabus has been written for the first semester engineering students of Indian universities. Paper BSC-105 is exclusively for CS&E students. Keeping in mind that the students are at the threshold of a completely new domain, the book has been planned with utmost care in the exposition of concepts, choice of illustrative examples, and also in sequencing of topics. The language is simple, yet accurate. A large number of worked-out problems have been included to familiarize the students with the techniques to solving them, and to instill confidence.Authors’ long experience of teaching various grades of students has helped in laying proper emphasis on various techniques of solving difficult problems.
Foundation of Engineering Mathematics-II
Author: Dr. Manju Sanghi And Dr.C. Ramesh Kumar
Publisher: Booksclinic Publishing
ISBN: 9389757762
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 288
Book Description
This book is designed to build up a strong foundation for the new students entering in Engineering field. It is strictly as per the revised syllabus prescribed by AICTE model curriculum. It has been written to fulfil all the requirements of B.E/B.Tech second semester students (All Branches of Engineering) of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai. The essential feature of this book is that apart from theoretical background, it provides sufficient number of solved examples with detailed steps in easy and simple language along with problems for practice. Suitable figures have also been incorporated to ensure an easy understanding of the concepts. Short and very short answer type questions are also included. We hope that this book will be of great use for which it has been designed
Publisher: Booksclinic Publishing
ISBN: 9389757762
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 288
Book Description
This book is designed to build up a strong foundation for the new students entering in Engineering field. It is strictly as per the revised syllabus prescribed by AICTE model curriculum. It has been written to fulfil all the requirements of B.E/B.Tech second semester students (All Branches of Engineering) of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai. The essential feature of this book is that apart from theoretical background, it provides sufficient number of solved examples with detailed steps in easy and simple language along with problems for practice. Suitable figures have also been incorporated to ensure an easy understanding of the concepts. Short and very short answer type questions are also included. We hope that this book will be of great use for which it has been designed
Engineering Graphics and Design
Author: Engineering Graphics and Design
Publisher: KHANNA PUBLISHING HOUSE
ISBN: 9386173476
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 284
Book Description
This book covers complete syllabus of Engineering Graphics and Design along with AUTOCAD catering requirements of B.Tech. in Engineering The book is in easy to understand, simple English. It provides step-by-step solutions to problems along with suitable example and proper drawings. Using AutoCAD and Solid Work. All chapter make learning easy with unique features such as Summary, Solved examples and Practice Problems. Chapters have been organised to present data in concise format with suitable tables, diagrams, drawings and illustration.
Publisher: KHANNA PUBLISHING HOUSE
ISBN: 9386173476
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 284
Book Description
This book covers complete syllabus of Engineering Graphics and Design along with AUTOCAD catering requirements of B.Tech. in Engineering The book is in easy to understand, simple English. It provides step-by-step solutions to problems along with suitable example and proper drawings. Using AutoCAD and Solid Work. All chapter make learning easy with unique features such as Summary, Solved examples and Practice Problems. Chapters have been organised to present data in concise format with suitable tables, diagrams, drawings and illustration.
Engineering Mathematics - I [JNTU Anantapur]
Author: TKV Iyengar et al.
Publisher: S. Chand Publishing
ISBN: 9352837665
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 769
Book Description
This is the sixteenth edition of the book Engineering Mathematics-I. The earlier editions have received positive response from the teachers and the students. This textbook has been written conferring to the revised syllabus (R19) of first year (First Semester) of B. Tech students of JNTU, Anantapur. In this edition some topics have been updated. The previous question paper problems have been included at appropriate places. For the benefit of the students, the previous GATE questions have been included at the end of each chapter. The topics has been made as simple as possible and in some instances detailed explanation
Publisher: S. Chand Publishing
ISBN: 9352837665
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 769
Book Description
This is the sixteenth edition of the book Engineering Mathematics-I. The earlier editions have received positive response from the teachers and the students. This textbook has been written conferring to the revised syllabus (R19) of first year (First Semester) of B. Tech students of JNTU, Anantapur. In this edition some topics have been updated. The previous question paper problems have been included at appropriate places. For the benefit of the students, the previous GATE questions have been included at the end of each chapter. The topics has been made as simple as possible and in some instances detailed explanation