Author: Tamás Röszer Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030504808 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 224
Book Description
Macrophages are core components of the innate immune system. Once activated, they may have either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects that include pathogen killing, safe disposal of apoptotic cells or tissue renewal. The activation state of macrophages is conceptualized by the so-called M1/M2 model of polarization. M2 macrophages are not simply antagonists of M1 macrophages; rather, they represent a network of tissue resident macrophages with roles in tissue development and organ homeostasis. M2 macrophages govern functions at the interfaces of immunity, tissue development and turnover, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Dysfunction in M2 macrophages can ruin the healthy interplay between the immune system and metabolic processes, and lead to diseases such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, M2 macrophages are essential for healthy tissue development and immunological self-tolerance. Worryingly, these functions of M2 macrophages can also be disrupted, resulting in tumor growth and autoimmunity. This book comprehensively discusses the biology of M2 macrophages, summarizes the current state of knowledge, and highlights key questions that remain unanswered.
Author: Charles Dudley Mills Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 288919499X Category : Immunologic diseases Languages : en Pages : 281
Book Description
Macrophages have unique and diverse functions necessary for survival. And, in humans (and other species), they are the most abundant leukocytes in tissues. The Innate functions of macrophages that are best known are their unusual ability to either “Kill” or “Repair”. Since killing is a destructive process and repair is a constructive process, it was stupefying how one cell could exhibit these 2 polar – opposite functions. However, in the late 1980’s, it was shown that macrophages have a unique ability to enzymatically metabolize Arginine to Nitric Oxide (NO, a gaseous non – specific killer molecule) or to Ornithine (a precursor of polyamines and collagen for repair). The dual Arginine metabolic capacity of macrophages provided a functional explanation for their ability to kill or repair. Macrophages predominantly producing NO are called M1 and those producing Ornithine are called M2. M1 and M2 – dominant responses occur in lower vertebrates, and in T cell deficient vertebrates being directly driven by Damage and Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP and PAMP). Thus, M1 and M2 are Innate responses that protect the host without Adaptive Immunity. In turn, M1/M2 is supplanting previous models in which T cells were necessary to “activate” or “alternatively activate” macrophages (the Th1/Th2 paradigm). M1 and M2 macrophages were named such because of the additional key findings that these macrophages stimulate Th1 and Th2 – like responses, respectively. So, in addition to their unique ability to kill or repair, macrophages also govern Adaptive Immunity. All of the foregoing would be less important if M1 or M2 – dominant responses were not observed in disease. But, they are. The best example to date is the predominance of M2 macrophages in human tumors where they act like wound repair macrophages and actively promote growth. More generally, humans have become M2 – dominant because sanitation, antibiotics and vaccines have lessened M1 responses. And, M2 dominance seems the cause of ever - increasing allergies in developed countries. Obesity represents a new and different circumstance. Surfeit energy (e.g., lipoproteins) causes monocytes to become M1 dominant in the vessel walls causing plaques. Because M1 or M2 dominant responses are clearly causative in many modern diseases, there is great potential in developing the means to selectively stimulate (or inhibit) either M1 or M2 responses to kill or repair, or to stimulate Th1 or Th2 responses, depending on the circumstance. The contributions here are meant to describe diseases of M1 or M2 dominance, and promising new methodologies to modulate the fungible metabolic machinery of macrophages for better health.
Author: Victor Guillemin Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 9780691085142 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
The subject matter of this work is an area of Lorentzian geometry which has not been heretofore much investigated: Do there exist Lorentzian manifolds all of whose light-like geodesics are periodic? A surprising fact is that such manifolds exist in abundance in (2 + 1)-dimensions (though in higher dimensions they are quite rare). This book is concerned with the deformation theory of M2,1 (which furnishes almost all the known examples of these objects). It also has a section describing conformal invariants of these objects, the most interesting being the determinant of a two dimensional "Floquet operator," invented by Paneitz and Segal.
Author: Victor Guillemin Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 1400882419 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
The subject matter of this work is an area of Lorentzian geometry which has not been heretofore much investigated: Do there exist Lorentzian manifolds all of whose light-like geodesics are periodic? A surprising fact is that such manifolds exist in abundance in (2 + 1)-dimensions (though in higher dimensions they are quite rare). This book is concerned with the deformation theory of M2,1 (which furnishes almost all the known examples of these objects). It also has a section describing conformal invariants of these objects, the most interesting being the determinant of a two dimensional "Floquet operator," invented by Paneitz and Segal.
Author: Erik Lawrence Publisher: Erik Lawrence Publications ISBN: 1941998321 Category : Sports & Recreation Languages : en Pages : 122
Book Description
The most current, up to date, full color manual anywhere in the world on the M2 Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun. Authored by Erik Lawrence, former Special Forces Instructor and owner of one of the most realistic and experienced training companies in the US. 130 pages of great to know information with procedures that have been vetted over time. 90+ color pictures to better explain the listed procedures. Developed for weapons familiarization classes and instructor development...the best Team Room reference library available. The objective of this manual is to allow the reader to be able to use the M2 .50 Cal weapon system safely and competently. The manual will give the reader: * background/specifications of the weapon and its capability * instructions on its operation * disassembly and assembly procedures * demonstrate correct employment of tripod * proper safe firing procedures * malfunction and misfire procedures Operator level maintenance will also be detailed to allow the operator to understand and become competent in the use and maintenance of the M2 Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun.
Author: Tamás Röszer
Author: Charles Dudley Mills
Author: Victor Guillemin
Author: United States. War Department
Author: Victor Guillemin
Author: 
Author: Erik Lawrence
Author: 
Author: United States. War Department
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