Le système d'approvisionnement en terres dans les villes d'Afrique de l'Ouest PDF Download

Author: Alain Durand-Lasserve
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464805350
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 196

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Book Description
Les marchés fonciers urbains et périurbains des villes d’Afrique de l’Ouest en expansion rapide opèrent dans des contextes où coexistent des régimes fonciers différents et où les procédures d’accès aux terrains sont complexes. Un cadre d’analyse faisant défaut jusqu’ici, ce livre propose une approche systémique et l'applique à la zone urbaine et périurbaine de Bamako et à son hinterland rural. La méthode repose sur une analyse des différentes filières d’approvisionnement en terres et identifie, depuis la mise en circulation des terres agricoles pour répondre aux besoins en terrains à usage résidentiel, les changements de tenure et types de transactions qui accompagnent le passage aux terrains urbains, ainsi que les interactions entre les différentes filières. L'analyse montre que l’approvisionnement en terre est à l’origine assurée par la filière coutumière, qui prédomine dans les zones périurbaines, et par la filière publique et parapublique où l’État alloue des terrains à usage d’habitation aux individus ou les cède à des sociétés de promotion foncière et immobilières. Ces filières alimentent la filière privée formelle qui met ensuite sur le marché, à des prix élevés, des parcelles viabilisées avec titre de propriété. Les parcelles peuvent être cédées successivement, avec un degré d'informalité qui dépend de la tenure, de la légalité de la transaction et de son enregistrement. Alors que le développement du marché formel est entravé par des facteurs structurels, le marché foncier informel offre peu de sécurité. Adapté aux revenus moyens et bas, le marché informel attire aussi les acheteurs aisés et introduits auprès de l’administration et du pouvoir politique, et qui peuvent plus facilement obtenir une formalisation de la tenure. Prix des terrains et coûts de transaction élevés, conflits fonciers, procédures de formalisation longues et complexes, et diversité des acteurs se combinent dès lors pour entraver l’accès au foncier des pauvres en milieu urbain.

Author: Sajitha Bashir
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464814112
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 579

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Cet ouvrage présente une série d’orientations politiques, ainsi que leurs déclinaisons opérationnelles, permettant aux pays d’Afrique subsaharienne de relever le défi de l’amélioration de l’apprentissage tout en élargissant l’accès et en assurant l’achèvement d’une éducation de base pour tous. L’étude souligne l’importance de configurer le système éducatif de manière à ce qu’il soit constamment axé sur les résultats et à ce que tous les enfants aient accès à de bonnes écoles, du matériel d’apprentissage de qualité et d’excellents enseignants. L’approche de cet ouvrage est unique car elle caractérise les pays en fonction des défis auxquels ils ont été confrontés dans les années 1990 et selon les progrès accomplis en matière d’éducation au cours des 25 dernières années, ce qui permet ainsi aux pays de la région d’apprendre les uns des autres. Les auteurs présentent une revue de littérature et y ajoutent de nouvelles analyses tirées de multiples données provenant d’une trentaine pays de la région. Ils intègrent également des résultats de recherche sur ce qui influence l’apprentissage des enfants, leur accès à la scolarisation et les progrès accomplis grâce à l’éducation de base. Le livre tire des leçons sur la région pour la région à partir de ce qui fonctionne et de ce qui serait nécessaire d’améliorer. Le livre explore quatre pistes pour aider les pays à ajuster leurs systèmes éducatifs afin d’améliorer l’apprentissage : poursuivre les efforts inachevés visant à assurer une éducation de base universelle et de qualité, assurer une supervision et un soutien efficaces des enseignants, concentrer les priorités de dépenses et les procédures budgétaires sur l’amélioration de la qualité, et combler le déficit de capacités du système institutionnel. L’ouvrage se termine par une évaluation de la manière dont les prévisions de taux de fécondité et de croissance économique peuvent impacter les progrès futurs en matière d’éducation.

Author: David Canning
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464808236
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 228

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Résumé : L'Afrique est sur le bord d'un lancement potentiel de croissance économique soutenue. Cette ascension peut être accélérée par un dividende démographique dû aux changements dans la structure par âge de la population. Les baisses de la mortalité infantile, suivies par la baisse de la fécondité, produisent une génération «renflement» et un grand nombre de personnes d'âge actif, donnant un coup de pouce à l'économie. Dans le court terme, une fécondité plus faible engendre une baisse des taux de dépendance des jeunes et une plus grande participation de la population active féminine en dehors de la maison. La réduction de la taille de la famille signifie également qu’il reste davantage de ressources à investir dans la santé et l'éducation par enfant, augmentant ainsi la productivité future des travailleurs. Au long terme, une durée de vie accrue résultant de l’amélioration dans le domaine de la santé signifie que cette vaste cohorte aux gains élevés sera également désireuse d’épargner pour la retraite ainsi que pour la création de l'épargne et des investissements plus conséquents, conduisant ainsi à d'autres gains de productivité. Deux choses sont nécessaires pour que le dividende démographique génère un décollage économique de l'Afrique. La première consiste à accélérer la baisse de la fécondité qui est actuellement au point mort ou lente dans de nombreux pays. La seconde est les politiques économiques qui profitent de l'occasion offerte par le changement de la démographie. Alors que l'évolution démographique peut produire plus, et des travailleurs de meilleure qualité, cette main-d'œuvre potentielle doit être employée si l'Afrique se doit de récolter le dividende. Cependant, une fois en route, la relation entre l'évolution démographique et le développement humain fonctionne dans les deux sens, c’est-à -dire qu’elle crée un cercle vertueux susceptible d’accélérer la baisse de la fécondité, le développement social et la croissance économique. Les recherches scientifiques montrent trois facteurs clés pour accélérer la transition de la fécondité: la santé des enfants, l'éducation des femmes et l'autonomisation des femmes, notamment par l'accès à la planification familiale. Exploiter le dividende démographique nécessite la création d'emplois pour les grandes cohortes de jeunes qui entrent en âge de travailler et qui stimulent les investissements étrangers jusqu'à faire augmenter l'épargne intérieure et l'investissement. La combinaison appropriée de politiques dans chaque pays dépend de leur stade de transition démographique. Etant la dernière région à subir la transition démographique, l’Afrique peut tirer les leçons des réussites et des échecs des autres régions dans l'exploitation d'un dividende démographique. Le succès exige (i) l'accélération de la transition démographique; (ii) une économie dynamique produisant des revenus et des investissements plus élevés pour une jeunesse mieux éduquée et en meilleure santé.

Author: Kathleen Beegle
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464811660
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 337

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Poverty remains a pervasive and complex phenomenon in Sub-Saharan Africa. Part of the agenda in recent years to tackle poverty in Africa has been the launching of social safety nets programs. All countries have now deployed safety net interventions as part of their core development programs. The number of programs has skyrocketed since the mid-2000s though many programs remain limited in size. This shift in social policy reflects the progressive evolution in the understanding of the role that social safety nets can play in the fight against poverty and vulnerability, and more generally in the human capital and growth agenda. Evidence on their impacts on equity, resilience, and opportunity is growing, and makes a foundational case for investments in safety nets as a major component of national development plans. For this potential to be realized, however, safety net programs need to be significantly scaled-up. Such scaling up will involve a series of technical considerations to identify the parameters, tools, and processes that can deliver maximum benefits to the poor and vulnerable. However, in addition to technical considerations, and at least as importantly, this report argues that a series of decisive shifts need to occur in three other critical spheres: political, institutional, and fiscal. First, the political processes that shape the extent and nature of social policy need to be recognized, by stimulating political appetite for safety nets, choosing politically smart parameters, and harnessing the political impacts of safety nets to promote their sustainability. Second, the anchoring of safety net programs in institutional arrangements †“ related to the overarching policy framework for safety nets, the functions of policy and coordination, as well as program management and implementation †“ is particularly important as programs expand and are increasingly implemented through national channels. And third, in most countries, the level and predictability of resources devoted to the sector needs to increase for safety nets to reach the desired scale, through increased efficiency, increased volumes and new sources of financing, and greater ability to effectively respond to shocks. This report highlights the implications which political, institutional, and fiscal aspects have for the choice and design of programs. Fundamentally, it argues that these considerations are critical to ensure the successful scaling-up of social safety nets in Africa, and that ignoring them could lead to technically-sound, but practically impossible, choices and designs.

Author: Punam Chuhan-Pole
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464808201
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 245

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This study focuses on the local and regional impact of large-scale gold mining in Africa in the context of a mineral boom in the region since 2000. It contributes to filling a gap in the literature on the welfare effects of mineral resources, which, until now, has concentrated more on the national or macroeconomic impacts. Economists have long been intrigued by the paradox that a rich endowment of natural resources may retard economic performance, particularly in the case of mineral-exporting developing countries. Studies of this phenomenon, known as the “resource curse,†? examine the economy-wide consequences of mineral exports.1 Africa’s resource boom has lifted growth, but has been less successful in improving people’s welfare. Yet much of the focus in academic and policy circles has been on appropriate management of the macro-fiscal and governance risks that have historically undermined development outcomes. This study focuses instead on the fortune of local communities where resources are located. It aims to better inform public policy and corporate behavior on the welfare of communities in Africa in which the extraction of resources takes place.

Author: Gaëlle Balineau
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464815895
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 166

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Rapid population growth, poorly planned urbanization, and evolving agricultural production and distribution practices are changing foodways in African cities and creating challenges: Africans are increasingly facing hunger, undernutrition, and malnutrition. Yet change also creates new opportunities. The food economy currently is the main source of jobs on the continent, promising more employment in the near future in farming, food processing, and food product distribution. These opportunities are undermined, however, by inefficient links among farmers, intermediaries, and consumers, leading to the loss of one-third of all food produced. This volume is an in-depth analysis of food system shortcomings in three West African cities: Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire; Rabat, Morocco; and Niamey, Niger. Using the lens of geographical economics and sociology, the authors draw on quantitative and qualitative field surveys and case studies to offer insightful analyses of political institutions. They show the importance of “hard†? physical infrastructure, such as transport, storage, and wholesale and retail market facilities. They also describe the “soft†? infrastructure of institutions that facilitate trade, such as interpersonal trust, market information systems, and business climates. The authors find that the vague mandates and limited capacities of national trade and agriculture ministries, regional and urban authorities, neighborhood councils, and market cooperatives often hamper policy interventions. This volume comes to a simple conclusion: international development policy makers and their financial and technical partners have neglected urban markets for far too long, and now is the time to rethink and reinvest in this complex yet crucial subject.

Author: Moussa P. Blimpo
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464813779
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 169

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Access to reliable electricity is a prerequisite for the economic transformation of African economies, especially in a digital age. Yet the electricity access rate in Sub-Saharan African countries is often substantially low, households and businesses with access often face unreliable service, and the cost of the service is often among the highest in the world. This situation imposes substantial constraints on economic activities, provision of public services, adoption of new technologies, and quality of life. Much of the focus on how best to provide reliable, affordable, and sustainable electricity service to all has been on mitigating supply-side constraints. However, demand-side constraints may be as important, if not more important. On the supply side, inadequate investments in maintenance result in high technical losses; most state-owned utilities operate at a loss; and power trade, which could significantly lower the cost of electricity, is underdeveloped. On the demand side, the uptake and willingness to pay are often low in many communities, and the consumption levels of those who are connected are limited. Increased uptake and use will encourage investment to improve service reliability and close the access gap. This report shows that the fundamental problem is poverty and lack of economic opportunities rather than power. The solution lies in understanding that the overarching reasons for the unrealized potential involve tightly intertwined technical, financial, political, and geographic factors. The ultimate goal is to enable households and business to gain access, to afford to use, and utilities to recover their cost and make profits. The report makes the case that policy makers need to adopt a more comprehensive and long-term approach to electrification in the region—one centered on the productive use of electricity at affordable rates. Such an approach includes increased public and private investment in infrastructure, expanded access to credit for new businesses, improved access to markets, and additional skills development to translate the potential of expanded and reliable electricity access into substantial economic impact. Enhancing the economic capabilities of communities is the best way to achieve faster and more sustainable development progress while addressing the broad challenges of affordability, low consumption, and financial viability of utilities, as well as ensuring equitable provision between urban and rural areas.

Author: Sajitha Bashir
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464812624
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 499

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While everybody recognizes the development challenges facing Sub-Saharan Africa, few have put together coherent plans that offer real hope for any feasible and general improvement. Facing Forward combines an evidence-based plan that not only recognizes the deep problems but provides specific prescriptions for dealing with the problems. In the simplest version, focus on the skills of the people and do it in a rational and achievable manner. †“ Eric Hanushek, Paul and Jean Hanna Senior Fellow, Hoover Institute, Stanford University This book offers a clear perspective on how to improve learning in basic education in Sub- Saharan Africa, based on extremely rigorous and exhaustive analysis of a large volume of data. The authors shine a light on the low levels of learning and on the contributory factors. They have not hesitated to raise difficult issues, such as the need to implement a consistent policy on the language of instruction, which is essential to ensuring the foundations of learning for all children. Using the framework of “From Science to Service Delivery,†? the book urges policy makers to look at the entire chain from policy design, informed by knowledge adapted to the local context, to implementation. Facing Forward: Schooling for Learning in Africa is a unique addition to the literature that is relevant for African policy makers and stakeholders. †“ Professor Hassana Alidou, Ambassador of the Republic of Niger to the United States and Canada As the continent gears itself up to provide universal basic education to all its children by 2030, it has to squarely address the challenge of how to improve learning. Facing Forward helps countries to benchmark themselves against each other and to identify concrete lines of action. It forces policy makers to think “where do I go from here?†? “what do I do differently?†? and to examine the hierarchy of interventions that can boost learning. It rightly urges Ministries of Education to build capacity through learning by doing and continuous adaptation of new knowledge to the local context. Facing Forward will unleash frank conversations about the profound reforms that are required in education policy and service delivery to ensure learning for every child on the continent. †“ Dr. Fred Matiang’I, Cabinet Secretary for the Interior and Coordination of National Government, Government of Kenya (former Cabinet Secretary for Education) Facing Forward couldn’t have come at a more opportune time as countries in the region, including Mauritius, focus more on learning outcomes rather than simply on inputs and processes in education systems. The book underscores the important point that African countries need not exclusively model themselves on high-performing education systems in the world. Much can as well be learnt from other countries at the same level of development, or lower, by virtue of the challenges they have faced and successfully overcome. This presents opportunities for greater peer-sharing and networking with these countries. Indeed a number of key focus areas are highlighted in the book that demonstrate good practices worthy of being emulated. These cover domains as diverse as enabling factors leading to improved student progression, strengthened teacher capacity, increased budgetary allocation with a focus on quality, as well as improved technical capacity of implementing agencies in the region. †“ Hon. (Mrs.) Leela Devi Dookun-Luchoomun, Minister of Education and Human Resources, Tertiary Education and Scientific Research, Republic of Mauritius

Author: Raffaello Cervigni
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 146480818X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 299

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Drylands are at the core of Africa’s development challenge. Drylands make up about 43 percent of the region’s land surface, account for about 75 percent of the area used for agriculture, and are home to about 50 percent of the population, including a disproportionate share of the poor. Due to complex interactions among many factors, vulnerability in drylands is high and rising, jeopardizing the long-term livelihood prospects for hundreds of millions of people. Climate change, which is expected to increase the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, will exacerbate this challenge. African governments and their partners in the international development community stand ready to tackle the challenges confronting drylands, but important questions remain unanswered about how the task should be undertaken. Do dryland environments contain enough resources to generate the food, jobs, and income needed to support sustainable livelihoods for a fast growing population? If not, can injections of external resources make up the deficit? Or is the carrying capacity of drylands so limited that outmigration should be encouraged? Based on analysis of current and projected future drivers of vulnerability and resilience, the report uses an original modeling framework to identify promising interventions, quantify their likely costs and benefits, and describe the policy trade-offs that will need to be addressed. By 2030, economic growth leading to structural change will allow some of the people living in drylands to transition to non-agriculture based livelihood strategies, reducing their vulnerability. Many others will continue to rely on livestock keeping and crop farming. For the latter group, a number of “best bet†? interventions have the potential to make a significant difference in reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience. This report evaluates the opportunities and challenges associated with these interventions, and it draws a number of conclusions that have important implications for policy making.

Author: Omar Arias
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464813507
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 296

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Despite strong recent economic growth, Sub-Saharan Africa has levels of economic transformation, poverty reduction, and skill development far below those of other regions. Smart investments in developing skills—aligned with the policy goals of productivity growth, inclusion, and adaptability—can help to accelerate the region’s economic transformation in the 21st century. Sub-Saharan Africa’s growing working-age population presents a major opportunity to increase shared prosperity. Countries in the region have invested heavily in building skills; public expenditure on education increased sevenfold over the past 30 years, and more children are in school today than ever before. Yet, systems for building skills in this population have fallen short, and these shortcomings significantly impede economic prospects. In half of the countries, fewer than two in every three children complete primary school; even fewer reach and complete higher levels of education. Learning outcomes have been persistently poor, leading to substantial gaps in basic cognitive skills—literacy and numeracy—among children, young people, and adults. The literacy rate of the adult population is below 50 percent in many countries; functional literacy and numeracy rates are even lower. Systemwide change is required to achieve significant progress. Multiple agencies at the central and local levels are involved in skills development strategies, making skills “everyone’s problem but no one’s responsibility.†? Policies and reforms need to build capacity for evidence-based policies and create incentives to align the behaviors of all stakeholders with the pursuit of national skills development goals. The Skills Balancing Act in Sub-Saharan Africa: Investing in Skills for Productivity, Inclusivity, and Adaptability lays out evidence to inform the policy choices that countries will make in skill investments. Each chapter addresses a set of specific questions, drawing on original analysis and synthesis of existing studies to explore key areas: • How the skills appropriate to each stage of the life cycle are acquired and what market and institutional failures affect skills formation • What systems are needed for individuals to access these skills, including family investments, private sector institutions, schools, and other public programs • How those systems can be strengthened • How the most vulnerable individuals—those who fall outside the standard systems and have missed critical building blocks in skills acquisition—can be supported. Countries will face trade-offs—often stark ones—that will have distributional impacts and a bearing on their development path. Committed leaders, reform coalitions, and well-coordinated policies are essential for taking on the skills balancing act in Sub-Saharan Africa.