Author: Martin Chick
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1847206891
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 217
Book Description
. . . it s a valuable and laudable work. . . I found it interesting and helpful to have an account of the parallel developments in the other two countries. . . An analysis of important aspects of British and French energy policy development based on primary sources is a worthwhile contribution. A broad comparative synthesis of energy policy in the three countries is also a worthwhile contribution. John Neufeld, EH.NET The main objective of this very interesting book is to analyse from economic history and political economy perspectives the similarities and differences in the forms that the electricity sector has been organized and the ways that energy policy has developed in Britain, France, and the US. The book s organization and the clarity of the writing make for a highly rewarding read. . . Chick has dedicated many years to studying the electricity sector, and this book demonstrates his mastery of this complex industry. . . Chick s book will be of decided interest to energy specialists, but it will also appeal to a broader readership including economic historians, political economists, and other social scientists who wish to understand the crucial role that energy has played in international politics, economic growth, and human welfare during the period since the Second World War. Judith Clifton, The Economic History Review Chick s superb study of this crucial sector goes right to the heart of a number of problems associated with markets and government, casting light on each. It also sheds light in unexpected areas, and in particular on the history of economic thought. Above all, this volume succeeds admirably in fusing the best techniques of business and economic history to show why history matters for present-day policy. Roger Middleton, Business History This history of the post-WWII electricity supply industry in France, Great Britain and the US is well researched and well written. . . The author draws on newly available archival material to develop a sophisticated, deeply informed portrayal of the evolutionary process in each nation. . . This well-crafted industrial history should be of interest to practitioners and policy makers as well as students and scholars. Highly recommended. R.C. Singleton, Choice Nationalisation, regulation, privatisation: beyond polemics, history lessons by Martin Chick. Alain Beltran, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, France International economic history is not just concerned with flows of capital and goods. It involves comparisons of the economic policy and organisation of specific economic sectors. In this excellent book, Martin Chick examines energy policy issues, policy formation, policy makers and their advisers, in USA, France and Britain, drawing on original archive sources. He brings out the importance of strategic issues, including security, in the switch from coal to oil and natural gas, the European debate on coal and steel, pricing in electricity supply and finally privatisation and liberalisation of markets. It is a fine exercise in political economy and will appeal to scholars and students of politics as well as of history, economics and business studies. Robert Millward, University of Manchester, UK Analyzing the work of economic theorists and policy practitioners from the 1840s to the present, this sophisticated historical account helps scholars understand better the profound obstacles to making successful energy policy today. In particular, the cross-national study highlights the primacy of social, political, and historical forces over rational economic theory, demonstrating that energy policy making has never been (and will likely never become) a pure science based on cherished academic principles such as marginal-cost pricing. Richard Hirsh, Consortium on Energy Restructuring, Virginia Tech, US Martin Chick s overview of the formation and implementation of energy policy in three countries since 1945 is a remarkable achievement. Writing clearly, confidently a
Electricity and Energy Policy in Britain, France and the United States Since 1945
Author: Martin Chick
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1847206891
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 217
Book Description
. . . it s a valuable and laudable work. . . I found it interesting and helpful to have an account of the parallel developments in the other two countries. . . An analysis of important aspects of British and French energy policy development based on primary sources is a worthwhile contribution. A broad comparative synthesis of energy policy in the three countries is also a worthwhile contribution. John Neufeld, EH.NET The main objective of this very interesting book is to analyse from economic history and political economy perspectives the similarities and differences in the forms that the electricity sector has been organized and the ways that energy policy has developed in Britain, France, and the US. The book s organization and the clarity of the writing make for a highly rewarding read. . . Chick has dedicated many years to studying the electricity sector, and this book demonstrates his mastery of this complex industry. . . Chick s book will be of decided interest to energy specialists, but it will also appeal to a broader readership including economic historians, political economists, and other social scientists who wish to understand the crucial role that energy has played in international politics, economic growth, and human welfare during the period since the Second World War. Judith Clifton, The Economic History Review Chick s superb study of this crucial sector goes right to the heart of a number of problems associated with markets and government, casting light on each. It also sheds light in unexpected areas, and in particular on the history of economic thought. Above all, this volume succeeds admirably in fusing the best techniques of business and economic history to show why history matters for present-day policy. Roger Middleton, Business History This history of the post-WWII electricity supply industry in France, Great Britain and the US is well researched and well written. . . The author draws on newly available archival material to develop a sophisticated, deeply informed portrayal of the evolutionary process in each nation. . . This well-crafted industrial history should be of interest to practitioners and policy makers as well as students and scholars. Highly recommended. R.C. Singleton, Choice Nationalisation, regulation, privatisation: beyond polemics, history lessons by Martin Chick. Alain Beltran, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, France International economic history is not just concerned with flows of capital and goods. It involves comparisons of the economic policy and organisation of specific economic sectors. In this excellent book, Martin Chick examines energy policy issues, policy formation, policy makers and their advisers, in USA, France and Britain, drawing on original archive sources. He brings out the importance of strategic issues, including security, in the switch from coal to oil and natural gas, the European debate on coal and steel, pricing in electricity supply and finally privatisation and liberalisation of markets. It is a fine exercise in political economy and will appeal to scholars and students of politics as well as of history, economics and business studies. Robert Millward, University of Manchester, UK Analyzing the work of economic theorists and policy practitioners from the 1840s to the present, this sophisticated historical account helps scholars understand better the profound obstacles to making successful energy policy today. In particular, the cross-national study highlights the primacy of social, political, and historical forces over rational economic theory, demonstrating that energy policy making has never been (and will likely never become) a pure science based on cherished academic principles such as marginal-cost pricing. Richard Hirsh, Consortium on Energy Restructuring, Virginia Tech, US Martin Chick s overview of the formation and implementation of energy policy in three countries since 1945 is a remarkable achievement. Writing clearly, confidently a
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1847206891
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 217
Book Description
. . . it s a valuable and laudable work. . . I found it interesting and helpful to have an account of the parallel developments in the other two countries. . . An analysis of important aspects of British and French energy policy development based on primary sources is a worthwhile contribution. A broad comparative synthesis of energy policy in the three countries is also a worthwhile contribution. John Neufeld, EH.NET The main objective of this very interesting book is to analyse from economic history and political economy perspectives the similarities and differences in the forms that the electricity sector has been organized and the ways that energy policy has developed in Britain, France, and the US. The book s organization and the clarity of the writing make for a highly rewarding read. . . Chick has dedicated many years to studying the electricity sector, and this book demonstrates his mastery of this complex industry. . . Chick s book will be of decided interest to energy specialists, but it will also appeal to a broader readership including economic historians, political economists, and other social scientists who wish to understand the crucial role that energy has played in international politics, economic growth, and human welfare during the period since the Second World War. Judith Clifton, The Economic History Review Chick s superb study of this crucial sector goes right to the heart of a number of problems associated with markets and government, casting light on each. It also sheds light in unexpected areas, and in particular on the history of economic thought. Above all, this volume succeeds admirably in fusing the best techniques of business and economic history to show why history matters for present-day policy. Roger Middleton, Business History This history of the post-WWII electricity supply industry in France, Great Britain and the US is well researched and well written. . . The author draws on newly available archival material to develop a sophisticated, deeply informed portrayal of the evolutionary process in each nation. . . This well-crafted industrial history should be of interest to practitioners and policy makers as well as students and scholars. Highly recommended. R.C. Singleton, Choice Nationalisation, regulation, privatisation: beyond polemics, history lessons by Martin Chick. Alain Beltran, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, France International economic history is not just concerned with flows of capital and goods. It involves comparisons of the economic policy and organisation of specific economic sectors. In this excellent book, Martin Chick examines energy policy issues, policy formation, policy makers and their advisers, in USA, France and Britain, drawing on original archive sources. He brings out the importance of strategic issues, including security, in the switch from coal to oil and natural gas, the European debate on coal and steel, pricing in electricity supply and finally privatisation and liberalisation of markets. It is a fine exercise in political economy and will appeal to scholars and students of politics as well as of history, economics and business studies. Robert Millward, University of Manchester, UK Analyzing the work of economic theorists and policy practitioners from the 1840s to the present, this sophisticated historical account helps scholars understand better the profound obstacles to making successful energy policy today. In particular, the cross-national study highlights the primacy of social, political, and historical forces over rational economic theory, demonstrating that energy policy making has never been (and will likely never become) a pure science based on cherished academic principles such as marginal-cost pricing. Richard Hirsh, Consortium on Energy Restructuring, Virginia Tech, US Martin Chick s overview of the formation and implementation of energy policy in three countries since 1945 is a remarkable achievement. Writing clearly, confidently a
Research in Economic History
Author: Christopher Hanes
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN: 1787565823
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 218
Book Description
Volume 34 contains articles on the economic history of Europe, North America and South America and brings new analysis, and newly created datasets to address issues of interest.
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN: 1787565823
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 218
Book Description
Volume 34 contains articles on the economic history of Europe, North America and South America and brings new analysis, and newly created datasets to address issues of interest.
Economic History of the European Energy Industry
Author: Alberte Martínez-López
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 104011198X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 252
Book Description
Global climate change and the war in Ukraine have put energy back on the agenda for Europe in a way that has not been seen since the oil crisis of the 1970s. But the economics and business of supplying energy to Europe has a long and rich history going back to the nineteenth century. This book explores changes in energy markets, strategies, firms and investments during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The primary focus is on manufactured gas—the gas that was initially produced from coal distillation until new ways of manufacturing gas emerged after the Second World War. The expert contributors to this volume draw on their extensive research and utilise primary sources to explore a wide range of issues, including technological adaptation, market regulation, energy investments (particularly the role of foreign capital), gas consumption and supply issues. The case studies are particularly drawn from Spain, France and Italy, but the authors provide a comparative and global perspective to consider the wider context. The volume closes with an epilogue that brings the story into the present day to consider current issues affecting gas markets in the EU, including war, geostrategy and pipelines. This book will be of interest to readers in economic history, business history, energy history, the history of public utilities and modern European history more broadly.
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 104011198X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 252
Book Description
Global climate change and the war in Ukraine have put energy back on the agenda for Europe in a way that has not been seen since the oil crisis of the 1970s. But the economics and business of supplying energy to Europe has a long and rich history going back to the nineteenth century. This book explores changes in energy markets, strategies, firms and investments during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The primary focus is on manufactured gas—the gas that was initially produced from coal distillation until new ways of manufacturing gas emerged after the Second World War. The expert contributors to this volume draw on their extensive research and utilise primary sources to explore a wide range of issues, including technological adaptation, market regulation, energy investments (particularly the role of foreign capital), gas consumption and supply issues. The case studies are particularly drawn from Spain, France and Italy, but the authors provide a comparative and global perspective to consider the wider context. The volume closes with an epilogue that brings the story into the present day to consider current issues affecting gas markets in the EU, including war, geostrategy and pipelines. This book will be of interest to readers in economic history, business history, energy history, the history of public utilities and modern European history more broadly.
Beyond the Firm
Author: Takao Shiba
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 9780198290605
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 328
Book Description
Special attention has been devoted in recent years to the distinctive features of Japanese economic organisation. This book brings together contributions from international scholars presenting analysis and evidence of this phenomena
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 9780198290605
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 328
Book Description
Special attention has been devoted in recent years to the distinctive features of Japanese economic organisation. This book brings together contributions from international scholars presenting analysis and evidence of this phenomena
Le potentiel transformateur de l’industrie minière en Afrique
Author: Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464804877
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 230
Book Description
Africa needs power—power to enhance the welfare of its people and expand its economies. But Sub-Saharan Africa’s power sector has the lowest generation capacity in the world. Two-thirds of the regional population remains without electricity and even those with access consume the least among the world’s regions. Businesses say unreliable electricity is a major hurdle. Meanwhile, vast energy resources remain untapped. One possible solution is to leverage the mining industry’s substantial need for power as an anchor for energy infrastructure development. 'The Power of the Mine: A Transformative Opportunity for Sub-Saharan Africa' is the first study to systematically analyze both the potential and the challenges of power-mining integration. The findings show that industry demand for electricity can be a game changer. Mining operations often devote a quarter or more of operating costs to electricity. This consistent, high-volume demand can spur development of national power systems, thus expanding electrification for the populace. As a result, citizens can also benefit from safe, adequate access to electricity. Countries benefit from larger exports and tax revenues, more business and job opportunities, and higher GDP. Utilities benefit from having creditworthy mining partners as a core source of revenue that attracts investment. And mines benefit from the significant cost reductions a stable power grid provides. 'The Power of the Mine' will be of interest to policymakers, researchers, and business analysts engaged in energy infrastructure development.
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464804877
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 230
Book Description
Africa needs power—power to enhance the welfare of its people and expand its economies. But Sub-Saharan Africa’s power sector has the lowest generation capacity in the world. Two-thirds of the regional population remains without electricity and even those with access consume the least among the world’s regions. Businesses say unreliable electricity is a major hurdle. Meanwhile, vast energy resources remain untapped. One possible solution is to leverage the mining industry’s substantial need for power as an anchor for energy infrastructure development. 'The Power of the Mine: A Transformative Opportunity for Sub-Saharan Africa' is the first study to systematically analyze both the potential and the challenges of power-mining integration. The findings show that industry demand for electricity can be a game changer. Mining operations often devote a quarter or more of operating costs to electricity. This consistent, high-volume demand can spur development of national power systems, thus expanding electrification for the populace. As a result, citizens can also benefit from safe, adequate access to electricity. Countries benefit from larger exports and tax revenues, more business and job opportunities, and higher GDP. Utilities benefit from having creditworthy mining partners as a core source of revenue that attracts investment. And mines benefit from the significant cost reductions a stable power grid provides. 'The Power of the Mine' will be of interest to policymakers, researchers, and business analysts engaged in energy infrastructure development.
L'électricité en réseaux
Author: François Caron
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric power systems
Languages : en
Pages : 200
Book Description
En décembre 2003, la Fondation Électricité de France et la Maison des sciences de l'homme d'Aquitaine ont organisé un colloque pour célébrer le vingtième anniversaire de la parution de Networks of Power : Electrification in Western Society 1880-1930, de Thomas P. Hughes. Cet ouvrage, rapidement devenu une référence incontournable, constitue une étape essentielle dans l'historiographie consacrée à l'histoire de l'électricité. Une quinzaine de spécialistes des États-Unis et d'Europe ont fait le lien entre leurs recherches et les théories de Hughes. Le choix des thèmes respectait les sujets abordés dans Networks of Power, tout en donnant entière liberté aux participants sur la façon de les traiter. Les concepts utilisés par le chercheur américain ont beaucoup retenu l'attention, et notamment ceux de " système ", de " momentum technologique " et de " reverse salient ". En même temps, afin de ne pas limiter l'analyse de l'industrie électrique à ses seuls aspects techniques, plusieurs auteurs l'ont abordée sous l'angle des réseaux humains, managériaux ou financiers. Certains ont réexaminé les thèses de Hughes à partir des notions bien actuelles de régulation et de dérégulation. Enfin, les mêmes thèses ont été analysées à la lumière des liens complexes qu'entretiennent l'électricité et la culture. La publication des articles issus de ce colloque est non seulement un hommage rendu au grand historien américain Thomas P. Hughes, mais aussi l'occasion de proposer un aperçu de la fécondité des travaux menés en Europe et aux États-Unis autour de la notion de " réseaux ". Les Annales historiques de l'électricité, publiées avec le soutien de la Fondation Électricité de France, se proposent de faire connaître à un large public l'actualité de la recherche, nationale et internationale, dans le domaine de l'histoire de l'énergie électrique.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electric power systems
Languages : en
Pages : 200
Book Description
En décembre 2003, la Fondation Électricité de France et la Maison des sciences de l'homme d'Aquitaine ont organisé un colloque pour célébrer le vingtième anniversaire de la parution de Networks of Power : Electrification in Western Society 1880-1930, de Thomas P. Hughes. Cet ouvrage, rapidement devenu une référence incontournable, constitue une étape essentielle dans l'historiographie consacrée à l'histoire de l'électricité. Une quinzaine de spécialistes des États-Unis et d'Europe ont fait le lien entre leurs recherches et les théories de Hughes. Le choix des thèmes respectait les sujets abordés dans Networks of Power, tout en donnant entière liberté aux participants sur la façon de les traiter. Les concepts utilisés par le chercheur américain ont beaucoup retenu l'attention, et notamment ceux de " système ", de " momentum technologique " et de " reverse salient ". En même temps, afin de ne pas limiter l'analyse de l'industrie électrique à ses seuls aspects techniques, plusieurs auteurs l'ont abordée sous l'angle des réseaux humains, managériaux ou financiers. Certains ont réexaminé les thèses de Hughes à partir des notions bien actuelles de régulation et de dérégulation. Enfin, les mêmes thèses ont été analysées à la lumière des liens complexes qu'entretiennent l'électricité et la culture. La publication des articles issus de ce colloque est non seulement un hommage rendu au grand historien américain Thomas P. Hughes, mais aussi l'occasion de proposer un aperçu de la fécondité des travaux menés en Europe et aux États-Unis autour de la notion de " réseaux ". Les Annales historiques de l'électricité, publiées avec le soutien de la Fondation Électricité de France, se proposent de faire connaître à un large public l'actualité de la recherche, nationale et internationale, dans le domaine de l'histoire de l'énergie électrique.
Organisation, Financing and Operation of Publicly Owned Electric Utilities
The Development of Modern Spain
Author: Gabriel Tortella Casares
Publisher: Harvard University Press
ISBN: 9780674000940
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 552
Book Description
This reinterpretation of the history of modern Spain from the Enlightenment to the threshold of the twenty-first century explains the surprising changes that took Spain from a backward and impoverished nation, with decades of stagnation, civil disorder, and military rule, to one of the ten most developed economies in the world. The culmination of twenty years' work by the dean of economic history in Spain, founder of the Revista de Historia Económica and recipient of the Premio Rey Juan Carlos, Spain's highest honor for an academic, the book is rigorously analytical and quantitative, but eminently accessible. It reveals views and approaches little explored until now, showing how the main stages of Spanish political history have been largely determined by economic developments and by a seldom mentioned factor: human capital formation. It is comparative throughout, and concludes by applying the lessons of Spanish history to the plight of today's developing nations.
Publisher: Harvard University Press
ISBN: 9780674000940
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 552
Book Description
This reinterpretation of the history of modern Spain from the Enlightenment to the threshold of the twenty-first century explains the surprising changes that took Spain from a backward and impoverished nation, with decades of stagnation, civil disorder, and military rule, to one of the ten most developed economies in the world. The culmination of twenty years' work by the dean of economic history in Spain, founder of the Revista de Historia Económica and recipient of the Premio Rey Juan Carlos, Spain's highest honor for an academic, the book is rigorously analytical and quantitative, but eminently accessible. It reveals views and approaches little explored until now, showing how the main stages of Spanish political history have been largely determined by economic developments and by a seldom mentioned factor: human capital formation. It is comparative throughout, and concludes by applying the lessons of Spanish history to the plight of today's developing nations.
SmartGrids : les réseaux électriques intelligents
Author: SABONNADIERE Jean-Claude
Publisher: Lavoisier
ISBN: 2746275945
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 402
Book Description
L'avènement de la libéralisation des marchés de l'énergie a été un facteur clé de succès du développement des énergies renouvelables et de la maîtrise de la demande en énergie. L'insertion massive des productions décentralisées intermittentes sur les réseaux de distribution engendre une complexité de fonctionnement qui est préjudiciable à la sécurité. L'introduction des technologies de l'information et de la communication permet de pallier cette difficulté et ouvre des perspectives nouvelles dans la maîtrise de la demande énergétique en intégrant le consommateur dans le pilotage du réseau. C'est l'objet de l'ouvrage consacré aux réseaux intelligents connus sous le nom de SmartGrids. Le concept de Smartgrids est abordé sous diverses facettes par l'aspect commercial, économiques, réglementaire par des auteurs spécialistes de ces questions. La partie technique est abordée à la fois par l'aspect énergétique et celui des télécommunications et du comptage.
Publisher: Lavoisier
ISBN: 2746275945
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 402
Book Description
L'avènement de la libéralisation des marchés de l'énergie a été un facteur clé de succès du développement des énergies renouvelables et de la maîtrise de la demande en énergie. L'insertion massive des productions décentralisées intermittentes sur les réseaux de distribution engendre une complexité de fonctionnement qui est préjudiciable à la sécurité. L'introduction des technologies de l'information et de la communication permet de pallier cette difficulté et ouvre des perspectives nouvelles dans la maîtrise de la demande énergétique en intégrant le consommateur dans le pilotage du réseau. C'est l'objet de l'ouvrage consacré aux réseaux intelligents connus sous le nom de SmartGrids. Le concept de Smartgrids est abordé sous diverses facettes par l'aspect commercial, économiques, réglementaire par des auteurs spécialistes de ces questions. La partie technique est abordée à la fois par l'aspect énergétique et celui des télécommunications et du comptage.
Multinationals and Global Capitalism
Author: Geoffrey Jones
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199272093
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 353
Book Description
This book provides a unique contribution to contemporary globalization debates by providing an accessible survey of the growth and role of multinational enterprises in the world economy over the last two hundred years. The author shows how entrepreneurs built a global economy in the nineteenth century by creating firms that pursued resources and markets across borders. It demonstrates how multinationals shifted strategies as the first global economy disintegrated in the political and economic chaos between the two world wars, and how they have driven the creation of the contemporary global economy. Many of the issues of the global economy have been encountered in the past. This book shows how entrepreneurs and managers met the political, ethical, cultural and organizational challenges of operating across national borders at different times and in different environments. The role of multinationals is placed within their wider political and economic context. There are chapters on the impact of multinationals, and on relations with governments. The focus on the shifting roles of firms and industries over time rather than abstract trade and capital flows provides compelling evidence on the diversity and discontinuities of the globalization process. The book explains the history of multinationals across a wide spectrum of manufacturing, service and natural resource industries from an international perspective, which ranges widely across different countries. It provides an essential historical framework for understanding global business. An accessible survey of the history of international business worldwide, this book will be key reading for students taking courses in International Business, Business History, Multinationals, and Entrepreneurship; and of interest to academics and researchers working in these areas.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199272093
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 353
Book Description
This book provides a unique contribution to contemporary globalization debates by providing an accessible survey of the growth and role of multinational enterprises in the world economy over the last two hundred years. The author shows how entrepreneurs built a global economy in the nineteenth century by creating firms that pursued resources and markets across borders. It demonstrates how multinationals shifted strategies as the first global economy disintegrated in the political and economic chaos between the two world wars, and how they have driven the creation of the contemporary global economy. Many of the issues of the global economy have been encountered in the past. This book shows how entrepreneurs and managers met the political, ethical, cultural and organizational challenges of operating across national borders at different times and in different environments. The role of multinationals is placed within their wider political and economic context. There are chapters on the impact of multinationals, and on relations with governments. The focus on the shifting roles of firms and industries over time rather than abstract trade and capital flows provides compelling evidence on the diversity and discontinuities of the globalization process. The book explains the history of multinationals across a wide spectrum of manufacturing, service and natural resource industries from an international perspective, which ranges widely across different countries. It provides an essential historical framework for understanding global business. An accessible survey of the history of international business worldwide, this book will be key reading for students taking courses in International Business, Business History, Multinationals, and Entrepreneurship; and of interest to academics and researchers working in these areas.