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Author: Michael Arbeider Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 111
Book Description
Estuaries are valuable nursery and stopover habitats that support mobile consumers during their ontogenetic migrations such as juvenile anadromous salmon. My first data chapter was an extensive field study that examined how two salmon and two small pelagic fish integrate with key prey across the estuary of the Skeena River. The different fishes selected different prey that were unevenly distributed across the estuary seascape in time and space; however, some prey were associated with biophysical factors like salinity and eelgrass. My next chapter compiled empirical published data on five species of juvenile salmon growth rates and residency durations. Several species had poor coverage of these aspects, but it was evident that different salmon species and life history strategies have different growth rates and residency durations in estuaries. Collectively, this work adds and organizes empirical support for valuing estuaries as important habitat for juvenile salmon.
Author: Michael Arbeider Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 111
Book Description
Estuaries are valuable nursery and stopover habitats that support mobile consumers during their ontogenetic migrations such as juvenile anadromous salmon. My first data chapter was an extensive field study that examined how two salmon and two small pelagic fish integrate with key prey across the estuary of the Skeena River. The different fishes selected different prey that were unevenly distributed across the estuary seascape in time and space; however, some prey were associated with biophysical factors like salinity and eelgrass. My next chapter compiled empirical published data on five species of juvenile salmon growth rates and residency durations. Several species had poor coverage of these aspects, but it was evident that different salmon species and life history strategies have different growth rates and residency durations in estuaries. Collectively, this work adds and organizes empirical support for valuing estuaries as important habitat for juvenile salmon.
Author: Brianna Dailey Pierce Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 97
Book Description
Estuaries are valuable nursery grounds for anadromous Pacific salmon supplying diverse habitats, quality foraging grounds, and a transition between freshwater and saltwater environments. By providing alternative rearing habitats, estuaries may also bolster the life history diversity expressed in a population, thereby increasing population-level stability. Conversely, the degradation and loss of estuarine habitats has been partially responsible for declines in wild salmon populations. In Alaska, most natural systems are largely intact with minimal anthropogenic alterations. However, the human population and associated land use is increasing. Alaska has the opportunity to learn from the mistakes made in the Pacific Northwest and identify and protect the critical rearing habitat of these culturally, economically, and ecologically valuable species. To do so, we need an understanding of how juvenile salmon use Alaskan estuaries. In this thesis, I describe the resource use, residence, and movement patterns of juvenile salmon in the Anchor River estuary in southcentral Alaska. Specifically, I (1) assess the resource partitioning between juvenile Coho and Chinook salmon, (2) determine which age classes use the estuary and for how long, (3) examine the tidal movement of juvenile salmon, and (4) utilize a social network analysis to explore the social structure of juvenile Coho Salmon. Coho and Chinook salmon primarily partitioned resources spatially and to a lesser extent temporally, whereas their prey resources overlapped considerably. Varying abundances of Chinook Salmon provided a natural experiment that I used to determine that Coho Salmon interactively partition habitat resources by primarily occupying tidal marsh channels when Chinook Salmon are present in the main channel. Although juvenile Coho Salmon were present throughout the sampling period (May-Oct), they were most abundant later in the season (Aug) and individuals of all three age classes reared in the estuary for over 100 d. Some Coho Salmon tagged in 2015 were still present in the estuary in 2016. Chinook Salmon were most abundant earlier in the season (Jun-July) and did not remain in the estuary past mid-August. The longest individual residence time for a Chinook Salmon was 42 d. Channel connectivity influenced the tidal movement patterns of Coho Salmon. I used passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and in-channel antennas to assess fish movement in two marsh channels. In the marsh channel that remained fully connected to the main channel at low tide, fish movement was mostly independent of the tidal stage or channel depth. In the marsh channel that was only marginally connected to the main channel, fish detections were greatest when the tidal stage was high enough to raise the channel depth. However, contrary to my expectations, fish were detected throughout the tidal cycle and at all channel depths, indicating that they used the marginal connection to move between habitat patches even at low tide. Juvenile Coho Salmon social relationships varied through time. I constructed static and dynamic social networks from the time-stamped observations of fish detections to explore the social structure of juvenile Coho Salmon. Fish did not preferentially associate with similarly sized fish. Fish did not appear to maintain stable relationships, but instead exhibited fission-fusion dynamics where social relationships were continually formed and dissolved, indicating that the frequent co-occurrence of individuals is likely due to mutual site fidelity and not social preference. Although the Anchor River is relatively small, the salmon populations it supports are highly important to the culture, economy, and ecology of the region. The results of this thesis demonstrate that the diverse habitats of the estuary support multiple species and life history types for prolonged periods. By appropriately identifying and conserving critical juvenile salmon rearing habitat, we can help maintain healthy salmon populations into the future. This thesis includes an animated dynamic social network (Video S1) provided as supplementary material.
Author: Peter B. Moyle Publisher: Univ of California Press ISBN: 0520276086 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 252
Book Description
One of California's most remarkable wetlands, Suisun Marsh is the largest tidal marsh on the West Coast and a major feature of the San Francisco Estuary. This productive and unique habitat supports endemic species, is a nursery for native fishes, and is a vital link for migratory waterfowl. The 6,000-year-old marsh has been affected by human activity, and humans will continue to have significant impacts on the marsh as the sea level rises and cultural values shift in the century ahead. This study includes in-depth information about the ecological and human history of Suisun Marsh, its abiotic and biotic characteristics, agents of ecological change, and alternative futures facing this ecosystem.
Author: Nichole K. Sather Publisher: ISBN: Category : Pacific salmon Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
The decline of many Pacific salmon stocks has stimulated interest in the early life history and habitat requirements of juvenile salmon. Although estuarine habitat associations of juvenile salmon have been investigated in many coastal areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean, until recently, little was known about juvenile salmonid ecology within the Straits of Juan de Fuca. During the Spring/Summer outmigration period in 2006 and 2007, I examined the early life history of the five species of anadromous salmon in the Dungeness River estuary on the north Olympic Peninsula, Washington. I sampled multiple spatial scales within several habitat types to characterize salmon distribution and habitat use. My results presented in this thesis are segregated into two components: 1) tidal marsh ecology of juvenile salmonids in the Dungeness River estuary, and 2) the landscape-scale distribution of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness River estuary. I examined the population of juvenile salmonids within blind tidal sloughs near the vicinity of the Dungeness River delta. Salmonids were present within the tidal marshes throughout the entire outmigration period (e.g., March through July). Juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were the most abundant salmonid species within the marshes. Based on the temporal distribution and size structure of juvenile Chinook salmon in the estuary I identified at least four life history types: 1) a fry strategy included a large pulse of fish emigrating from the river at a small size (e.g., 35-45mm FL) during late winter and early spring months; 2) the second group of fish was the least abundant group emigrating from the river from April through mid May at sizes ranging from 50-75mm FL; 3) the third group of migrants entered the estuary between from late spring through the summer months at larger sizes than the initial groups (e.g., 60-90mm FL); and 4) the final group of Chinook salmon included a stream-type yearling strategy. In addition to the four life history strategies identified for Chinook salmon, I detected at least three groups of chum salmon migrating into the estuary. These groups were distinguished by their size and timing of migration and are further described according to different rearing strategies. The distribution of juvenile salmonids was most strongly influenced by the degree of connectivity (i.e., distance) between the tidal marshes and the mouth of the Dungeness River. Habitat complexity and opportunity also governed the distribution of juvenile salmonids within the tidal marshes. I also sampled three regions of the estuary with a beach seine to investigate the nearshore distribution of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness River estuary: the delta face, inner Bay, and outer Bay. Among the three regions, species composition was highly variable between 2006 and 2007. The most common salmonids encountered within the beach seine sites included Chinook salmon, chum salmon (O. kisutch), and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha). The relative abundance of salmonids was highest near the delta face and lowest within the outer bay area. The landscape-scale distribution and habitat use of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness River estuary is largely influenced by ecosystem connectivity, but is also linked to biotic characteristics of the fish (e.g., life history type and fish size). Although the Dungeness includes hydrogeomorphic characteristics (e.g., steep river gradient, composition of sand spits in the estuary) unique to other Pacific Northwest watersheds, this system produces a variety of life history types comparable to other estuaries. Understanding the mechanisms that drive the distribution of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness will supply local resource managers with a baseline with which to establish ecosystem restoration goals.
Author: Colin D. Levings Publisher: UBC Press ISBN: 0774831766 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 389
Book Description
For centuries, biologists have marvelled at how anadromous salmonids – fish that pass from rivers into oceans and back again – survive as they migrate between these two very different environments. Yet, relatively little is understood about what happens to salmonid species (including salmon, steelhead, char, and trout) in the estuaries where they make this transition from fresh to salt water. This book explains the critical role estuaries play in salmonid survival. Ecology of Salmonids in Estuaries around the World synthesizes information from a vast array of literature, to describe the specific adaptation of eighteen anadromous salmonids in four genera (Hucho, Oncorhynchus, Salmo, and Salvelinus) explain the ecological relationships between anadromous salmonids, the fish they coexist with, and their estuarine habitat discuss key fitness elements salmonids need for survival (including those relating to osmoregulation, growth and feeding mechanisms, and biotic interactions) provide guidance on how to conduct estuarine sampling and scientific aspects of management and recovery plans offer directions for future research. The critical reference is further enhanced by extensive supplementary appendices that are available online, including data tables, additional references on estuarine salmonids, and a primer on estuaries and salmonids for citizen scientists.
Author: Pascale A. L. Goertler Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 91
Book Description
For many fish and wildlife species, a mosaic of available habitats is required to complete their life cycle, and is considered necessary to ensure population stability and persistence. Particularly for young animals, nursery habitats provide opportunities for rapid growth and high survival during this vulnerable life stage. My thesis focuses on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and their use of estuarine wetlands as nursery habitat. Estuaries are highly productive systems representing a mosaic of habitats connecting rivers to the sea, and freshwater tidal estuaries provide abundant prey communities, shade, refuge from predation and transitional habitat for the osmoregulatory changes experienced by anadromous fishes. I will be discussing the freshwater tidal wetland habitat use of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Columbia River estuary, which are listed under the Endangered Species Act. I used otolith microstructural growth estimates and prey consumption to measure rearing habitat quality. This sampling effort was designed to target as much genetic diversity as possible, and individual assignment to regional stocks of origin was used to describe the diversity of juvenile Chinook salmon groups inhabiting the estuary. Diversity is important for resilience, and in salmon biocomplexity within fish stocks has been shown to ensure collective productivity despite environmental change. However much of the research which links diversity to resilience in salmon has focused on the adult portion of the life cycle and many resource management policies oversimplify juvenile life history diversity. When this oversimplification of juvenile life history diversity is applied to salmon conservation it may be ignoring critical indicators for stability. Therefore in addition to genetic diversity I also explore methods for better defining juvenile life history diversity and its application in salmon management, such as permitting requirements, habitat restoration, hydropower practices and hatchery management. This study addresses how juvenile salmon growth changes among a range of wetland habitats in the freshwater tidal portion of the Columbia River estuary and how growth variation describes and contributes to life history diversity. To do this, I incorporated otolith microstructure, individual assignment to regional stock of origin, GIS habitat mapping and diet composition, in three habitats (mainstem river, tributary confluence and backwater channel) along ~130 km of the upper estuary. For my first chapter I employed a generalized linear model (GLM) to test three hypotheses: juvenile Chinook growth was best explained by (1) temporal factors, (2) habitat use, or (3) demographic characteristics, such as stock of origin or the timing of seaward migration. I found that variation in growth was best explained by habitat type and an interaction between fork length and month of capture. Juvenile Chinook salmon grew faster in backwater channel habitat and later in the summer. I also found that mid-summer and late summer/fall subyearlings had the highest estuarine growth rates. When compared to other studies in the basin these juvenile Chinook grew on average 0.23, 0.11-0.43 mm/d in the freshwater tidal estuary, similar to estimates in the brackish estuary, but ~4 times slower than those in the plume and upstream reservoirs. However, survival studies from the system elucidated a possible tradeoff between growth and survival in the Columbia River basin. These findings present a unique example of the complexity in understanding the influences of the many processes that generate variation in growth rate for juvenile anadromous fish inhabiting estuaries. In my second chapter, I used otolith microstructure and growth trends produced in a dynamic factor analysis (DFA, a multivariate time series method only recently being used in fisheries) to identify the life history variation in juvenile Chinook salmon caught in the Columbia River estuary over a two-year period (2010-2012). I used genetic assignment to stock of origin and capture location and date with growth trajectories, as a proxy for habitat transitions, to reconstruct life history types. DFA estimated four to five growth trends were present in juvenile Chinook salmon caught in the Columbia River estuary, diversity currently being simplified in many management practices. Regional stocks and habitats did not display divergent growth histories, but the marked hatchery fish did ordinate very similarly in the trend loadings from the DFA analysis, suggesting that hatchery fish may not experience the same breadth of growth variability as wild fish. I was not able to quantify juvenile life history diversity, and juvenile Chinook life history diversity remains difficult to catalog and integrate into species conservation and habitat restoration for resource management. However, by expanding our understanding of how juvenile Chinook salmon experience their freshwater rearing environment we improve our capacity to conserve and manage salmon populations. The findings from my thesis provide the necessary information for a restoration framework to link habitat features with salmon management goals, such as juvenile growth, wild and genetic origin and life history diversity.
Author: Thomas P. Quinn Publisher: UBC Press ISBN: 0774842431 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 392
Book Description
The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout explains the patterns of mate choice, the competition for nest sites, and the fate of the salmon after their death. It describes the lives of offspring during the months they spend incubating in gravel, growing in fresh water, and migrating out to sea to mature. This thorough, up-to-date survey should be on the shelf of everyone with a professional or personal interest in Pacific salmon and trout. Written in a technically accurate but engaging style, it will appeal to a wide range of readers, including students, anglers, biologists, conservationists, legislators, and armchair naturalists.
Author: W. R. Pollard Publisher: Madeira Park, B.C. : Harbour Pub. ISBN: Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 48
Book Description
A must for biologists, resource assessment workers, forestry workers, salmon enhancement groups, naturalists, fisheries students and members of the public interested in fisheries projects.
Author: Michael Arbeider
Author: Michael Arbeider
Author: Brianna Dailey Pierce
Author: Peter B. Moyle
Author: Nichole K. Sather
Author: Colin D. Levings
Author: Pascale A. L. Goertler
Author: Thomas P. Quinn
Author: Antonio M. Baptista
Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Author: W. R. Pollard