Author: Andrei A. Zagorodni
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080467539
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 495
Book Description
Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications fills a "two-dimensional" gap in books currently available on the subject. Firstly, there is a lack of modern comprehensive publications on the chemistry of ion exchange materials and on the relationships between their properties and practical applications. Secondly, there are few books on ion exchange chemistry that are targeted to industrial R&D specialists and research students who (i) do not work with ion exchange on a daily basis, (ii) need to develop competence in this area, and (iii) find it difficult to start studying the subject from primary scientific publications. The book bridges these gaps by describing classical and modern theoretical concepts, as well as practical approaches for using ion exchange materials. Ion exchange materials combine properties of homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. Besides being an interesting subject for investigation, they are essential in a wide variety of industrial technologies: in the chemical and biochemical industries, pharmacy, medicine, microelectronics, the nuclear industry, food production, waste treatment, and many other areas. Ion exchange is a powerful tool in chemical analysis and scientific research. The main focus in this book is on ion exchange polymers: ion exchange resins, chelating resins, imprinted (templated), and other functional polymers. It provides an in-depth study of ion exchange materials, suitable for postgraduate students and R&D industrial specialists in chemistry, chemical and biochemical technology. - Comprehensively covers the subject - Provides links between theoretical concepts, material properties, practical applications, and technical solutions - Easy to understand - requires only ground knowledge of university-level chemistry and can be read without an in-depth knowledge of mathematics - Supported with an interactive website
Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications
Author: Andrei A. Zagorodni
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080467539
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 495
Book Description
Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications fills a "two-dimensional" gap in books currently available on the subject. Firstly, there is a lack of modern comprehensive publications on the chemistry of ion exchange materials and on the relationships between their properties and practical applications. Secondly, there are few books on ion exchange chemistry that are targeted to industrial R&D specialists and research students who (i) do not work with ion exchange on a daily basis, (ii) need to develop competence in this area, and (iii) find it difficult to start studying the subject from primary scientific publications. The book bridges these gaps by describing classical and modern theoretical concepts, as well as practical approaches for using ion exchange materials. Ion exchange materials combine properties of homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. Besides being an interesting subject for investigation, they are essential in a wide variety of industrial technologies: in the chemical and biochemical industries, pharmacy, medicine, microelectronics, the nuclear industry, food production, waste treatment, and many other areas. Ion exchange is a powerful tool in chemical analysis and scientific research. The main focus in this book is on ion exchange polymers: ion exchange resins, chelating resins, imprinted (templated), and other functional polymers. It provides an in-depth study of ion exchange materials, suitable for postgraduate students and R&D industrial specialists in chemistry, chemical and biochemical technology. - Comprehensively covers the subject - Provides links between theoretical concepts, material properties, practical applications, and technical solutions - Easy to understand - requires only ground knowledge of university-level chemistry and can be read without an in-depth knowledge of mathematics - Supported with an interactive website
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080467539
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 495
Book Description
Ion Exchange Materials: Properties and Applications fills a "two-dimensional" gap in books currently available on the subject. Firstly, there is a lack of modern comprehensive publications on the chemistry of ion exchange materials and on the relationships between their properties and practical applications. Secondly, there are few books on ion exchange chemistry that are targeted to industrial R&D specialists and research students who (i) do not work with ion exchange on a daily basis, (ii) need to develop competence in this area, and (iii) find it difficult to start studying the subject from primary scientific publications. The book bridges these gaps by describing classical and modern theoretical concepts, as well as practical approaches for using ion exchange materials. Ion exchange materials combine properties of homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. Besides being an interesting subject for investigation, they are essential in a wide variety of industrial technologies: in the chemical and biochemical industries, pharmacy, medicine, microelectronics, the nuclear industry, food production, waste treatment, and many other areas. Ion exchange is a powerful tool in chemical analysis and scientific research. The main focus in this book is on ion exchange polymers: ion exchange resins, chelating resins, imprinted (templated), and other functional polymers. It provides an in-depth study of ion exchange materials, suitable for postgraduate students and R&D industrial specialists in chemistry, chemical and biochemical technology. - Comprehensively covers the subject - Provides links between theoretical concepts, material properties, practical applications, and technical solutions - Easy to understand - requires only ground knowledge of university-level chemistry and can be read without an in-depth knowledge of mathematics - Supported with an interactive website
Ion Exchange Technology I
Author: Inamuddin Dr.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400717008
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 561
Book Description
Ion-exchange Technology I: Theory and Materials describes the theoretical principles of ion-exchange processes. More specifically, this volume focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and modelling of ion-exchange materials and their associated kinetics and equilibria. This title is a highly valuable source not only to postgraduate students and researchers but also to industrial R&D specialists in chemistry, chemical, and biochemical technology as well as to engineers and industrialists.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400717008
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 561
Book Description
Ion-exchange Technology I: Theory and Materials describes the theoretical principles of ion-exchange processes. More specifically, this volume focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and modelling of ion-exchange materials and their associated kinetics and equilibria. This title is a highly valuable source not only to postgraduate students and researchers but also to industrial R&D specialists in chemistry, chemical, and biochemical technology as well as to engineers and industrialists.
Ion Exchange Materials
Author: Andrei A. Zagorodni
Publisher: Elsevier Science Limited
ISBN: 9780080445526
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 477
Book Description
The book fills a two-dimensional gap. First, there is a lack of modern comprehensive books on chemistry of ion exchange materials and on relationships between their properties and practical applications. Second, there is a lack of books on chemistry of ion exchange that are targeted for industrial R&D specialists and research students who- (i) have not been working with ion exchange on daily basis, (ii) need this new competence, and (iii) find it difficult to start studying the subject from primary scientific publications. The book describes classical and modern theoretical concepts as well as practical approaches to exploitation of ion exchange materials. The book is attempted to be written with an open mind presenting known concepts and indicating gaps in the scientific knowledge.The contents of this book are outlined and rationalised as follows. The most extensive application of ion exchange materials is separation technology. As a result, the major part of the book is focused on separation applications. However, all fundamental concepts of ion exchange interactions are fully applicable to questions of ion exchange catalysis, designing of artificial soils, and other uses of these materials.Ion exchangers have many appearances, natural and artificial, inorganic and polymeric. They are woods, papers, sands, clays, glauconites, zeolites, functional resins, and even living organisms. In this book, the main focus is on ion exchange polymers- ion exchange resins, chelating resins, imprinted (templated), and other functional polymers. Other materials, and first of all such inorganic materials as zeolites, are also described, but to a less extend.Key Features- Comprehensively covers the subject.- Provides links between theoretical concepts, properties of the materials, practical applications, and technical solutions.- Can be read with only ground knowledge of university-level chemistry.- Can be read without a deep knowledge of mathematics.- Easy to understand.- Supported with an interactive web-site.Key Features- Comprehensively covers the subject.- Provides links between theoretical concepts, properties of the materials, practical applications, and technical solutions.- Can be read with only ground knowledge of university-level chemistry.- Can be read without a deep knowledge of mathematics.- Easy to understand.- Supported with an interactive web-site.
Publisher: Elsevier Science Limited
ISBN: 9780080445526
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 477
Book Description
The book fills a two-dimensional gap. First, there is a lack of modern comprehensive books on chemistry of ion exchange materials and on relationships between their properties and practical applications. Second, there is a lack of books on chemistry of ion exchange that are targeted for industrial R&D specialists and research students who- (i) have not been working with ion exchange on daily basis, (ii) need this new competence, and (iii) find it difficult to start studying the subject from primary scientific publications. The book describes classical and modern theoretical concepts as well as practical approaches to exploitation of ion exchange materials. The book is attempted to be written with an open mind presenting known concepts and indicating gaps in the scientific knowledge.The contents of this book are outlined and rationalised as follows. The most extensive application of ion exchange materials is separation technology. As a result, the major part of the book is focused on separation applications. However, all fundamental concepts of ion exchange interactions are fully applicable to questions of ion exchange catalysis, designing of artificial soils, and other uses of these materials.Ion exchangers have many appearances, natural and artificial, inorganic and polymeric. They are woods, papers, sands, clays, glauconites, zeolites, functional resins, and even living organisms. In this book, the main focus is on ion exchange polymers- ion exchange resins, chelating resins, imprinted (templated), and other functional polymers. Other materials, and first of all such inorganic materials as zeolites, are also described, but to a less extend.Key Features- Comprehensively covers the subject.- Provides links between theoretical concepts, properties of the materials, practical applications, and technical solutions.- Can be read with only ground knowledge of university-level chemistry.- Can be read without a deep knowledge of mathematics.- Easy to understand.- Supported with an interactive web-site.Key Features- Comprehensively covers the subject.- Provides links between theoretical concepts, properties of the materials, practical applications, and technical solutions.- Can be read with only ground knowledge of university-level chemistry.- Can be read without a deep knowledge of mathematics.- Easy to understand.- Supported with an interactive web-site.
Ion Exchange
Author: C E Harland
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1847551181
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Ion Exchange, 2nd Edition is a totally revised and updated version of the highly popular Monograph for Teachers, first published by The Royal Society of Chemistry in 1975. It covers the practical application of ion exchange and the synthesis of organic ion exchange resins, which have spanned nearly 60 years of development since the pioneering work of Adams and Holmes in 1935. This book covers the theory, development, and application in considerable detail and describes the history of development of ion exchange materials and the advances in their utilization in industrial processes. Key applications in such areas as water purification, hydrometallurgy, and chromatography are described and supported by chapters on the related scientific fundamentals governing equilibria and kinetics of ion exchange. Twenty-two experiments using inexpensive equipment are detailed, which not only complement a chapter dedicated to the characterization of organic exchangers, but also serve to illustrate several other pure and applied principles related to ion exchange phenomena. It is anticipated that the unique inclusion of experiments and the broad coverage of the whole text should appeal to a wide readership and offer particular relevance to practitioners in schools, colleges, and industry.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1847551181
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Ion Exchange, 2nd Edition is a totally revised and updated version of the highly popular Monograph for Teachers, first published by The Royal Society of Chemistry in 1975. It covers the practical application of ion exchange and the synthesis of organic ion exchange resins, which have spanned nearly 60 years of development since the pioneering work of Adams and Holmes in 1935. This book covers the theory, development, and application in considerable detail and describes the history of development of ion exchange materials and the advances in their utilization in industrial processes. Key applications in such areas as water purification, hydrometallurgy, and chromatography are described and supported by chapters on the related scientific fundamentals governing equilibria and kinetics of ion exchange. Twenty-two experiments using inexpensive equipment are detailed, which not only complement a chapter dedicated to the characterization of organic exchangers, but also serve to illustrate several other pure and applied principles related to ion exchange phenomena. It is anticipated that the unique inclusion of experiments and the broad coverage of the whole text should appeal to a wide readership and offer particular relevance to practitioners in schools, colleges, and industry.
Applications of Ion Exchange Materials in Biomedical Industries
Author: Inamuddin
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030060829
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 232
Book Description
This book presents the applications of ion-exchange materials in the biomedical industries. It includes topics related to the application of ion exchange chromatography in determination, extraction and separation of various compounds such as amino acids, morphine, antibiotics, nucleotides, penicillin and many more. This title is a highly valuable source of knowledge on ion-exchange materials and their applications suitable for postgraduate students and researchers but also to industrial R&D specialists in chemistry, chemical, and biochemical technology. Additionally, this book will provide an in-depth knowledge of ion-exchange column and operations suitable for engineers and industrialists.
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030060829
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 232
Book Description
This book presents the applications of ion-exchange materials in the biomedical industries. It includes topics related to the application of ion exchange chromatography in determination, extraction and separation of various compounds such as amino acids, morphine, antibiotics, nucleotides, penicillin and many more. This title is a highly valuable source of knowledge on ion-exchange materials and their applications suitable for postgraduate students and researchers but also to industrial R&D specialists in chemistry, chemical, and biochemical technology. Additionally, this book will provide an in-depth knowledge of ion-exchange column and operations suitable for engineers and industrialists.
Applications of Adsorption and Ion Exchange Chromatography in Waste Water Treatment
Author: Inamuddin
Publisher: Materials Research Forum LLC
ISBN: 1945291338
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 311
Book Description
The ion-exchange process is a natural phenomenon and mankind has been using this technique since the early days of civilisation. With the progress of technologies and concepts, we got a better understanding of this technique and increased its application horizon. Like in other research areas, nanotechnology has also penetrated heavily into this field, and has helped develop smart materials with better properties for application in adsorption and ion-exchange chromatography. A large amount of research was carried out in this field in the last few decades, showing the importance of these materials and technologies. Water treatment is receiving great attention worldwide, due to the increasing demand of drinking water and hence the need to recycle polluted water sources. Keeping this importance in mind, this book “Applications of Adsorption and Ion Exchange Chromatography in Waste Water Treatment” has been edited with contributions from well know experts in the field, who have been working on different ion-exchange materials and technologies for many years.
Publisher: Materials Research Forum LLC
ISBN: 1945291338
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 311
Book Description
The ion-exchange process is a natural phenomenon and mankind has been using this technique since the early days of civilisation. With the progress of technologies and concepts, we got a better understanding of this technique and increased its application horizon. Like in other research areas, nanotechnology has also penetrated heavily into this field, and has helped develop smart materials with better properties for application in adsorption and ion-exchange chromatography. A large amount of research was carried out in this field in the last few decades, showing the importance of these materials and technologies. Water treatment is receiving great attention worldwide, due to the increasing demand of drinking water and hence the need to recycle polluted water sources. Keeping this importance in mind, this book “Applications of Adsorption and Ion Exchange Chromatography in Waste Water Treatment” has been edited with contributions from well know experts in the field, who have been working on different ion-exchange materials and technologies for many years.
Ion-Exchange Membrane Separation Processes
Author: H Strathmann
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080509401
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 361
Book Description
Today, membranes and membrane processes are used as efficient tools for the separation of liquid mixtures or gases in the chemical and biomedical industry, in water desalination and wastewater purification. Despite the fact that various membrane processes, like reverse osmosis, are described in great detail in a number of books, processes involving ion-exchange membranes are only described in a fragmented way in scientific journals and patents; even though large industrial applications, like electrodialysis, have been around for over half a century. Therefore, this book is emphasizing on the most relevant aspects of ion-exchange membranes. This book provides a comprehensive overview of ion-exchange membrane separation processes covering the fundamentals as well as recent developments of the different products and processes and their applications. The audience for this book is heterogeneous, as it includes plant managers and process engineers as well as research scientists and graduate students. The separate chapters are based on different topics. The first chapter describes the relevant Electromembrane processes in a general overview. The second chapter explains thermodynamic and physicochemical fundamentals. The third chapter gives information about ion-exchange membrane preparation techniques, while the fourth and fifth chapter discusses the processes as unit operations giving examples for the design of specific plants. - First work on the principles and applications of electrodialysis and related separation processes - Presently no other comprehensive work that can serve as both reference work and text book is available - Book is suited for teaching students and as source for detailed information
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080509401
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 361
Book Description
Today, membranes and membrane processes are used as efficient tools for the separation of liquid mixtures or gases in the chemical and biomedical industry, in water desalination and wastewater purification. Despite the fact that various membrane processes, like reverse osmosis, are described in great detail in a number of books, processes involving ion-exchange membranes are only described in a fragmented way in scientific journals and patents; even though large industrial applications, like electrodialysis, have been around for over half a century. Therefore, this book is emphasizing on the most relevant aspects of ion-exchange membranes. This book provides a comprehensive overview of ion-exchange membrane separation processes covering the fundamentals as well as recent developments of the different products and processes and their applications. The audience for this book is heterogeneous, as it includes plant managers and process engineers as well as research scientists and graduate students. The separate chapters are based on different topics. The first chapter describes the relevant Electromembrane processes in a general overview. The second chapter explains thermodynamic and physicochemical fundamentals. The third chapter gives information about ion-exchange membrane preparation techniques, while the fourth and fifth chapter discusses the processes as unit operations giving examples for the design of specific plants. - First work on the principles and applications of electrodialysis and related separation processes - Presently no other comprehensive work that can serve as both reference work and text book is available - Book is suited for teaching students and as source for detailed information
New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies
Author: Selcan Karakus
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1789842476
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 94
Book Description
This book covers new systems in technology that have developed our knowledge of ion exchange. This book discusses ion exchange resins to enhance cell growth; anion exchange membrane; nanosystems in ion exchange and ion exchange in environmental applications. The ion exchange system is used in bionanotechnology, cosmetic industry and water treatment.
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1789842476
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 94
Book Description
This book covers new systems in technology that have developed our knowledge of ion exchange. This book discusses ion exchange resins to enhance cell growth; anion exchange membrane; nanosystems in ion exchange and ion exchange in environmental applications. The ion exchange system is used in bionanotechnology, cosmetic industry and water treatment.
Adsorption, Ion Exchange and Catalysis
Author: Stavros G. Poulopoulos
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080463665
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 615
Book Description
Adsorption, Ion Exchange and Catalysis is essentially a mixture of environmental science and chemical reactor engineering. More specifically, three important heterogeneous processes, namely, adsorption, ion exchange and catalysis, are analysed, from fundamental kinetics to reactor design with emphasis on their environmental applications. In Chapter 1, the subject of air and water pollution is dealt with. Data about pollutants and emission sources are given and the treatment methods are shortly presented. In Chapter 2, the very basics and historical development of adsorption, ion exchange and catalysis are presented as well as their environmental applications. Chapter 3 is devoted to heterogeneous processes and reactor analysis. All types of reactors are described in depth and reactor modelling, hydraulics and mass/heat transfer phenomena are examined for each type of reactor. Chapters 4 and 5 are dedicated to adsorption & ion exchange and catalysis, respectively. The basic principles are presented including kinetics, equilibrium, mass/heat transfer phenomena as well as the analytical solutions of the reactor models presented in Chapter 3. In the sixth chapter, the subject of scale up is approached. The two Annexes at the end of the book contain physical properties of substances of environmental interest as well as unit conversion tables. Finally, nearly all the examples contained are based on real experimental data found in literature with environmental interest. Most of the examples consider all aspects of operation design – kinetics, hydraulics and mass transfer.* Provides basic knowledge of major environmental problems and connects them to chemical engineering
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080463665
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 615
Book Description
Adsorption, Ion Exchange and Catalysis is essentially a mixture of environmental science and chemical reactor engineering. More specifically, three important heterogeneous processes, namely, adsorption, ion exchange and catalysis, are analysed, from fundamental kinetics to reactor design with emphasis on their environmental applications. In Chapter 1, the subject of air and water pollution is dealt with. Data about pollutants and emission sources are given and the treatment methods are shortly presented. In Chapter 2, the very basics and historical development of adsorption, ion exchange and catalysis are presented as well as their environmental applications. Chapter 3 is devoted to heterogeneous processes and reactor analysis. All types of reactors are described in depth and reactor modelling, hydraulics and mass/heat transfer phenomena are examined for each type of reactor. Chapters 4 and 5 are dedicated to adsorption & ion exchange and catalysis, respectively. The basic principles are presented including kinetics, equilibrium, mass/heat transfer phenomena as well as the analytical solutions of the reactor models presented in Chapter 3. In the sixth chapter, the subject of scale up is approached. The two Annexes at the end of the book contain physical properties of substances of environmental interest as well as unit conversion tables. Finally, nearly all the examples contained are based on real experimental data found in literature with environmental interest. Most of the examples consider all aspects of operation design – kinetics, hydraulics and mass transfer.* Provides basic knowledge of major environmental problems and connects them to chemical engineering
Ion Exchange in Environmental Processes
Author: Arup K. SenGupta
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119157390
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 494
Book Description
Provides a comprehensive introduction to ion exchange for beginners and in-depth coverage of the latest advances for those already in the field As environmental and energy related regulations have grown, ion exchange has assumed a dominant role in offering solutions to many concurrent problems both in the developed and the developing world. Written by an internationally acknowledged leader in ion exchange research and innovation, Ion Exchange: in Environmental Processes is both a comprehensive introduction to the science behind ion exchange and an expert assessment of the latest ion exchange technologies. Its purpose is to provide a valuable reference and learning tool for virtually anyone working in ion exchange or interested in becoming involved in that incredibly fertile field. Written for beginners as well as those already working the in the field, Dr. SenGupta provides stepwise coverage, advancing from ion exchange fundamentals to trace ion exchange through the emerging area of hybrid ion exchange nanotechnology (or polymeric/inorganic ion exchangers). Other topics covered include ion exchange kinetics, sorption and desorption of metals and ligands, solid-phase and gas-phase ion exchange, and more. Connects state-of-the-art innovations in such a way as to help researchers and process scientists get a clear picture of how ion exchange fundamentals can lead to new applications Covers the design of selective or smart ion exchangers for targeted applications—an area of increasing importance—including solid and gas phase ion exchange processes Provides in-depth discussion on intraparticle diffusion controlled kinetics for selective ion exchange Features a chapter devoted to exciting developments in the areas of hybrid ion exchange nanotechnology or polymeric/inorganic ion exchangers Written for those just entering the field of ion exchange as well as those involved in developing the “next big thing” in ion exchange systems, Ion Exchange in Environmental Processes is a valuable resource for students, process engineers, and chemists working in an array of industries, including mining, microelectronics, pharmaceuticals, energy, and wastewater treatment, to name just a few.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119157390
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 494
Book Description
Provides a comprehensive introduction to ion exchange for beginners and in-depth coverage of the latest advances for those already in the field As environmental and energy related regulations have grown, ion exchange has assumed a dominant role in offering solutions to many concurrent problems both in the developed and the developing world. Written by an internationally acknowledged leader in ion exchange research and innovation, Ion Exchange: in Environmental Processes is both a comprehensive introduction to the science behind ion exchange and an expert assessment of the latest ion exchange technologies. Its purpose is to provide a valuable reference and learning tool for virtually anyone working in ion exchange or interested in becoming involved in that incredibly fertile field. Written for beginners as well as those already working the in the field, Dr. SenGupta provides stepwise coverage, advancing from ion exchange fundamentals to trace ion exchange through the emerging area of hybrid ion exchange nanotechnology (or polymeric/inorganic ion exchangers). Other topics covered include ion exchange kinetics, sorption and desorption of metals and ligands, solid-phase and gas-phase ion exchange, and more. Connects state-of-the-art innovations in such a way as to help researchers and process scientists get a clear picture of how ion exchange fundamentals can lead to new applications Covers the design of selective or smart ion exchangers for targeted applications—an area of increasing importance—including solid and gas phase ion exchange processes Provides in-depth discussion on intraparticle diffusion controlled kinetics for selective ion exchange Features a chapter devoted to exciting developments in the areas of hybrid ion exchange nanotechnology or polymeric/inorganic ion exchangers Written for those just entering the field of ion exchange as well as those involved in developing the “next big thing” in ion exchange systems, Ion Exchange in Environmental Processes is a valuable resource for students, process engineers, and chemists working in an array of industries, including mining, microelectronics, pharmaceuticals, energy, and wastewater treatment, to name just a few.