Interannual Variability of the Bimodal Distribution of Summertime Rainfall Over Central America and Tropical Storm Activity in the Far-Eastern Pacific PDF Download
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Author: Scott Curtis Publisher: BiblioGov ISBN: 9781289292096 Category : Languages : en Pages : 28
Book Description
The summer climate of southern Mexico and Central America is characterized by a mid summer drought (MSD), where rainfall is reduced by 40% in July as compared to June and September. A mid-summer reduction in the climatological number of eastern Pacific tropical cyclones has also been noted. Little is understood about the climatology and interannual variability of these minima. The present study uses a novel approach to quantify the bimodal distribution of summertime rainfall for the globe and finds that this feature of the annual cycle is most extreme over Pan America and adjacent oceans. One dominant interannual signal in this region occurs the summer before a strong winter El Nino/Southern Oscillation ENSO. Before El Nino events the region is dry, the MSD is strong and centered over the ocean, and the mid-summer minimum in tropical cyclone frequency is most pronounced. This is significantly different from Neutral cases (non-El Nino and non-La Nina) when the MSD is weak and positioned over the land bridge. The MSD is highly variable for La Nina years, and there is not an obvious mid-summer minimum in the number of tropical cyclones.
Author: Scott Curtis Publisher: BiblioGov ISBN: 9781289292096 Category : Languages : en Pages : 28
Book Description
The summer climate of southern Mexico and Central America is characterized by a mid summer drought (MSD), where rainfall is reduced by 40% in July as compared to June and September. A mid-summer reduction in the climatological number of eastern Pacific tropical cyclones has also been noted. Little is understood about the climatology and interannual variability of these minima. The present study uses a novel approach to quantify the bimodal distribution of summertime rainfall for the globe and finds that this feature of the annual cycle is most extreme over Pan America and adjacent oceans. One dominant interannual signal in this region occurs the summer before a strong winter El Nino/Southern Oscillation ENSO. Before El Nino events the region is dry, the MSD is strong and centered over the ocean, and the mid-summer minimum in tropical cyclone frequency is most pronounced. This is significantly different from Neutral cases (non-El Nino and non-La Nina) when the MSD is weak and positioned over the land bridge. The MSD is highly variable for La Nina years, and there is not an obvious mid-summer minimum in the number of tropical cyclones.
Author: Claudio Margottini Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642313132 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 326
Book Description
This book contains peer-reviewed papers from the Second World Landslide Forum, organised by the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL), that took place in September 2011. The entire material from the conference has been split into seven volumes, this one is the seventh: 1. Landslide Inventory and Susceptibility and Hazard Zoning, 2. Early Warning, Instrumentation and Monitoring, 3. Spatial Analysis and Modelling, 4. Global Environmental Change, 5. Complex Environment, 6. Risk Assessment, Management and Mitigation, 7. Social and Economic Impact and Policies.
Author: J. F. Pratte Publisher: ISBN: Category : Cyclones Languages : en Pages : 24
Book Description
Rainfall amounts at various stations in the tropical North Pacific during the dry season (January-April) were correlated with the number of tropical cyclones occurring in the western North Pacific areas during the same year from 1959 to 1973. Correlations were made for each rainfall station individually and for various group of stations. Results indicated that the best correlation was shown with rainfall on Guam, however, the relationship was poor (correlation coefficient of 0.24) and not sufficient for long-range forecasting purposes. The study also provides a survey of various articles relating tropical circulation patterns and rainfall to sea surface temperature anomalies and other large scale influences. (Author).
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309102820 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 116
Book Description
Launched jointly in 1997 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a satellite mission that placed a unique suite of instruments, including the first precipitation radar, in space. These instruments are used to monitor and predict tropical cyclone tracks and intensity, estimate rainfall, and monitor climate variability (precipitation and sea surface temperature). TRMM has been collecting data for seven years; this data is used by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, the National Center for Environmental Prediction, and the National Hurricane Center, among others worldwide. In July 2004, NASA announced that it would terminate TRMM in August 2004. At the request of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the White House, and the science community, NASA agreed to continue TRMM operations through the end of 2004. Meanwhile, NASA asked a National Research Council (NRC) committee to provide advice on the benefits of keeping TRMM in operation beyond 2004. After holding a workshop with a number of experts in the field, the committee found that TRMM will contribute significantly to operations and science if the mission is extended; and therefore, strongly recommends continued operation of TRMM with the caveat that cost and risk will need to be further examined before a final decision about the future of TRMM can be made.
Author: Tomonori Matsuura Publisher: ISBN: Category : Climatic changes Languages : en Pages : 184
Book Description
Severe tropical storms and typhoons hit East Asia mainly from summer to autumn every year, bringing abundant water resources to the inhabitants. However, typhoons are among the most devastating of all natural disasters, causing the loss of many lives and giving rise to large economic losses. In Japan, the number of fatalities as a result of typhoons has been reduced because of new observation techniques, such as rawinsonde, meteorological satellites, radar, numerical forecasts, information services through radio and television, and the service of structures including river improvement and erosion and torrent control works. We have found, however, that recent severe tropical storms, the cyclone in Bangladesh in 1998 and Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005, generated massive destruction. In regard to typhoons, several time-period variations appear in the genetic numbers during 1951-2005: interannual frequency, interdecadal frequency, and long-term trends. This suggests that typhoons and hurricanes have become activated and this should relate to the recent global warming over the past 30 years. Therefore it is necessary to confirm how tropical storm activity will change in the future as a result of climate variability and fluctuation. The third report of the IPCC (the United Nation s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) indicates that water-related disasters resulting from severe weather will change in quality in association with global warming. With the recent development of satellite remote sensing, ground and aircraft observations, numerical simulation techniques, and the investigations of global climate change, the relationship between global warming and tropical storms and, furthermore, their related disasters are making progress. Under these situations, our group planned to conduct a project, entitled Study on extreme weather events and water-related disasters as a result of climate variability and changes, to make use of projecting a long-term change of water-related disasters from 2002 to 2004. Based on our group s recent research and the related studies of other institute researchers in Japan, we prepared the results of tropical cyclones as recent reviews for publication as a book, Water-Related Disasters; Climate Variability and Change: Results of Severe Tropical Storms in East Asia. In this work, we introduce new numerical and data-analysis research concerning the relationship between East Asia s climate variability and changes and tropical storms, the storms by themselves, and the water-related disasters they cause. The first paper, Climate Changes and Tropical Storms in the Western North Pacific, reviews the general overview of typhoon classifications, developing mechanisms, structures, climatologies, and their disasters. The second paper, The Structure of Tropical Cyclones, addresses three stages: developing stage in general, mature stage, and developing stage in detail. The third paper, Extratropical Response to Typhoon-Induced Convective Heating over the Western North Pacific in Summer, is a new insight into how the typhoons are generated over the tropics and how they affect the midlatitude area through teleconnection. Paper number four, The Relationship Between ENSO and a Tropical Cyclone Simulated in a CGCM, deals with the characteristics of typhoon activity during the El Niño and La Niña periods. The fifth paper, Global Warming and Tropical Storms. Simulations Using General Circulation Models, presents the hot topic of tropical storm activity when global warming occurs. Paper number six, Potential Hydrologic Change Resulting from Greenhouse Warming, is a downscaling result of CGCM to a regional atmospheric model for global warming simulation. The seventh paper, The Influences of Climate Change in the Frequencies of Storm Rainfalls and Flood Disasters, addresses the particularly heavy rain caused by ENSO and typhoons in Japan. This paper also describes the impacts of global warming on heavy precipitation frequency and the flood risk of the Tama River Basin in Japan. The final paper in the book, Changes in Wave Climate in the Western North Pacific, presents a study of interannual variability and a future projection of summertime wave heights in the western North Pacific. We hope this book will be read and referred to not only by researchers of tropical cyclones and by climatologists, but also by the wider scientific community of researchers, science managers, and graduate students.
Author: Kent S. Short Publisher: ISBN: Category : Cyclones Languages : en Pages : 144
Book Description
Reliable data for tropical storm occurrences in the northern portion of the eastern Tropical Pacific did not become available until 1966. Considering the years 1966-75, sizeable interannual variations in storm frequency are evident. Six climatological factors are investigated in an attempt to explain this interannual variation. These are: (1) the Southeast Pacific atmospheric circulation; (2) sea-surface temperature anomalies in the eastern Tropical Pacific; (3) the latitudinal position of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone in the eastern Pacific; (4) the vertical zonal wind shear in the region; (5) the number of tropical systems entering the region from the east; and (6) relationships with other tropical storm regions of the world. It is not possible, due to lack of data coverage to adequately examine item (4) at this time. The five remaining factors, however, demonstrate that the annual tropical storm frequency in the eastern Tropical Pacific is apparently affected by cross-equatorial and cross-Pacific influences. The strength of the South Pacific Subtropical High appears to be particularly important. In addition, items (1), (2) and (3) provide the type of data that could be used in statistical models to predict the number of tropical storms that will occur in a given year. (Data used must be available before the onset of the storm season.) Two ordinary multiple regression models involving factors (1), (2), and (3) are proposed for this purpose. Both models are found to be statistically significant (at the .05 level), but due to the very limited amount of data, are of questionable value at present. When a sufficient number of years of data become available, it is expected that models of this type can be used quite effectively for predicting annual tropical storm frequency over this region.
Author: Scott Curtis
Author: Scott Curtis
Author: Claudio Margottini
Author: Kristopher B. Karnauskas
Author: J. F. Pratte
Author: Hugo V. Goodyear
Author: National Research Council
Author: Tomonori Matsuura
Author: Louis C. Schreiner
Author: V. Krishnamurthy
Author: Kent S. Short