Author: Kate F Hays
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317721004
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Book Description
Read Integrating Exercise, Sports, Movement, and Mind: Therapeutic Unity, and you’ll see how exercise and movement are actually the keys to achieving a harmonious equilibrium between thoughts and physical health. This unique collection of writing, a healthy and diverse montage in its own right, mirrors its topic, helping you see how a variegated array of body movements can lead to a healthier, happier mind.A kaleidoscope of theory and application, case study and abstraction, Integrating Exercise, Sports, Movement, and Mind spans the spectrum of relevant issues, including those revolving around gender, class, ethnicity, and family systems, and accomplishes its task through the medium of a wide assortment of activities, including gymnastics, soccer, horseback riding, archery, running, walking, and cycling. Your perspective on body movement and body-mind unity will be deepened as you read about these topics: family system perspectives and youth sports rehabilitation--“patient as athlete” contact Improvisation the concept of “flow” from within a gendered consciousness sport psychology and the coach/athlete/consultant triad clinical sport psychology sport trauma recoveryIt’s a unique but universal relationship--this prism of thoughts and physical locomotion. So open up Integrating Exercise, Sports, Movement, and Mind and let some of the top experts in the field of sport psychology open your mind and show you how to unlock the body’s potential on the athletic field.
Integrating Exercise, Sports, Movement, and Mind
Author: Kate F Hays
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317721004
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Book Description
Read Integrating Exercise, Sports, Movement, and Mind: Therapeutic Unity, and you’ll see how exercise and movement are actually the keys to achieving a harmonious equilibrium between thoughts and physical health. This unique collection of writing, a healthy and diverse montage in its own right, mirrors its topic, helping you see how a variegated array of body movements can lead to a healthier, happier mind.A kaleidoscope of theory and application, case study and abstraction, Integrating Exercise, Sports, Movement, and Mind spans the spectrum of relevant issues, including those revolving around gender, class, ethnicity, and family systems, and accomplishes its task through the medium of a wide assortment of activities, including gymnastics, soccer, horseback riding, archery, running, walking, and cycling. Your perspective on body movement and body-mind unity will be deepened as you read about these topics: family system perspectives and youth sports rehabilitation--“patient as athlete” contact Improvisation the concept of “flow” from within a gendered consciousness sport psychology and the coach/athlete/consultant triad clinical sport psychology sport trauma recoveryIt’s a unique but universal relationship--this prism of thoughts and physical locomotion. So open up Integrating Exercise, Sports, Movement, and Mind and let some of the top experts in the field of sport psychology open your mind and show you how to unlock the body’s potential on the athletic field.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317721004
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 182
Book Description
Read Integrating Exercise, Sports, Movement, and Mind: Therapeutic Unity, and you’ll see how exercise and movement are actually the keys to achieving a harmonious equilibrium between thoughts and physical health. This unique collection of writing, a healthy and diverse montage in its own right, mirrors its topic, helping you see how a variegated array of body movements can lead to a healthier, happier mind.A kaleidoscope of theory and application, case study and abstraction, Integrating Exercise, Sports, Movement, and Mind spans the spectrum of relevant issues, including those revolving around gender, class, ethnicity, and family systems, and accomplishes its task through the medium of a wide assortment of activities, including gymnastics, soccer, horseback riding, archery, running, walking, and cycling. Your perspective on body movement and body-mind unity will be deepened as you read about these topics: family system perspectives and youth sports rehabilitation--“patient as athlete” contact Improvisation the concept of “flow” from within a gendered consciousness sport psychology and the coach/athlete/consultant triad clinical sport psychology sport trauma recoveryIt’s a unique but universal relationship--this prism of thoughts and physical locomotion. So open up Integrating Exercise, Sports, Movement, and Mind and let some of the top experts in the field of sport psychology open your mind and show you how to unlock the body’s potential on the athletic field.
Educating the Student Body
Author: Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309283140
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 503
Book Description
Physical inactivity is a key determinant of health across the lifespan. A lack of activity increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Emerging literature has suggested that in terms of mortality, the global population health burden of physical inactivity approaches that of cigarette smoking. The prevalence and substantial disease risk associated with physical inactivity has been described as a pandemic. The prevalence, health impact, and evidence of changeability all have resulted in calls for action to increase physical activity across the lifespan. In response to the need to find ways to make physical activity a health priority for youth, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment was formed. Its purpose was to review the current status of physical activity and physical education in the school environment, including before, during, and after school, and examine the influences of physical activity and physical education on the short and long term physical, cognitive and brain, and psychosocial health and development of children and adolescents. Educating the Student Body makes recommendations about approaches for strengthening and improving programs and policies for physical activity and physical education in the school environment. This report lays out a set of guiding principles to guide its work on these tasks. These included: recognizing the benefits of instilling life-long physical activity habits in children; the value of using systems thinking in improving physical activity and physical education in the school environment; the recognition of current disparities in opportunities and the need to achieve equity in physical activity and physical education; the importance of considering all types of school environments; the need to take into consideration the diversity of students as recommendations are developed. This report will be of interest to local and national policymakers, school officials, teachers, and the education community, researchers, professional organizations, and parents interested in physical activity, physical education, and health for school-aged children and adolescents.
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309283140
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 503
Book Description
Physical inactivity is a key determinant of health across the lifespan. A lack of activity increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Emerging literature has suggested that in terms of mortality, the global population health burden of physical inactivity approaches that of cigarette smoking. The prevalence and substantial disease risk associated with physical inactivity has been described as a pandemic. The prevalence, health impact, and evidence of changeability all have resulted in calls for action to increase physical activity across the lifespan. In response to the need to find ways to make physical activity a health priority for youth, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment was formed. Its purpose was to review the current status of physical activity and physical education in the school environment, including before, during, and after school, and examine the influences of physical activity and physical education on the short and long term physical, cognitive and brain, and psychosocial health and development of children and adolescents. Educating the Student Body makes recommendations about approaches for strengthening and improving programs and policies for physical activity and physical education in the school environment. This report lays out a set of guiding principles to guide its work on these tasks. These included: recognizing the benefits of instilling life-long physical activity habits in children; the value of using systems thinking in improving physical activity and physical education in the school environment; the recognition of current disparities in opportunities and the need to achieve equity in physical activity and physical education; the importance of considering all types of school environments; the need to take into consideration the diversity of students as recommendations are developed. This report will be of interest to local and national policymakers, school officials, teachers, and the education community, researchers, professional organizations, and parents interested in physical activity, physical education, and health for school-aged children and adolescents.
Existential-Integrative Psychotherapy
Author: Kirk J. Schneider
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 113591835X
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 369
Book Description
Existential-Integrative Psychotherapy promises to be a landmark in the fields of psychotherapeutic theory and practice. A comprehensive revision of its predecessor, The Psychology of Existence, co-edited by Kirk Schneider and Rollo May, Existential-Integrative Psychotherapy combines clear and updated guidelines for practice with vivid and timely case vignettes. These vignettes feature the very latest in both mainstream and existential therapeutic integrative application, by the top innovators in the field. The book highlights several notable dimensions: a novel and comprehensive theory of integrative existential practice; a premium on mainstream integrations of existential theory as well as existential-humanistic integrations of mainstream theory; a focus on integrative mainstream as well as existential-humanistic practitioners, students, and theorists; a discussion of short-term and cognitive-behavioral existential-integrative strategies; a focus on ethnic and diagnostic diversity, from case studies of multicultural populations to vignettes on gender, sexuality, and power, and from contributions to the treatment of alcoholism to those elucidating religiosity, psychoses, and intersubjectivity.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 113591835X
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 369
Book Description
Existential-Integrative Psychotherapy promises to be a landmark in the fields of psychotherapeutic theory and practice. A comprehensive revision of its predecessor, The Psychology of Existence, co-edited by Kirk Schneider and Rollo May, Existential-Integrative Psychotherapy combines clear and updated guidelines for practice with vivid and timely case vignettes. These vignettes feature the very latest in both mainstream and existential therapeutic integrative application, by the top innovators in the field. The book highlights several notable dimensions: a novel and comprehensive theory of integrative existential practice; a premium on mainstream integrations of existential theory as well as existential-humanistic integrations of mainstream theory; a focus on integrative mainstream as well as existential-humanistic practitioners, students, and theorists; a discussion of short-term and cognitive-behavioral existential-integrative strategies; a focus on ethnic and diagnostic diversity, from case studies of multicultural populations to vignettes on gender, sexuality, and power, and from contributions to the treatment of alcoholism to those elucidating religiosity, psychoses, and intersubjectivity.
Body, Mind, and Sport
Author: John Douillard
Publisher: Harmony
ISBN: 0307803082
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Until recently, the effortless "Zone" of peak performance was only within the reach of serious athletes. Now, with Body, Mind, and Sport, anyone can reach the Zone, regardless of fitness level. Designed to accommodate a variety of individual fitness needs, the Body, Mind, and Sport program is split into two levels. Level 1 is for non-athletes who want to improve overall fitness; Level 2 is for those who want to train for competitive or recreational purposes. Your own unique mind-body type is taken into account to guide you in achieving your personal best without stress or strain. In this revised and updated edition of Body, Mind, and Sport, fitness expert and trainer John Douillard outlines a program in which your individual seasonal constitution-Winter, Spring, or Summer-determines what exercises or sports are best suited to your mind-body type and what foods you should eat for optimum results. Using the Body, Mind, and Sport approach you can decrease heart and breath rates while improving both fitness and performance. Dozens of world-class athletes, including Martina Navratilova and Billie Jean King, have used John Douillard's expert breathing techniques, dietary recommendations, and seasonally balanced workouts. Now you can, too!
Publisher: Harmony
ISBN: 0307803082
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 274
Book Description
Until recently, the effortless "Zone" of peak performance was only within the reach of serious athletes. Now, with Body, Mind, and Sport, anyone can reach the Zone, regardless of fitness level. Designed to accommodate a variety of individual fitness needs, the Body, Mind, and Sport program is split into two levels. Level 1 is for non-athletes who want to improve overall fitness; Level 2 is for those who want to train for competitive or recreational purposes. Your own unique mind-body type is taken into account to guide you in achieving your personal best without stress or strain. In this revised and updated edition of Body, Mind, and Sport, fitness expert and trainer John Douillard outlines a program in which your individual seasonal constitution-Winter, Spring, or Summer-determines what exercises or sports are best suited to your mind-body type and what foods you should eat for optimum results. Using the Body, Mind, and Sport approach you can decrease heart and breath rates while improving both fitness and performance. Dozens of world-class athletes, including Martina Navratilova and Billie Jean King, have used John Douillard's expert breathing techniques, dietary recommendations, and seasonally balanced workouts. Now you can, too!
Doing Sport Psychology
Author: Mark B. Andersen
Publisher: Human Kinetics
ISBN: 9780736000864
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 316
Book Description
Mark B. Andersen examines authentic examples of sport psychologists at work to teach readers how to use their knowledge of sport psychology in an effective and efficient manner.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
ISBN: 9780736000864
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 316
Book Description
Mark B. Andersen examines authentic examples of sport psychologists at work to teach readers how to use their knowledge of sport psychology in an effective and efficient manner.
Saints and Rogues
Author: E Mark Stern
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317718046
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 190
Book Description
Help your clients successfully integrate the angel and the rebel! Saints and Rogues: Conflicts and Convergence in Psychotherapy is a unique look at two extremes of human behavior and thought—and how they meet within the psychotherapy experience. In this extensive resource, you will gain a greater understanding of human potential by exploring personalities where the line between conformity and divergence has been blurred. This book will help psychotherapists, pastoral and marriage and family counselors, and medical/nursing service providers guide patients and clients in turning negative actions and decisions into positive ones. In Saints and Rogues, you will find: an assessment of the life of Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949)— called “rogue therapist” by his peers; today a hero for his influence on psychotherapy practice bullying in school—the creation of a prevention program used at the K-5 level designed to appeal to the empathy of the children who are bullied as well as the perpetrators an examination of historical, sociological, and psychoanalytic research about Italian Americans stereotyped as rogues during the twentieth century and in the media today interviews with individuals self-identified as “third gender” who live as neither men nor women—and their frequent encounters with spirituality and much more! Saints and Rogues: Conflicts and Convergence in Psychotherapy reevaluates the ethical ramifications of dual/duel relationships, revealing how a roguish character may be seen as saintly and vice versa. This book emphasizes the importance of seeing and treating one another with the same consideration as we would give ourselves. If knowledge is power, the reader—therapist and layperson alike—will find strength in these pages to face their home, work, or school lives with more confidence and pride.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317718046
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 190
Book Description
Help your clients successfully integrate the angel and the rebel! Saints and Rogues: Conflicts and Convergence in Psychotherapy is a unique look at two extremes of human behavior and thought—and how they meet within the psychotherapy experience. In this extensive resource, you will gain a greater understanding of human potential by exploring personalities where the line between conformity and divergence has been blurred. This book will help psychotherapists, pastoral and marriage and family counselors, and medical/nursing service providers guide patients and clients in turning negative actions and decisions into positive ones. In Saints and Rogues, you will find: an assessment of the life of Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949)— called “rogue therapist” by his peers; today a hero for his influence on psychotherapy practice bullying in school—the creation of a prevention program used at the K-5 level designed to appeal to the empathy of the children who are bullied as well as the perpetrators an examination of historical, sociological, and psychoanalytic research about Italian Americans stereotyped as rogues during the twentieth century and in the media today interviews with individuals self-identified as “third gender” who live as neither men nor women—and their frequent encounters with spirituality and much more! Saints and Rogues: Conflicts and Convergence in Psychotherapy reevaluates the ethical ramifications of dual/duel relationships, revealing how a roguish character may be seen as saintly and vice versa. This book emphasizes the importance of seeing and treating one another with the same consideration as we would give ourselves. If knowledge is power, the reader—therapist and layperson alike—will find strength in these pages to face their home, work, or school lives with more confidence and pride.
Encyclopedia of Counseling
Author: Frederick T. Leong
Publisher: SAGE Publications
ISBN: 145226595X
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 1993
Book Description
CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title for 2009 2008 Best Reference, Library Journal "The scope, depth, breadth, currency, arrangement, and authority of this work reflect the thorough, in-depth approach of the entire editorial and publishing team . . . Advancing current thought and models in the field, this work provides an unparalleled attempt to approach this important subject from many perspectives. Moreover, each volume has a list of entries, a reader′s guide, and information about the authors and the contributors. The reader′s guide incorporates substantive topics, e.g. assessment, testing and research methods, biographies, coping . . . this is an essential addition to graduate and research collections." —Library Journal Professional counseling involves helping clients, individually or in groups, or as couples and families, deal with various career, vocational, educational, and emotional problems. Whether performed by psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, psychiatric nurses, or counselors, thousands of professionals throughout the United States, as well as the world, are providing counseling services to fellow human beings to help them address and resolve the various problems of living that exceed their coping resources and social support. The Encyclopedia of Counseling provides a comprehensive overview of the theories, models, techniques, and challenges involved in professional counseling. With approximately 600 entries, this definitive resource covers all of the major theories, approaches, and contemporary issues in counseling. The four volumes of this Encyclopedia are flexibly designed so they can be use together as a set or separately by volume, depending on the need of the user. Key Features · Reviews different types of counselors, their different professional identities, and their different models of graduate education · Examines important historical developments that have shaped the evolution of the counseling profession into its current form · Provides a comprehensive compilation of information about established and emerging topics in mental health and personal/emotional counseling · Addresses problems in personal/emotional counseling ranging from concerns about normal developmental processes and common life transitions to debilitating problems of great severity · Discusses the major social, scientific, and professional forces that have shaped the evolution of cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy · Offers complete information on conventional and up-and-coming areas of interest in career counseling Key Themes · Assessment, Testing, and Research Methods · Biographies · Coping · Counseling—General · Economic/Work Issues · Human Development and Life Transitions · Legal and Ethical Issues · Organizations · Physical and Mental Health · Professional Development and Standards · Psychosocial Traits and Behavior · Society, Race/Ethnicity, and Culture · Subdisciplines · Theories · Therapies, Techniques, and Interventions This ultimate resource is designed for laypeople who are interested in learning about the science and practice of counseling. It is also a useful source for undergraduate and graduate students and professionals from other specialties to learn about counseling in all its forms and manifestations.
Publisher: SAGE Publications
ISBN: 145226595X
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 1993
Book Description
CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title for 2009 2008 Best Reference, Library Journal "The scope, depth, breadth, currency, arrangement, and authority of this work reflect the thorough, in-depth approach of the entire editorial and publishing team . . . Advancing current thought and models in the field, this work provides an unparalleled attempt to approach this important subject from many perspectives. Moreover, each volume has a list of entries, a reader′s guide, and information about the authors and the contributors. The reader′s guide incorporates substantive topics, e.g. assessment, testing and research methods, biographies, coping . . . this is an essential addition to graduate and research collections." —Library Journal Professional counseling involves helping clients, individually or in groups, or as couples and families, deal with various career, vocational, educational, and emotional problems. Whether performed by psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, psychiatric nurses, or counselors, thousands of professionals throughout the United States, as well as the world, are providing counseling services to fellow human beings to help them address and resolve the various problems of living that exceed their coping resources and social support. The Encyclopedia of Counseling provides a comprehensive overview of the theories, models, techniques, and challenges involved in professional counseling. With approximately 600 entries, this definitive resource covers all of the major theories, approaches, and contemporary issues in counseling. The four volumes of this Encyclopedia are flexibly designed so they can be use together as a set or separately by volume, depending on the need of the user. Key Features · Reviews different types of counselors, their different professional identities, and their different models of graduate education · Examines important historical developments that have shaped the evolution of the counseling profession into its current form · Provides a comprehensive compilation of information about established and emerging topics in mental health and personal/emotional counseling · Addresses problems in personal/emotional counseling ranging from concerns about normal developmental processes and common life transitions to debilitating problems of great severity · Discusses the major social, scientific, and professional forces that have shaped the evolution of cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy · Offers complete information on conventional and up-and-coming areas of interest in career counseling Key Themes · Assessment, Testing, and Research Methods · Biographies · Coping · Counseling—General · Economic/Work Issues · Human Development and Life Transitions · Legal and Ethical Issues · Organizations · Physical and Mental Health · Professional Development and Standards · Psychosocial Traits and Behavior · Society, Race/Ethnicity, and Culture · Subdisciplines · Theories · Therapies, Techniques, and Interventions This ultimate resource is designed for laypeople who are interested in learning about the science and practice of counseling. It is also a useful source for undergraduate and graduate students and professionals from other specialties to learn about counseling in all its forms and manifestations.
The Athletic Trainer's Guide to Psychosocial Intervention and Referral
Author: James M. Mensch
Publisher: SLACK Incorporated
ISBN: 9781556427336
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 344
Book Description
"The Athletic Trainer's Guide to Psychosocial Intervention and Referral provides appropriate intervention strategies and referral techniques specific to the role of an athletic trainer to initiate recovery for any patient/client experiencing a variety of psychosocial problems such as: eating disorders, anxiety issues, substance abuse, response to injury, catastrophic injuries, ergogenic aids, peer pressure, and depression."--Jacket.
Publisher: SLACK Incorporated
ISBN: 9781556427336
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 344
Book Description
"The Athletic Trainer's Guide to Psychosocial Intervention and Referral provides appropriate intervention strategies and referral techniques specific to the role of an athletic trainer to initiate recovery for any patient/client experiencing a variety of psychosocial problems such as: eating disorders, anxiety issues, substance abuse, response to injury, catastrophic injuries, ergogenic aids, peer pressure, and depression."--Jacket.
The Sport Psychologist's Handbook
Author: Joaquin Dosil
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470863579
Category : Sports & Recreation
Languages : en
Pages : 732
Book Description
A practical handbook for sports psychologists that outlines the most effective interventions for athletes across a variety of sports. A practical manual for the growing force of sports psychologists helping today's athletes to unprecedented levels of application and success Offers specific guidance on the psychological assessment of athletes, uniquely presented in an accessible sport-by-sport format Written by an experienced practicing sports psychologist and author, who draws on his own methods and experience in the field
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470863579
Category : Sports & Recreation
Languages : en
Pages : 732
Book Description
A practical handbook for sports psychologists that outlines the most effective interventions for athletes across a variety of sports. A practical manual for the growing force of sports psychologists helping today's athletes to unprecedented levels of application and success Offers specific guidance on the psychological assessment of athletes, uniquely presented in an accessible sport-by-sport format Written by an experienced practicing sports psychologist and author, who draws on his own methods and experience in the field
Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology
Author: Joan C. Chrisler
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441914676
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 835
Book Description
Donald R. McCreary and Joan C. Chrisler The Development of Gender Studies in Psychology Studies of sex differences are as old as the ?eld of psychology, and they have been conducted in every sub?eld of the discipline. There are probably many reasons for the popularity of these studies, but three reasons seem to be most prominent. First, social psychological studies of person perception show that sex is especially salient in social groups. It is the ?rst thing people notice about others, and it is one of the things we remember best (Fiske, Haslam, & Fiske, 1991; Stangor, Lynch, Duan, & Glass, 1992). For example, people may not remember who uttered a witty remark, but they are likely to remember whether the quip came from a woman or a man. Second, many people hold ?rm beliefs that aspects of physiology suit men and women for particular social roles. Men’s greater upper body strength makes them better candidates for manual labor, and their greater height gives the impression that they would make good leaders (i. e. , people we look up to). Women’s reproductive capacity and the caretaking tasks (e. g. , breastfeeding, baby minding) that accompany it make them seem suitable for other roles that require gentleness and nurturance. Third, the logic that underlies hypothesis testing in the sciences is focused on difference. Researchers design their studies with the hope that they can reject the null hypothesis that experimental groups do not differ.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441914676
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 835
Book Description
Donald R. McCreary and Joan C. Chrisler The Development of Gender Studies in Psychology Studies of sex differences are as old as the ?eld of psychology, and they have been conducted in every sub?eld of the discipline. There are probably many reasons for the popularity of these studies, but three reasons seem to be most prominent. First, social psychological studies of person perception show that sex is especially salient in social groups. It is the ?rst thing people notice about others, and it is one of the things we remember best (Fiske, Haslam, & Fiske, 1991; Stangor, Lynch, Duan, & Glass, 1992). For example, people may not remember who uttered a witty remark, but they are likely to remember whether the quip came from a woman or a man. Second, many people hold ?rm beliefs that aspects of physiology suit men and women for particular social roles. Men’s greater upper body strength makes them better candidates for manual labor, and their greater height gives the impression that they would make good leaders (i. e. , people we look up to). Women’s reproductive capacity and the caretaking tasks (e. g. , breastfeeding, baby minding) that accompany it make them seem suitable for other roles that require gentleness and nurturance. Third, the logic that underlies hypothesis testing in the sciences is focused on difference. Researchers design their studies with the hope that they can reject the null hypothesis that experimental groups do not differ.