Impact of Energy Balance on Cancer Disparities PDF Download

Author: Deborah J. Bowen
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319061038
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 316

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Book Description
​​​​This volume reviews disparities in cancer genetics, etiology, treatment and survivorship that are associated with differences in energy balance and how those differences and disparities may be affected by geography, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, biology, behavior and others. State-of-the-art strategies are outlined to alter these problems at the individual, community and policy levels. The book provides a comprehensive assessment of the multiple contributions of disparities in energy balance and how they affect cancer. this volume should constitute a valuable resource to disparity focused investigators at all levels and serves an important guide to professionals that deal with these issues, especially those who determine and implement policy.

Author: Cornelia M. Ulrich
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461444934
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 240

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Book Description
​​ While it is well established that the worldwide pandemic of overweight and obesity has profound effects on promoting cancer, it is now recognized that an alternative aspect of energy balance, namely physical activity and exercise have significant beneficial effects on all aspects of cancer across the spectrum from prevention through treatment and extending through survivorship. Moreover, salutary effects of physical activity and exercise extend across the age span from youth to old age and occur at all stages of cancer extending into palliative care. While the effect of physical activity and exercise on cancer may be partially mediated through obesity control, it is clear that considerable research is required and is ongoing at both the molecular and clinical levels to better understand the associated mechanisms and to develop optimal exercise strategies. This volume will contain chapters on the effect of exercise on biological pathways in tumor growth, state art exercise strategies and cutting edge research focused on different cancers and patient groups. It will provide an important volume in this series on energy balance and cancer and a basis for ongoing research, experimental approaches and application of evidence based practices to clinical care for patients with cancer.​

Author: Anne McTiernan
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441975519
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 187

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Book Description
The World Health Organization estimates that 25 percent of common cancers can be prevented through regular physical activity and weight control. Common cancers linked to overweight/obesity and a sedentary lifestyle include breast, colon, endometrium, pancreas, renal, esophageal, and several others. There are several plausible mechanisms linking lack of physical activity and increased adiposity to cancer risk, supported by results from animal experiments and human intervention studies.

Author: David Berrigan
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030184080
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 440

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Book Description
Cancer occurs in specific places and spaces, each of which have identifiable geographic coordinates, characterized by unique natural, built and social characteristics, all of which contribute significantly to cancer across the spectrum from etiology through diagnosis, treatment and outcomes. In the first volume of this series, published in 2010, a single chapter was focused on these geographic influences. Since then, the field of geospatial studies of cancer prevention and control has exploded in approaches and applications. Accordingly, this volume focuses on what has now become a very specific research endeavor, Geospatial Factors Impacting Breast Cancer. The book provides important insights into this relatively new and rapidly developing field. It should be of value to all students of the Energy Balance & Cancer Series and a wide-ranging introduction to problems in cancer prevention and control for geographers, demographers and other researchers with a geospatial perspective. Moreover, it provides important information for all oncologists, endocrinologists, and behavioral modification professionals to better understand their patients in the context of their environment. It should also provide important considerations for physicians, scientists, public health professionals and disparity investigator planning clinical trials, community interventions and community planning.

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309452961
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 583

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Book Description
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781441975522
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 196

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Book Description

Author: Isabelle Romieu
Publisher: IARC Working Group Report
ISBN: 9789283225195
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
Understanding the relationship between energy balance and obesity is essential to develop effective prevention programs and policies. The International Agency for Research on Cancer convened a Working Group of world-leading experts in December 2015 to review the evidence regarding energy balance and obesity, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries, and to consider the following scientific questions: (i) Are the drivers of the obesity epidemic related only to energy excess and/or do specific foods or nutrients play a major role in this epidemic? (ii) What are the factors that modulate these associations? (iii) Which types of data and/or studies will further improve our understanding? This book provides summaries of the evidence from the literature as well as the Working Group's conclusions and recommendations to tackle the global epidemic of obesity.

Author: William Turbitt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
One significant challenge in the field of breast cancer (BC) research is to determine how to reduce and/or eliminate the mortality associated with metastatic BC. Novel therapies, especially non-pharmacological, lifestyle-based interventions that prevent or slow metastatic disease with less severe side effects are greatly needed. Numerous lifestyle factors (including dietary components, body weight, and physical activity patterns) significantly impact BC risk and survival. Emerging population data suggests an inverse relation between physical activity and BC incidence, as well as an important role for exercise in the prevention of cancer recurrence and mortality. The observational nature of these studies limit the ability to determine biological mechanisms and the extent to which exercise, as opposed to changes in body weight, drive beneficial effects. Additionally, very little is known about the mechanisms contributing to the relation between physical activity and survival. Given the importance of metastases in the mortality of women with BC, understanding the role of exercise on metastatic burden may reveal important new targets for secondary and tertiary cancer prevention. The aim of study one was to control for weight and examine the effects of exercise, mild dietary restriction, or the combination of diet and exercise on the inflammation-immune axis and tumor progression in a preclinical metastatic BC model to determine the extent to which exercise or body weight contribute to cancer prevention. Dietary energy restriction-induced weight control (i.e., SED+ER mice) was effective at altering host splenic immunity and the expression of key genes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) related to immunosuppression and metastatic progression; however, this intervention failed to induce changes in primary tumor growth or spontaneous metastases. Moderate exercise in weight stable mice (EX+ER) resulted in a similar reduction in immunosuppressive and metastatic genes in the TME compared with the SED+ER mice; however, in addition, EX+ER mice had the greatest reduction in splenic immunosuppressive cells and plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). The effects of moderate exercise in weight stable mice culminated in a significant delay in primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastases, suggesting that exercise-induced alterations in metabolic drivers of tumorigenesis, not simply a change in body weight, underlie the protective effects in the dual intervention group. Interestingly the exercise-induced protective effect on the emergence of immunosuppressive factors and reduced tumor burden was lost when mice continued to gain weight over the course of the study, suggesting that weight gain-induced disturbances on hormonal, inflammatory, and/or immunological function can override the exercise-induced benefits. Collectively, study one provided a deeper understanding of the extent to which exercise, and changes in body weight, underlies cancer protection. Few researchers have examined the effect of energy balance interventions on the efficacy of immunotherapeutic strategies. Two subsequent studies were designed to investigate the response to emerging cancer therapeutics in mice randomized to an energy balance paradigm (i.e., sedentary, ad libitum, weight gain [WG] group vs. exercising, mild dietary restriction, weight maintenance [WM] group) to identify potential mechanisms and provide translational support. Study two aimed to determine if there were any additive effects of moderate exercise in weight stable mice and the therapeutic administration of a broad-based, allogeneic, whole tumor cell cancer vaccine (VAX). There was a significant effect of both WM and VAX alone on primary tumor growth; and an additive effect of WM+VAX on primary tumor growth, lung and heart spontaneous metastases, splenocyte count at sacrifice, the number of total splenic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and granulocytic subset of MDSCs, and plasma levels of IGF-1. Splenic interferon gamma (IFN) secretion in response to re-stimulation with tumor antigens was significantly elevated in response to VAX and WM; however, there was no additive effect of WM+VAX. These results suggested that our whole tumor cell cancer vaccine augmented the weight maintenance (via diet and exercise) effects on primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis; and suggested that vaccination may provide an immune stimulus to further promote the protective effects of moderate exercise alone in the metastatic 4T1.2 mammary tumor model.Study three aimed to determine if there were any additive effects of moderate exercise in weight stable mice and the dual therapeutic administration of a whole tumor cell cancer vaccine and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) checkpoint blockade. We observed a cancer prevention effect of PD-1 checkpoint blockade in WG mice on primary tumor growth and spontaneous lung metastasis. However, moderate activity in weight stable mice, independent of PD-1 checkpoint blockade, was effective in reducing primary tumor growth and metastatic burden. The WM+PD-1 group displayed the lowest number of splenic MDSCs and granulocytic MDSCs and maintained its splenic lymphoid populations. Neither the number of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, the effector or activation status of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, nor functional outcomes were significantly different between groups. PD-1 checkpoint blockade in WG mice, moderate exercise in weight stable mice, and PD-1 checkpoint blockade in moderately exercising, weight stable mice showed comparable, albeit subtle differences, in tumor-immune crosstalk gene expression markers that drive the expansion of immunosuppressive cell types and impact metastatic progression. The lack of responsiveness to VAX+PD-1 checkpoint blockade in WM mice suggests that moderate exercise in weight stable mice may be enhancing antitumor immunity and/or reducing protumorigenic factors (i.e., similar mechanisms mediated by VAX+PD-1 checkpoint blockade). Results from the current studies provided insight into the extent to which exercise in weight stable mice underlie cancer protection. Also, results provided insight into potential mechanisms by which exercise can act via the inflammation-immune axis to attenuate the generation of a protumorigenic and immunosuppressive TME. These data demonstrated that preventing weight gain through diet and exercise may be an important recommendation to maintain prolonged antitumor effector responses and improve clinical outcomes. Results from the current studies provided insight into potential mechanisms by which physical activity exerts primary and secondary cancer prevention effects and provides a biological rationale for randomized clinical trials to investigate physical activity strategies to prevent metastatic progression in BC survivors and ultimately improve survival outcomes.

Author: Kerry S. Courneya
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642042317
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 389

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Book Description
This book explores in depth the relation between physical activity and cancer control, including primary prevention, coping with treatments, recovery after treatments, long-term survivorship, secondary prevention, and survival. The first part of the book presents the most recent research on the impact of physical activity in preventing a range of cancers. In the second part, the association between physical activity and cancer survivorship is addressed. The effects of physical activity on supportive care endpoints (e.g., quality of life, fatigue, physical functioning) and disease endpoints (e.g., biomarkers, recurrence, survival) are carefully analyzed. In addition, the determinants of physical activity in cancer survivors are discussed, and behavior change strategies for increasing physical activity in cancer survivors are appraised. The final part of the book is devoted to special topics, including the relation of physical activity to pediatric cancer survivorship and to palliative cancer care.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309039940
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 765

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Book Description
Diet and Health examines the many complex issues concerning diet and its role in increasing or decreasing the risk of chronic disease. It proposes dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of the major diseases and causes of death today: atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (including heart attack and stroke), cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, and dental caries.