Author: Virginie J. AmerlynckPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Traffic accidents
Languages : en
Pages : 150
Book Description
Identification of Severe Crash Factors and Countermeasures in North Carolina
Author: Virginie J. AmerlynckPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Traffic accidents
Languages : en
Pages : 150
Book Description
Identification of Severe Crash Factors and Countermeasures in North Carolina
Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Traffic accidents
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
This report examines the roadway, crash, vehicle, individual and environmental factors that are associated with fatal and serious injury crashes in North Carolina between 1993 and 1997. The initial analysis identifies road classifications, geographic characteristics, and time trends related to severe crashes using Highway Safety Information Systems (HSIS) segment and crash data. HSIS system highways in North Carolina included the state primary and major secondary routes. Non-HSIS roads include local streets and minor secondary streets. Both HSIS and non-HSIS data are used in the more detailed section of the study to analyze the severe crash factors on all HSIS highways, two-lane urban HSIS highways, two-lane rural HSIS highways, urban non-HSIS routes and rural non-HSIS routes. In this report, a test of the standard error of a binomial proportion is used to find the statistical significance of the roadway, crash, vehicle, individual and environmental factors related to severe crashes. The initial analysis shows that urban and rural two-lane roads are associated with the highest crash severity, mountain counties have the highest proportion of severe crashes and crash severity remained stable for some of the most severe crash types. Factors associated with significantly high crash severity on all roadway types include curve, run-off-road, utility pole, tree, head-on, pedestrian, bicycle, darkness and alcohol use. The final section of the report recommends countermeasures that can be used to reduce the incidence of fatal and serious injury crashes associated with these factors.
Review of Methods for Studying Pre-crash Factors
Author: Frank A. HaightPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Traffic accident investigation
Languages : en
Pages : 208
Book Description
Considerable effort has been expended particularly over the previous decade in the area of examining pre-crash factors in an attempt at developing appropriate highway safety countermeasures. This report summarizes the review of this field by a select panel of highway safety researchers and includes recommendations for NHTSA-sponsored research in accident causation over the next several years. After attempting to clarify the significance of the “cause” of an accident, the report outlines various approaches to accident causation research and indicates the relevant data needs. The extent and type of exposure information required is addressed. A detailed critique of the major research efforts in this field is provided. This critique centers mainly on the work done by Indiana University, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., Operations Research, Inc., and the University of Miami. Finally, short and long-range recommendations for NHTSA-sponsored research are presented. These include in general utilizing the NASS system to the fullest extent possible. Several specific studies recommended include: examination of data needs; survey of the possible existence of this required data; exploration of various alternative approaches to data collection (e.g. simulation); establishing appropriate quantifiers (e.g., what defines “following too closely”); determining exposure requirements; upgrading the statistical techniques utilized in this field; ascertaining the effectiveness of various countermeasures; and examining alternative information retrieval systems. In addition, several small open-ended research contracts for just plain “thinking about” accident causation methodology were recommended.
Southeast Regional Fatal Study
Author: James Kevin LacyPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Traffic accident victims
Languages : en
Pages : 114
Book Description
This project completed the North Carolina portion of the pooled fund Southeast Fatal Analysis Project. In addition to completing this portion of the causal chain analysis for North Carolina crashes, the project developed a comprehensive list of candidate safety countermeasures likely to be effective in reducing both the number and severity of fatal crashes on two-lane rural roads in North Carolina. The list includes countermeasures ranked according to their expected influence on fatal crash frequency and severity for two-lane rural roads.
Crash Causal Factors and Countermeasures for High-risk Locations on Multilane Primary Highways in Virginia
Author: Nicholas J. GarberPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Roads
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
In 2004, a total of 95,020 vehicle crashes occurred on highways under the jurisdiction of the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). Of these, 39,847 crashes occurred on primary highways, and 345 of these were fatal crashes. VDOT's traffic engineers continue to place increasing emphasis on identifying causal factors for crashes to enhance the selection of appropriate and effective countermeasures. The purpose of this study was to identify causal factors and appropriate countermeasures for crashes occurring at high-risk locations on multilane primary highways from 2001 through 2006. These high-risk locations were identified by Fontaine and Reed (2006) in a VDOT safety corridor study. A total of 365 sites, 1 to 2 mi in length, were used in the study. The statewide sites were located on rural and urban highways with divided, undivided, and traversable medians, with about 40 sites per VDOT district. Crash data were extracted from police crash reports, and geometric data were collected through site visits. Operational data were collected using VDOT's resources. The analysis involved more than 34,000 crashes and was conducted using fault tree analysis and generalized linear modeling. The fault tree analysis was used to determine the critical fault path based on the probability of an event occurring. Individual fault trees were constructed for each collision type and for each highway classification. The generalized linear models were developed for different highway classifications: urban divided, urban undivided, urban traversable (central lanes that can be used for left turns in both directions), and rural divided highways. Models were developed for rear-end crashes and total crashes, and separate models were developed for injury crashes, property damage only (PDO) crashes, and injury + PDO crashes. Appropriate potential countermeasures were then identified based on the significant causal factors identified in the models. The results indicated that rear-end crashes were the predominant type of crash, representing 56% of all PDO crashes on urban divided highways and 37% of all PDO crashes on rural divided highways. Implementing the recommended countermeasures for total, rear-end, and angle crashes for different assumed levels of rehabilitation is expected to result in a crash reduction of up to about 40% depending on the site and level of rehabilitation undertaken. A benefit/cost analysis showed that the benefit/cost ratios were higher than 1 for all levels of countermeasure implementation.
High Accident Frequency Locations for Investigation for Improvement on North Carolina Rural Highways
Author: North Carolina. Traffic Engineering Department. Accident Identification SectionPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Roads
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Characteristics and Contributory Causes Related to Large Truck Crashes
Author: Siddhartha KotikalapudiPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
In order to improve safety of the overall surface transportation system, each of the critical areas needs to be addressed separately with more focused attention. Statistics clearly show that large-truck crashes contribute significantly to an increased percentage of high-severity crashes. It is therefore important for the highway safety community to identify characteristics and contributory causes related to large-truck crashes. During the first phase of this study, fatal crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database were studied to achieve that objective. In this second phase, truck-crashes of all severity levels were analyzed with the intention of understanding characteristics and contributory causes, and identifying factors contributing to increased severity of truck-crashes, which could not be achieved by analyzing fatal crashes alone. Various statistical methodologies such as cross-classification analysis and severity models were developed using Kansas crash data. Various driver-, road-, environment- and vehicle- related characteristics were identified and contributory causes were analyzed. From the cross-classification analysis, severity of truck-crashes was found to be related with variables such as road surface (type, character and condition), accident class, collision type, driver- and environment-related contributory causes, traffic-control type, truck-maneuver, crash location, speed limit, light and weather conditions, time of day, functional class, lane class, and Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT). Other variables such as age of truck driver, day of the week, gender of truck-driver, pedestrian- and truck-related contributory causes were found to have no relationship with crash severity of large trucks. Furthermore, driver-related contributory causes were found to be more common than any other type of contributory cause for the occurrence of truck-crashes. Failing to give time and attention, being too fast for existing conditions, and failing to yield right of way were the most dominant truck-driver-related contributory causes, among many others. Through the severity modeling, factors such as truck-driver-related contributory cause, accident class, manner of collision, truck-driver under the influence of alcohol, truck maneuver, traffic control device, surface condition, truck-driver being too fast for existing conditions, truck-driver being trapped, damage to the truck, light conditions, etc. were found to be significantly related with increased severity of truck-crashes. Truck-driver being trapped had the highest odds of contributing to a more severe crash with a value of 82.81 followed by the collision resulting in damage to the truck, which had 3.05 times higher odds of increasing the severity of truck-crashes. Truck-driver under the influence of alcohol had 2.66 times higher odds of contributing to a more severe crash. Besides traditional practices like providing adequate traffic signs, ensuring proper lane markings, provision of rumble strips and elevated medians, use of technology to develop and implement intelligent countermeasures were recommended. These include Automated Truck Rollover Warning System to mitigate truck-crashes involving rollovers, Lane Drift Warning Systems (LDWS) to prevent run-off-road collisions, Speed Limiters (SLs) to control the speed of the truck, connecting vehicle technologies like Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) integration system to prevent head-on collisions etc., among many others. Proper development and implementation of these countermeasures in a cost effective manner will help mitigate the number and severity of truck-crashes, thereby improving the overall safety of the transportation system.
Modeling Frequency and Severity of Rural Highway Crashes to Identify Contributing Factors and Potential Countermeasures
Author: Liyanage Indike RatnayakePublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 242
Book Description
Integrated Safety Management Process
Author: Geni BaharPublisher: Transportation Research Board
ISBN: 0309087708
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 156
Book Description
Rising awareness of and increased attention to sexual harassment has resulted in momentum to implement sexual harassment prevention efforts in higher education institutions. Work on preventing sexual harassment is an area that has recently garnered a lot of attention, especially around education and programs that go beyond the standard anti-sexual harassment trainings often used to comply with legal requirements. On April 20-21, 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted the workshop Developing Evaluation Metrics for Sexual Harassment Prevention Efforts. The workshop explored approaches and strategies for evaluating and measuring the effectiveness of sexual harassment interventions being implemented at higher education institutions and research and training sites, in order to assist institutions in transforming promising ideas into evidence-based best practices. Workshop participants also addressed methods, metrics, and measures that could be used to evaluate sexual harassment prevention efforts that lead to change in the organizational climate and culture and/or a change in behavior among community members. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
Author: