The Controversy over Hormone Replacement Therapy: Evaluating Related Risk of Breast Cancer and Other Diseases PDF Download

Author:
Publisher: Am Cncl on Science, Health
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 18

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Author: R.D. Mann
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9781850703990
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 321

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This book covers a topic of considerable current interest and presents many of the most significant research findings available to date. Workers at the forefront of research on hormone replacement therapy and the implications for the risk of breast cancer were invited to attend a special Conference at the Royal Society of Medicine in London in September, 1991, where the latest data were presented to a distinguished audience and the implications of this research were discussed. The volume reviews various aspects of HRT and breast cancer, the physiology of the menopause, the current use of HRT in practice, osteoporosis and epidemiology and presents results from a range of European, American and Australian studies on the role of breast cancer and HRT, finishing with an overview of benefits, use and cost-effectiveness and a general summary. The book represents a definitive statement of current knowledge in this field and an informative update on the implications of recent research. It will be a valuable addition of special significance to the libraries of all those concerned with hormone replacement therapy and the study of breast cancer.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Author:
Publisher: Am Cncl on Science, Health
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 18

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Book Description

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309157331
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 428

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In 1950 men and women in the United States had a combined life expectancy of 68.9 years, the 12th highest life expectancy at birth in the world. Today, life expectancy is up to 79.2 years, yet the country is now 28th on the list, behind the United Kingdom, Korea, Canada, and France, among others. The United States does have higher rates of infant mortality and violent deaths than in other developed countries, but these factors do not fully account for the country's relatively poor ranking in life expectancy. International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages: Dimensions and Sources examines patterns in international differences in life expectancy above age 50 and assesses the evidence and arguments that have been advanced to explain the poor position of the United States relative to other countries. The papers in this deeply researched volume identify gaps in measurement, data, theory, and research design and pinpoint areas for future high-priority research in this area. In addition to examining the differences in mortality around the world, the papers in International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages look at health factors and life-style choices commonly believed to contribute to the observed international differences in life expectancy. They also identify strategic opportunities for health-related interventions. This book offers a wide variety of disciplinary and scholarly perspectives to the study of mortality, and it offers in-depth analyses that can serve health professionals, policy makers, statisticians, and researchers.

Author: Sandra Z. Haslam
Publisher: IOS Press
ISBN: 9781586036539
Category : Breast
Languages : en
Pages : 128

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Focuses on the challenges of determining the mechanistic basis for the role of hormones in the etiology of postmenopausal breast cancer. This book intends to bring attention to the advancements and challenges facing effective prevention and treatment of this disease.

Author: Carol Tavris
Publisher: Little, Brown Spark
ISBN: 0316481181
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 268

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A compelling, “fascinating” (Robert Cialdini) defense of hormone replacement therapy, exposing the faulty science behind its fall from prominence and giving women the evidence they need to make informed decisions about their health. Now fully revised and updated. "Estrogen Matters was my antidote to the misinformation surrounding menopause. This book should be the bible for every single person going through menopause.”―Naomi Watts For years, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was the medically approved way to alleviate menopausal symptoms (ranging from hot flushes to brain fog) and reduce the risk of heart disease, Alzheimer's, and osteoporosis. But when a large study by the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) announced, with national fanfare, that women taking HRT had an increased risk of breast cancer, women were scared off, and the treatment was abandoned. Now, Dr. Bluming, a medical oncologist, and Dr. Tavris, a social psychologist, reveal the true story of the WHI’s efforts to distort their data to exaggerate unsupported claims of estrogen’s harms. Important updates in this edition include: Evidence that demolishes the WHI’s claim that HRT causes breast cancer. A list of the WHI’s retractions of their original scare stories. Updated findings on estrogen’s benefits on heart, brain, bones, and longevity. A critical review of the alternative products and medications being marketed to treat symptoms of menopause. A sobering and revelatory read, Estrogen Matters sets the record straight on estrogen’s benefits, providing a light to guide women through this inevitable phase of life.

Author: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781490565552
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 132

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In this systematic evidence review, we evaluate data on the relationship between the use of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the risk of breast cancer (BCA). The context of this review is in the overall evaluation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy as chemoprophylaxis for chronic conditions. The results from this report will be used as part of an overall report on the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women. Hormone replacement therapy is used in the United States and worldwide to treat symptoms of menopause and to prevent chronic conditions such as osteoporosis. It is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in the U.S.; a recent survey in the U.S. of postmenopausal women ages 50 to 75 showed that nearly 38% of women were currently using estrogen or hormone replacement therapy (58.7% of those with prior hysterectomy and 19.6% without hysterectomy). A major and as yet unanswered clinical question is whether hormone replacement therapy increases a woman's risk of breast cancer. This issue is a critical one because the use of HRT is prevalent and because breast cancer is a relatively common disease, so that even a small increase in breast cancer in association with hormone use could significantly influence public health. The importance of endogenous estrogen in the development of breast cancer has been evaluated and confirmed in multiple studies of differing methodologies. Studies in animals have shown that breast cancer can be induced by the administration of estrogen. Among humans, some studies have shown that women with increased levels of circulating estrogen are at higher risk for the subsequent development of breast cancer. Other studies have had conflicting findings, and some have shown this relationship in postmenopausal women only. Reproductive events are important risk factors for breast cancer. Those shown to increase risk include early menarche and late menopause, both of which prolong exposure to higher levels of estrogen as well as other reproductive hormones. Other reproductive experiences, such as late age at first pregnancy and nulliparity, increase breast cancer risk. Oopherectomy among premenopausal women is protective against breast cancer, possibly because of reduced exposure to estrogen. Other risk factors also suggest an important role for estrogen in BCA development. In postmenopausal women, obesity, which correlates with increased estrogen levels, is also associated with an increased risk of BCA. Recent studies have also shown that increased bone density, possibly a reflection of lifetime estrogen exposure, is associated with increased rates of breast cancer. Finally, age-adjusted rates of increase in breast cancer incidence slow at menopause when estrogen levels fall. There are several critical key questions to consider when evaluating the research describing the role of exogenous estrogen or estrogen/progesterone in breast cancer development and prognosis. First, is either estrogen alone or estrogen with progesterone associated with a change in breast cancer mortality? Second, does short-term estrogen use increase the risk of breast cancer? The third question, which is most relevant to the use of estrogen to prevent chronic conditions, is whether long-term estrogen increases breast cancer risk. The fourth question, which reflects the current standard of practice, is whether the combination of estrogen and progesterone, either short-term or long-term, increases the risk of breast cancer. Fifth, is current use of estrogen or hormone replacement therapy associated with increased risk of breast cancer? Sixth, are there subpopulations of women who might be at increased risk of breast cancer when using HRT? Finally, because increased breast mammographic density is independently associated with an increase in breast cancer risk, as well as with decreased accuracy of mammography, does estrogen or estrogen/progestins change breast density?

Author: IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 692

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Evaluates evidence for an increased risk of cancer in women using combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives, post-menopausal estrogen therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy. Although the carcinogenicity of these preparations has been extensively investigated, the book stresses the many complex methodological issues that must be considered when interpreting findings and weighing results. Evidence of an association between use of these preparations and positive effects on health, including a reduced risk of some cancers, is also critically assessed. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates evidence of an association between the use of combined oral contraceptives and cancer at nine sites. Concerning breast cancer, the evaluation concludes that, even if the association is causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with patterns of use that are typical today is very small. Studies of predominantly high-dose preparations found an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of hepatitis viruses. Citing these findings, the evaluation concludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined oral contraceptives. The evaluation also found sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of some, but not all, combined preparations in animals. Combined oral contraceptives were classified as carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation also cites conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium. Progestogen-only contraceptives are evaluated in the second monograph, which considers the association with cancer at six sites. The evaluation found no evidence of an increased risk for breast cancer. Although the evaluation found sufficient evidence in animals for the carcinogenicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate, evidence for the carcinogenicity of progestogen-only contraceptives in humans was judged inadequate. Progestogen-only contraceptives were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The third monograph, on post-menopausal estrogen therapy, considers evidence of an association with cancer at eight sites. Findings from a large number of epidemiological studies indicate a small increase in the risk of breast cancer in women who have used these preparations for five years or more. Studies consistently show an association between use of post-menopausal estrogen therapy and an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Data on the association with other cancers were either inconclusive or suggested no effect on risk. The evaluation concludes that post-menopausal estrogen therapy is carcinogenic to humans. The final monograph evaluates the association between the use of post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy and cancer at four sites. The evaluation of limited data on breast cancer found an increased relative risk observed with long-term use. Data were judged insufficient to assess the effects of past use and of different progestogen compounds, doses, and treatment schedules. For endometrial cancer, the evaluation found an increase in risk relative to non-users when the progestogen was added to the cycle for 10 days or fewer. Post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Concerning post-menopausal therapy in general, the book notes that evidence of carcinogenic risks must be placed in perspective of potential benefits. The prevention of osteoporotic fractures is cited as the best-established benefit. Evidence also suggests that estrogen prevents heart disease and may prevent memory loss and dementia.

Author: Andrea R. Genazzani
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000144496
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 304

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The clinical benefits of hormone replacement therapy in women have to be carefully balanced against the possible risks, and a particular theoretical concern relates to risks associated with various forms of female oncology. Because of conflicting reports, gynecologists and oncologists especially need a single, authoritative resource of up-to-date information. Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cancer, published in association with the International Menopause Society, provides the very consensus statement that clinicians need in this difficult and complex area. Many of the world's leading specialists have contributed important chapters that provide state-of-the-art knowledge about the effects of hormones on women and possible cancer risks. The introductory section deals with carcinogenesis, and the other main sections cover HRT and breast cancer, endometrial cancer, colon cancer, melanoma and epithelial ovarian cancer. The concluding chapters discuss the benefits and risks of sp ecific therapies. An authoritative clinical reference with extensive bibliographic references and index, Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cancer covers all aspects of HRT and cancer based on the research available up to June 2001.