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Author: Akio Adachi Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889453480 Category : Languages : en Pages : 421
Book Description
Viruses are widely present in nature, and numerous viral species with a variety of unique characteristics have been identified so far. Even now, new emerging or re-emerging viruses are being found or re-found as novel viral classes or as quasi-species. Indeed, viruses are everywhere. Of note, viruses are pivotal as targets and tools of basic and applied sciences. On one hand, portions of the viruses are infectious for animals including humans, and cause various diseases in infected hosts by distinct mechanisms and at a different level of severity. While many of viruses are known to co-exist quietly with their hosts, pathogenic viruses certainly affect and threaten our society as well as individuals to provoke serious medical or economic attention. We should act against certain dreadful and highly infectious viruses as a global problem. Animal RNA viruses can readily mutate to adapt themselves in their hostile environments for their survival. Resultant viruses may sometimes show essentially altered phenotypes from the original parental strains. This fundamental and general property of animal RNA viruses represents major extensive issues of scientific, medical, and/or economic importance. In this Research Topic, we have focused on the high mutability of animal RNA viruses, and selected relevant articles on animal viruses of broad-ranges such as primate lentiviruses, influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, rabies virus, norovirus, picornaviruses, and picobirnavirus. Each article has taken up intriguing aspects of the subject viruses. We are sure that readers acquire important information on virus mutation, adaptation, diversification, and evolution, and hope that researchers in the field related to virology gain some solid hints from the reported articles for further virological and /or medical studies. Finally, we thank all the contributing researchers in this Research Topic, entitled “Highly Mutable Animal RNA Viruses: Adaptation and Evolution”, for their elegant and interesting works.
Author: Akio Adachi Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889453480 Category : Languages : en Pages : 421
Book Description
Viruses are widely present in nature, and numerous viral species with a variety of unique characteristics have been identified so far. Even now, new emerging or re-emerging viruses are being found or re-found as novel viral classes or as quasi-species. Indeed, viruses are everywhere. Of note, viruses are pivotal as targets and tools of basic and applied sciences. On one hand, portions of the viruses are infectious for animals including humans, and cause various diseases in infected hosts by distinct mechanisms and at a different level of severity. While many of viruses are known to co-exist quietly with their hosts, pathogenic viruses certainly affect and threaten our society as well as individuals to provoke serious medical or economic attention. We should act against certain dreadful and highly infectious viruses as a global problem. Animal RNA viruses can readily mutate to adapt themselves in their hostile environments for their survival. Resultant viruses may sometimes show essentially altered phenotypes from the original parental strains. This fundamental and general property of animal RNA viruses represents major extensive issues of scientific, medical, and/or economic importance. In this Research Topic, we have focused on the high mutability of animal RNA viruses, and selected relevant articles on animal viruses of broad-ranges such as primate lentiviruses, influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, rabies virus, norovirus, picornaviruses, and picobirnavirus. Each article has taken up intriguing aspects of the subject viruses. We are sure that readers acquire important information on virus mutation, adaptation, diversification, and evolution, and hope that researchers in the field related to virology gain some solid hints from the reported articles for further virological and /or medical studies. Finally, we thank all the contributing researchers in this Research Topic, entitled “Highly Mutable Animal RNA Viruses: Adaptation and Evolution”, for their elegant and interesting works.
Author: Katarina Marie Braun Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Pathogenic RNA viruses emerging from zoonotic reservoirs are among the highest threats for global infectious disease control. Every single major epidemic or pandemic in the 21st century has resulted from an emerging or re-emerging zoonotic RNA virus. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus 1 (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2003, a novel pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in 2009, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and 2015, Ebola in 2014, Zika virus in 2015, Yellow fever virus in 2016, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. It is clear the primary drivers of the emergence of these zoonotic RNA viruses are increasing globalization, habitat fragmentation, and encroachment of a continuously growing human population into wildlife habitats 1. It is notable that this increased interaction between humans and animals likely increases the risk of interspecies transmission among a large number of potential pathogens, yet RNA viruses are the dominant source of emerging human pathogens 2. The capacity for RNA viruses to rapidly adapt to new host environments and to respond to shifting selective pressures is not completely understood. Current dogma suggests this trait is tied to short generation times and high mutation rates resulting from error-prone viral replication. RNA virus mutability creates diverse viral populations which are more capable than homogenous populations of adapting to new hosts and host environments 3. However, the generation of viral variation is only the first step. Individual mutations that confer fitness benefits in particular environments must then increase in frequency and/or make their way out of individual hosts and into populations. This stage presents several obstacles that the virus must overcome and is therefore likely to be rate-limiting for the overall pace of viral evolution and host-switching. The first three chapters (chapters 2-4) of this dissertation focus on investigating the evolutionary processes by which zoonotic RNA viruses adapt to mammalian hosts. The results of this work call attention to several significant obstacles that zoonotic RNA viruses must overcome in order to successfully and efficiently emerge in and adapt to human hosts. I suggest these obstacles all derive from the effects of randomness on viral systems. The cumulative impact of these obstacles has critical implications in assessing the pandemic potential of viruses that have already caused human epidemics, like avian influenza viruses, and the adaptive potential of the current pandemic virus, SARS-CoV-2. The final two chapters (chapters 5-6) of this dissertation discuss our work combining principles of viral evolution with epidemiology and population health to investigate the early patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread in the state of Wisconsin. Taken together, this work suggests the effects of randomness on viral populations within and between individual hosts are a previously underappreciated brake to the pace of viral adaptation and host-switching for influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, this work underscores the value of genomic epidemiology early in a pandemic to understand patterns of viral transmission in different populations and to assess the impact of public health guidelines and interventions on a rolling basis.
Author: Edward C. Holmes Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0199211124 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 267
Book Description
While the study of viral evolution has developed rapidly in the last 30 years, little attention has been directed toward linking the mechanisms of viral evolution to the epidemiological outcomes of these processes. This book intends to fill this gap by considering the patterns and processes of viral evolution at all its spatial and temporal scales.
Author: Esteban Domingo Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128163321 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 426
Book Description
Virus as Composition, Complexity, Quasispecies, Dynamics, and Biological Implications, Second Edition, explains the fundamental concepts surrounding viruses as complex populations during replication in infected hosts. Fundamental phenomena in virus behavior, such as adaptation to changing environments, capacity to produce disease, and the probability to be transmitted or respond to treatment all depend on virus population numbers. Concepts such as quasispecies dynamics, mutations rates, viral fitness, the effect of bottleneck events, population numbers in virus transmission and disease emergence, and new antiviral strategies are included. The book's main concepts are framed by recent observations on general virus diversity derived from metagenomic studies and current views on the origin and role of viruses in the evolution of the biosphere. Features current views on key steps in the origin of life and origins of viruses Includes examples relating ancestral features of viruses with their current adaptive capacity Explains complex phenomena in an organized and coherent fashion that is easy to comprehend and enjoyable to read Considers quasispecies as a framework to understand virus adaptability and disease processes
Author: Mavis Agbandje-McKenna Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN: 184973223X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 389
Book Description
Over the last ten years, much effort has been devoted to improving the biophysical techniques used in the study of viruses. This has resulted in the visualization of these large macromolecular assemblages at atomic level, thus providing the platform for functional interpretation and therapeutic design. Structural Virology covers a wide range of topics and is split into three sections. The first discusses the vast biophysical methodologies used in structural virology, including sample production and purification, confocal microscopy, mass spectrometry, negative-stain and cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The second discusses the role of virus capsid protein structures in determining the functional roles required for receptor recognition, cellular entry, capsid assembly, genome packaging and mechanisms of host immune system evasion. The last section discusses therapeutic strategies based on virus protein structures, including the design of antiviral drugs and the development of viral capsids as vehicles for foreign gene delivery. Each topic covered will begin with a review of the current literature followed by a more detailed discussion of experimental procedures, a step in the viral life cycle, or strategies for therapeutic development. With contributions from experts in the field of structural biology and virology this exceptional monograph will appeal to biomedical scientists involved in basic and /or applied research on viruses. It also provides up-to-date reference material for students entering the field of structural virology as well as scientists already familiar with the area.
Author: Yashpal Singh Malik Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811504024 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 388
Book Description
This book, which is the first volume of the book series-Livestock Diseases and Management, summarizes the prominence and implications of the emerging and transboundary animal viruses. Although the livestock plays an important role in the economy of many countries, the emerging and transboundary animal viral diseases possess a serious risk to the animal-agriculture sector and food security globally. The book describes the precise and up-to-date information on animal viral diseases which have emerged in the recent past or are re-emerging due to various environmental factors and those which are not bounded in restricted national boundaries and attained the transboundary status. The chapters summarize the recent advancements in the molecular state-of-art tools towards the development of diagnostics, prophylactics, and therapeutics of these viruses. It also explicitly describes the challenges imposed by the emerging and transboundary viral infections and our preparedness to counter them.
Author: Graham Bell Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0198569726 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 568
Book Description
This book adopts a direct experimental approach to evolutionary questions, drawing predominantly from research on microbial systems. The focus is on processes and mechanisms, and incorporates insights from recent advances in whole-genome sequencing, bioinformatics, environmental genomics and developmental genetics.
Author: David E. Swayne Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0813818664 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 626
Book Description
Avian Influenza provides the first comprehensive guide covering the full spectrum of this complex and increasingly high-profile disease, its history and its treatment and control. All aspects of avian influenza are dealt with in depth, systematically covering biology, virology, diagnostics, ecology, epidemiology, clinical medicine, and the control. The book fuses coverage of the latest discoveries in the basic sciences with a practical approach to dealing with the disease in a clinical setting, and providing instruction and guidance for veterinarians and government animal health officials encountering this disease in the field. Avian Influenza provides the reader with a global perspective, bringing together chapters written by leading animal health researchers and veterinarians with significant experience working with this disease. Providing a summary and synthesis of important data and research on this virus, its impact on both wild and domesticated birds, and approaches to controlling the spread of the disease, Avian Influenza will be an invaluable resource for all veterinarians, scientists, animal health professionals, and public health officials dealing with this virus. * Covers full range of topics within avian influenza in one comprehensive and authoritative text * Provides a summarization of peer-reviewed and empirical data on avian influenza viruses, the infection and diseases they cause * Discusses strategies used in control of the disease * Leading experts are drawn together to provide an international and multi-disciplinary perspective * Fuses latest developments in basic scientific research with practical guidance on management of the disease
Author: Günther Witzany Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 940074899X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 432
Book Description
A renaissance of virus research is taking centre stage in biology. Empirical data from the last decade indicate the important roles of viruses, both in the evolution of all life and as symbionts of host organisms. There is increasing evidence that all cellular life is colonized by exogenous and/or endogenous viruses in a non-lytic but persistent lifestyle. Viruses and viral parts form the most numerous genetic matter on this planet.
Author: Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0444639527 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 4896
Book Description
Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, Second Edition, Six Volume Set presents the newest release in this fundamental reference that updates and broadens the umbrella of environmental health, especially social and environmental health for its readers. There is ongoing revolution in governance, policies and intervention strategies aimed at evolving changes in health disparities, disease burden, trans-boundary transport and health hazards. This new edition reflects these realities, mapping new directions in the field that include how to minimize threats and develop new scientific paradigms that address emerging local, national and global environmental concerns. Represents a one-stop resource for scientifically reliable information on environmental health Fills a critical gap, with information on one of the most rapidly growing scientific fields of our time Provides comparative approaches to environmental health practice and research in different countries and regions of the world Covers issues behind specific questions and describes the best available scientific methods for environmental risk assessment