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Author: K. Neumann Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642953638 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 275
Book Description
Towards the end of the fifties methods for planning, scheduling,and control of proj ects were developed on the basis that the evolution of a project can be associated with a special weighted directed graph, called activity network. In this association, the individual activities of the project correspond to the arcs, the so-called proj ect events (beginning or termination of activities) correspond to the nodes, and the durations of the activities correspond to the weights of the respective arcs of the directed graph. 1) Contiguous arcs are assigned to activities which succeed one another immediately. The event corresponding to a node occurs exactly at the time at which all activities which are associated with the arcs leading into the node are terminated. After the occurrence of an event all those activities are be gun which correspond to the arcs emanating from the respective node. This implies especially that the evolution of the project has to be uniquely determined before hand, that every activity and every event are realized exactly once during the exe cution of the project, and that "feedback" (corresponding to cycles in the asso ciated network) is not permitted. Many projects, for example most R&D projects and projects in the area of production p 1 anni ng, do not sa ti sfy the foregoi ng res tri cti ons.
Author: K. Neumann Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642953638 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 275
Book Description
Towards the end of the fifties methods for planning, scheduling,and control of proj ects were developed on the basis that the evolution of a project can be associated with a special weighted directed graph, called activity network. In this association, the individual activities of the project correspond to the arcs, the so-called proj ect events (beginning or termination of activities) correspond to the nodes, and the durations of the activities correspond to the weights of the respective arcs of the directed graph. 1) Contiguous arcs are assigned to activities which succeed one another immediately. The event corresponding to a node occurs exactly at the time at which all activities which are associated with the arcs leading into the node are terminated. After the occurrence of an event all those activities are be gun which correspond to the arcs emanating from the respective node. This implies especially that the evolution of the project has to be uniquely determined before hand, that every activity and every event are realized exactly once during the exe cution of the project, and that "feedback" (corresponding to cycles in the asso ciated network) is not permitted. Many projects, for example most R&D projects and projects in the area of production p 1 anni ng, do not sa ti sfy the foregoi ng res tri cti ons.
Author: Johannes Jahn Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642466184 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 409
Book Description
In vector optimization one investigates optimization problems in an abstract setting which have a not necessarily real-valued objective function. This scientific discipline is closely related to multi-objective optimization and multi-criteria decision making. This book contains refereed contributions to the "International Conference on Vector Optimization" held at the Technical University of Darmstadt from August 4-7, 1986. This meeting was an interdisciplinary forum devoted to new results in the theory, to applications as well as to the solution of vector optimization problems which are relevant in practice. Because of the great variety of topics covered by the contributions, the 25 articles of this volume are organized in different sections: Historical retrospect, mathematical theory, goal setting and decision making, engineering applications, and related topics. The papers of the invited State-of-the-Art Tutorials given by Professors J.M. Borwein, H. Eschenauer, W. Stadler and P.L. Yu are also included.
Author: Axel Börsch-Supan Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642456332 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 223
Book Description
This book is a treatise on empirical microeconomics: it describes the econometric theory of qualitative choice models and the empirical practice of modeling consumer demand for a heterogeneous commodity, housing. Accordingly, the book has two parts. The first part gives a self-contained survey of discrete choice models with emphasis on nested and related multinomial logit models. The second part concentrates on three sUbstantive questions about housing demand and how they can be answered using discrete choice models. Why combine these two distinct parts in one book? It is the interaction between theory and application in empirical microeconomics on which we focus in this book. Hence, emphasis in the methodological part is on practicability, and emphasis in the applied part is on the usage of the proper econometric specifications. Econometrics means measuring economic phenomena. Because nature (ironically, in the case of economics, this is most often the government) rarely provides us with well-defined economic experiments, measurement of economic phenomena usually requires an elaborate statistical apparatus that is able to separate concurrent and confounding phenomena. Discrete choice models have proved to be a very convenient apparatus to study the complex issues in housing demand. We present models, techniques, and statistical problems of discrete choice in the first and methodological part of the book, written in conventional textbook style.
Author: M. Grauer Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3662001845 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 277
Book Description
During the week of September 20-23, 1983, an International Workshop on Interactive Decision Analysis and Interpretative Computer Intelligence was held at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. More than fifty scientists representing seventeen coun tries participated. The aim of the Workshop was to review existing approaches to problems involving multiple conflicting objectives, to look at methods and techniques for interactive decision analysis, and to demonstrate theuse of existing interactive decision-support systems. The Workshop was motivated, firstly, by the realization that the rapid development of computers, especially microcomputers, will greatly increase the scope and capabilities of computerized decision-support systems. It is important to explore the potential of these systems for use in handling the complex technological, environmental, economic and social problems thatface the world today. Research in decision-support systems also has another, less tangible but possibly more important, motivation. The development of efficient sys tems for decision support requires a thorough understanding of the dif ferences between the decision-making processes in different nations and cultures. An understanding of the different rationales underlying decision making is not only necessary for the development of efficient decision support systems, but is also an important factor in encouraging inter national understanding and cooperation.
Author: L. Bauwens Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642455786 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 124
Book Description
In their review of the "Bayesian analysis of simultaneous equation systems", Dr~ze and Richard (1983) - hereafter DR - express the following viewpoint about the present state of development of the Bayesian full information analysis of such sys tems i) the method allows "a flexible specification of the prior density, including well defined noninformative prior measures"; ii) it yields "exact finite sample posterior and predictive densities". However, they call for further developments so that these densities can be eval uated through 'numerical methods, using an integrated software packa~e. To that end, they recommend the use of a Monte Carlo technique, since van Dijk and Kloek (1980) have demonstrated that "the integrations can be done and how they are done". In this monograph, we explain how we contribute to achieve the developments suggested by Dr~ze and Richard. A basic idea is to use known properties of the porterior density of the param eters of the structural form to design the importance functions, i. e. approximations of the posterior density, that are needed for organizing the integrations.
Author: P. M. C. de Boer Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642464602 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 153
Book Description
1.1. Pre Ziminary remarks Input-output analysis is one of the most extensively used tools of economic science. It has been introduced by Leontief (1941) who assumed that inputs into a production process of a particular sector of economic activity is a constant fraction of the output of that process in physicaZ terms. National account statisticians, however, record the inputs and outputs of sectors of economic activity in money flows. If those flows were voZumes (evalu ated at constant prices, pertaining to a certain base year) they could represent the physical amounts Leontief dealt with. Then, the Leontief assumption turns into constancy of ratios of volumes of inputs to volumes of output. For an over view of (traditional) input-output analysis we refer to section 4.1.1. In practice, however, input-output tables in volumes are seldom available; since as a rule they are expressed in monetary vaZues (i.e. evaluated at current prices). In that case one generally assumes that the ratios between inputs (in value terms) and outputs (in value terms) are constant. In appendix B to chapter 4 we prove that the two variants described above can be couched in terms of the (neo-classical) theory of costs subject to a production function.
Author: K. Neumann
Author: K. Neumann
Author: Y. Fujimori
Author: Johannes Jahn
Author: Axel Börsch-Supan
Author: M. Grauer
Author: Theo K. Dijkstra
Author: L. Bauwens
Author: J. Gruber
Author: U. Witt
Author: P. M. C. de Boer