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Author: Fanna Maina Assane Mamadou Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
In semi-arid regions, staple crop productivity is affected by multiple environmental, biological and socio-economic factors threatening food security. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is adapted to semi-arid and sub-humid zones of West Africa (WA). This crop is cultivated over large areas, corresponding to variable and diversified local contexts. The genetic basis of local adaptation and farmer preferences and their applications in breeding need further studies. Recent genotyping methods have provided access to high-density markers and their applications in breeding. In this thesis, genomic resources of WA germplasm were developed using the genotyping-by-sequencing method (GBS) to understand the genetic diversity and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with yield components under pre-flowering water deficit. Evidence of local adaptation in genomic regions linked to flowering time in sub-humid zones and balancing selection grain pigmentation were found. Phenotyping of the WA sorghum association panel (WASAP) was conducted under experimental water-deficit treatments. Significant variations of yield components were observed suggesting local adaptation and drought tolerance in the WASAP. Genome-wide association studies identified novel QTLs controlling vegetative biomass and grain weight under water deficit treatment. QTLs colocalizing with known genes in various traits were also identified. Furthermore, these genomic resources were used to develop diagnostic markers for resistance to Striga hermonthica, a weed parasite of grass crops, in which resistance is known to be associated with a deletion of a few genes. Using GBS data, single nucleotide polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium with the deletion to generate breeder-friendly markers were selected. Analyses identified eight SNPs, converted to breeder-friendly markers and tested in biparental populations and diverse germplasm using outsourced genotyping. The findings provide genetic resources to the scientific community and could facilitate genomics-enabled breeding of sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Fanna Maina Assane Mamadou Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
In semi-arid regions, staple crop productivity is affected by multiple environmental, biological and socio-economic factors threatening food security. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is adapted to semi-arid and sub-humid zones of West Africa (WA). This crop is cultivated over large areas, corresponding to variable and diversified local contexts. The genetic basis of local adaptation and farmer preferences and their applications in breeding need further studies. Recent genotyping methods have provided access to high-density markers and their applications in breeding. In this thesis, genomic resources of WA germplasm were developed using the genotyping-by-sequencing method (GBS) to understand the genetic diversity and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with yield components under pre-flowering water deficit. Evidence of local adaptation in genomic regions linked to flowering time in sub-humid zones and balancing selection grain pigmentation were found. Phenotyping of the WA sorghum association panel (WASAP) was conducted under experimental water-deficit treatments. Significant variations of yield components were observed suggesting local adaptation and drought tolerance in the WASAP. Genome-wide association studies identified novel QTLs controlling vegetative biomass and grain weight under water deficit treatment. QTLs colocalizing with known genes in various traits were also identified. Furthermore, these genomic resources were used to develop diagnostic markers for resistance to Striga hermonthica, a weed parasite of grass crops, in which resistance is known to be associated with a deletion of a few genes. Using GBS data, single nucleotide polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium with the deletion to generate breeder-friendly markers were selected. Analyses identified eight SNPs, converted to breeder-friendly markers and tested in biparental populations and diverse germplasm using outsourced genotyping. The findings provide genetic resources to the scientific community and could facilitate genomics-enabled breeding of sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Jacques Martin Faye Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, L. Moench) is a staple cereal food crop for millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. However, drought due to low and unpredictable rainfall decreases its productivity in semiarid regions. Understanding the genetic architecture of adaptive traits (drought tolerance, photoperiodic flowering time, and panicle architecture) of sorghum germplasm from breeding programs across West Africa could contribute to efficient molecular breeding. Breeding priorities in West African sorghum improvement programs seek to develop drought-adapted varieties with yield advantages, early and moderate maturity. However, field phenotyping for adaptation in early generations is difficult and there is limited technology to rapidly develop better-adapted varieties. This study aimed to dissect the genetic architecture of adaptive traits to develop high-throughput breeder-friendly markers for rapid introgression of adaptive alleles from donor to elites lines. In chapter 1, I describe the sorghum breeding programs in Senegal, the agronomic importance of sorghum types, and genomic approaches for crop improvement in semiarid regions. In chapter 2, I characterize 213,916 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 421 Senegalese sorghum accessions from the USDA-Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) to identify genomic signatures of local adaptation. This study provided insights into the factors shaping the genetic diversity and the molecular systems underlying local adaptation to water scarcity in sorghum, a staple food security crop in Senegal. In chapter 3, I characterize 159,101 SNPs across 756 accessions of the West African sorghum association panel (WASAP) assembled from breeding programs of Senegal, Niger, Mali, and Togo. The genetic diversity structured by botanical types and subpopulations within botanical types across countries and large-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for photoperiodic flowering indicate an oligogenic architecture of flowering time in West African sorghum. In chapter 4, I use genome-wide SNP variation from chapter 3 and phenotypic data from multiple managed water stress environments to identify genomic regions associated with drought response. Significantly positive pleiotropic associations contributed to high phenotypic variance and colocalized with known stay-green (Stg) QTLs, suggesting the existence of Stg alleles in West African sorghum. Finally, in chapter 5, I summarize the expected steps to establish genomics-enabled breeding for sorghum improvement in West Africa. The genomic resources developed in this research have allowed for the dissection of the genetic architecture of adaptive traits. The SNPs associated with large-effect QTLs can be converted into high-throughput breeder-friendly markers for use in marker-assisted selection. These resources combined with discoveries from the global scientific community can be used to accelerate and facilitate the development of locally adapted varieties to meet global food demand in semiarid regions of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Yi-Hong Wang Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1482210096 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 366
Book Description
Sorghum is one of the hardiest crop plants in modern agriculture and also one of the most versatile. Its seeds provide calorie for food and feed, stalks for building and industrial materials and its juice for syrup. This book provides an in-depth review of the cutting-edge knowledge in sorghum genetics and its applications in sorghum breeding. Each
Author: Sujay Rakshit Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319477897 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 289
Book Description
This book provides insights into the current state of sorghum genomics. It particularly focuses on the tools and strategies employed in genome sequencing and analysis, public and private genomic resources and how all this information is leading to direct outcomes for plant breeders. The advent of affordable whole genome sequencing in combination with existing cereal functional genomics data has enabled the leveraging of the significant novel diversity available in sorghum, the genome of which was fully sequenced in 2009, providing an unmatched resource for the genetic improvement of sorghum and other grass species. Cultivated grain sorghum is a food and feed cereal crop adapted to hot and dry climates, and is a staple for 500 million of the world’s poorest people. Globally, sorghum is also an important source of animal feed and forage, an emerging biofuel crop and model for C4 grasses, particularly genetically complex sugarcane.
Author: R. Madhusudhana Publisher: Springer ISBN: 8132224221 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 231
Book Description
This book provides an up-to-date overview of international research work on sorghum. Its comprehensive coverage of our current understanding of transgenic development in sorghum and the strategies that are being applied in molecular breeding make this book unique. Important areas such as genetic diversity, QTL mapping, heterosis prediction, genomic and bioinformatics resources, post-genome sequencing developments, molecular markers development using bioinformatics tools, genetic transformation and transgenic research are also addressed. The availability of the genome sequence along with other recent developments in sequencing and genotyping technologies has resulted in considerable advances in the area of sorghum genomics. These in turn have led to the generation of a large number of DNA-based markers and resulted in the identification and fine mapping of QTL associated with grain yield, its component traits, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance as well as grain quality traits in sorghum. Though a large volume of information has accumulated over the years, especially following the sequencing of the sorghum genome, until now it was not available in a single reference resource. This book fills that gap by documenting advances in the genomics and transgenic research in sorghum and presenting critical reviews and future prospects. “Sorghum Molecular Breeding” is an essential guide for students, researchers and managers who are involved in the area of molecular breeding and transgenic research in sorghum and plant biologists in general.
Author: Yi-Hong Wang Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1482210088 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 368
Book Description
Sorghum is one of the hardiest crop plants in modern agriculture and also one of the most versatile. Its seeds provide calorie for food and feed, stalks for building and industrial materials and its juice for syrup. This book provides an in-depth review of the cutting-edge knowledge in sorghum genetics and its applications in sorghum breeding. Each chapter is authored by specialists in their fields to report the latest trends and findings. The book showcases the definitive value of sorghum as a model system to study the genetic basis of crop productivity and stress tolerance and will provide a foundation for future studies in sorghum genetics, genomics, and breeding.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309176891 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 405
Book Description
Scenes of starvation have drawn the world's attention to Africa's agricultural and environmental crisis. Some observers question whether this continent can ever hope to feed its growing population. Yet there is an overlooked food resource in sub-Saharan Africa that has vast potential: native food plants. When experts were asked to nominate African food plants for inclusion in a new book, a list of 30 species grew quickly to hundreds. All in all, Africa has more than 2,000 native grains and fruitsâ€""lost" species due for rediscovery and exploitation. This volume focuses on native cereals, including: African rice, reserved until recently as a luxury food for religious rituals. Finger millet, neglected internationally although it is a staple for millions. Fonio (acha), probably the oldest African cereal and sometimes called "hungry rice." Pearl millet, a widely used grain that still holds great untapped potential. Sorghum, with prospects for making the twenty-first century the "century of sorghum." Tef, in many ways ideal but only now enjoying budding commercial production. Other cultivated and wild grains. This readable and engaging book dispels myths, often based on Western bias, about the nutritional value, flavor, and yield of these African grains. Designed as a tool for economic development, the volume is organized with increasing levels of detail to meet the needs of both lay and professional readers. The authors present the available information on where and how each grain is grown, harvested, and processed, and they list its benefits and limitations as a food source. The authors describe "next steps" for increasing the use of each grain, outline research needs, and address issues in building commercial production. Sidebars cover such interesting points as the potential use of gene mapping and other "high-tech" agricultural techniques on these grains. This fact-filled volume will be of great interest to agricultural experts, entrepreneurs, researchers, and individuals concerned about restoring food production, environmental health, and economic opportunity in sub-Saharan Africa. Selection, Newbridge Garden Book Club
Author: Olalere Marcus Olatoye Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Climate change has been anticipated to affect agriculture, with most the profound effect in regions where low input agriculture is being practiced. Understanding of how plants evolved in adaptation to diverse climatic conditions in the presence of local stressors (biotic and abiotic) can be beneficial for improved crop adaptation and yield to ensure food security. Great genetic diversity exists for agroclimatic adaptation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) but much of it has not been characterized. Thus, limiting its utilization in crop improvement. The application of next-generation sequencing has opened the plant genome for analysis to identify patterns of genome-wide nucleotide variations underlying agroclimatic adaptation. To understand the genetic basis of adaptive traits in sorghum, the genetic architecture of sorghum inflorescence traits was characterized in the first study. Phenotypic data were obtained from multi-environment experiments and used to perform joint linkage and genome-wide association mapping. Mapping results identified previously mapped and novel genetic loci underlying inflorescence morphology in sorghum. Inflorescence traits were found to be under the control of a few large and many moderate and minor effect loci. To demonstrate how our understanding of the genetic basis of adaptive traits can facilitate genomic enabled breeding, genomic prediction analysis was performed with results showing high prediction accuracies for inflorescence traits. In the second study, the sorghum-nested association mapping (NAM) population was used to characterize the genetic architecture of leaf erectness, leaf width, and stem diameter. About 2200 recombinant inbred lines were phenotyped in multiple environments. The obtained phenotypic data was used to perform joint linkage mapping using ~93,000 markers. The proportion of phenotypic variation explained by QTL and their allele frequencies were estimated. Common and moderate effects QTL were found to underlie marker-trait associations. Furthermore, identified QTL co-localized with genes involved in both vegetative and inflorescence development. Our results provide insights into the genetic basis of leaf erectness and stem diameter in sorghum. The identified QTL will also facilitate the development of genomic-enable breeding tools for crop improvement and molecular characterization of the underlying genes Finally, in a third study, 607 Nigerian accessions were genotyped and the resulting genomic data [about 190,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] was used for downstream analysis. Genome-wide scans of selection and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed and alongside estimates of levels of genetic differentiation and genetic diversity. Results showed that phenotypic variation in the diverse germplasm had been shaped by local adaptation across climatic gradient and can provide plant genetic resources for crop improvement.
Author: Fanna Maina Assane Mamadou
Author: Fanna Maina Assane Mamadou
Author: Jacques Martin Faye
Author: Yi-Hong Wang
Author: Sujay Rakshit
Author: Willmar Lukas Leiser
Author: R. Madhusudhana
Author: Yi-Hong Wang
Author: Leland Ralph House
Author: National Research Council
Author: Olalere Marcus Olatoye