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Author: Jonathan Charles Corbin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 246
Book Description
The three chapters in this dissertation discuss and test fuzzy-trace theory's account of riskychoice framing effects. This account predicts that risky-choice framing effects occur because of reliance on meaningful, categorical gist representations as opposed to rote, verbatim representations. The second chapter reviews fuzzy-trace theory's account of decision making from a developmental and memory perspective. This chapter covers the main principles of fuzzy-trace theory, including independent verbatim and gist representations, the development of these memory processes, task calibration, and the fuzzy-processing preference. This chapter also presents evidence that supports increasing reliance on gist with expertise, by covering work that demonstrated larger framing effects among intelligence agents as compared to college students. Finally, the chapter makes theoretical and empirical connections between the role of gist in framing and its role in false memory. The third chapter tests mechanisms hypothesized to underlie within-subject risky-choice framing effects. Within-subject framing effects occur when an individual demonstrates a preference reversal across both gain and loss frames. This chapter examines the role of the goal of cognitive consistency in framing, discovering that activation of this goal encourages subjects to remain more consistent with the initially presented frame. Second, this chapter shows that higher numeracy predicts smaller within-subject framing i whereas higher categorical gist thinking predicts larger framing effects, despite the fact that both measures correlate positively with each other. Finally, we show how true and false memory relate to within-subject framing, with acceptance of targets (representing individual differences in verbatim processing) supporting resistance to framing and false memory (representing individual differences in gist-based "false" memory) supporting larger framing effects. The fourth chapter compares traditional dual-process theories' predictions to those of fuzzy-trace theory regarding the roles of decision confidence and memory for numerical problem information in predicting between-subject framing effects. Whereas traditional dual-process theories predict that framing effects occur because of reliance on fast, associative processes, fuzzy-trace theory predicts -and results confirm-- that framing effects are due to meaningful gist-based intuition. ii.
Author: Jonathan Charles Corbin Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 246
Book Description
The three chapters in this dissertation discuss and test fuzzy-trace theory's account of riskychoice framing effects. This account predicts that risky-choice framing effects occur because of reliance on meaningful, categorical gist representations as opposed to rote, verbatim representations. The second chapter reviews fuzzy-trace theory's account of decision making from a developmental and memory perspective. This chapter covers the main principles of fuzzy-trace theory, including independent verbatim and gist representations, the development of these memory processes, task calibration, and the fuzzy-processing preference. This chapter also presents evidence that supports increasing reliance on gist with expertise, by covering work that demonstrated larger framing effects among intelligence agents as compared to college students. Finally, the chapter makes theoretical and empirical connections between the role of gist in framing and its role in false memory. The third chapter tests mechanisms hypothesized to underlie within-subject risky-choice framing effects. Within-subject framing effects occur when an individual demonstrates a preference reversal across both gain and loss frames. This chapter examines the role of the goal of cognitive consistency in framing, discovering that activation of this goal encourages subjects to remain more consistent with the initially presented frame. Second, this chapter shows that higher numeracy predicts smaller within-subject framing i whereas higher categorical gist thinking predicts larger framing effects, despite the fact that both measures correlate positively with each other. Finally, we show how true and false memory relate to within-subject framing, with acceptance of targets (representing individual differences in verbatim processing) supporting resistance to framing and false memory (representing individual differences in gist-based "false" memory) supporting larger framing effects. The fourth chapter compares traditional dual-process theories' predictions to those of fuzzy-trace theory regarding the roles of decision confidence and memory for numerical problem information in predicting between-subject framing effects. Whereas traditional dual-process theories predict that framing effects occur because of reliance on fast, associative processes, fuzzy-trace theory predicts -and results confirm-- that framing effects are due to meaningful gist-based intuition. ii.
Author: Nataliya Rubinchik Publisher: ISBN: Category : Decision making Languages : en Pages : 104
Book Description
A meta-study is a collection of many very small studies, called micro-studies, based on one core design. Meta-studies address many disadvanta7ges of meta-analyses and provide a possible solution for the replication crisis in research. In addition to addressing the problems related to meta-analyses, meta-studies provide several unique advantages to conducting research, specifically by testing the limits of generalizability and by having higher statistical power than a traditional design of the same total sample size. As a demonstration of the methodology, we conducted two meta-studies of the risky-choice gain-loss framing effect. In addition to replicating many past findings involving the framing effect, we also found two novel results, one of which was particularly surprising. One novel result was the nonlinear moderation of the framing effect by extreme probabilities (e.g., 1% and 99%). Participants were less likely to exhibit the framing effect when presented with extreme probabilities than when presented with moderate probabilities. The surprising novel result was that the framing effect doubled in size when participants were presented with a slightly risky option instead of a certain option. This result is contradictory to both Prospect Theory and Fuzzy Trace Theory predictions.
Author: Maggie E. Toplak Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1317265327 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 239
Book Description
Children face an overwhelming amount of information and a range of different choices every day, and so there has never been a more important time to understand how children learn to make judgments and decisions in our modern world. Individual Differences in Judgment and Decision-Making presents cutting-edge developmental research to advance our knowledge and understanding of how these competencies emerge. Focusing on the role of individual differences, the text provides a complementary theoretical approach to understanding the development of judgment and decision-making skills, and how and why these competencies vary within and between different periods of development. Sampling a diverse set of developmental paradigms and measures, as well as considering typical and atypically developing samples, this volume provokes thinking about how we can support our children and youth to help them make better choices. Drawing on the expertise of a range of international contributors, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of thinking and reasoning from both cognitive and developmental psychology backgrounds.
Author: Henry Markovits Publisher: ISBN: 9781315856568 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Logical thinking is a critically important cognitive skill. It is not just essential for mathematical and scientific understanding, it is also of prime importance when trying to navigate our complex and increasingly sophisticated world. Written by world class researchers in the field, The Developmental Psychology of Reasoning and Decision-Making describes the ways that children learn to reason, and how reasoning can be used to overcome the influence of beliefs and intuitions. The chapters in this edited collection focus on the new, revolutionary paradigm in reasoning and cover the recent research on the development of reasoning in two important areas: Cognitive abilities required to reason well and how these abilities develop in children and adolescents. Recent empirical data showing the effect intuition and prior belief have on reasoning, even when the outcome is inappropriate. Different theoretical and empirical perspectives from recent Piagetian theory, mental models and gist processing are examined, along with empirical results looking at specific aspects of reasoning in children. The key theme of the book is to better understand how reasoning develops not only through examining 'logical' reasoning, but also the nature of the interactions between people's intuitions and their reasoning abilities. The Developmental Psychology of Reasoning and Decision-Making provides an overview of the main theories and key empirical results related to the development of reasoning and should be of particular interest to students and researchers in developmental psychology and education, along with those in cognitive psychology.
Author: Yuval Erez Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 142
Book Description
Decision making is an integral part of human life. It encompasses different domains (e.g., risky choice, intertemporal choice, etc.), and is affected by numerous factors (visceral factors, emotions, representations, etc.). Following a thorough review of the evolution of decision making as a field of study, this dissertation studies the effect of experimentally manipulated hunger - a typical drive state - on choices in the context of decision making under risk for both food and money. Using a risky-choice framing task, the effect of hunger was tested to assess its influence on: (a) choice consistency ("rational choice behavior") as reflected by the degree of framing bias exhibited by the participants, (b) risk preferences, and (c) sensitivity to midpoint probabilities. Furthermore, a number of theoretical hypotheses were driven from three distinct models - two traditional dual-system models and fuzzy-trace theory - and compared with participants' actual choice behavior. Results from the experiment show that being in a drive state of hunger increased risk aversion for food and money but did not generate a stronger framing bias, or significantly alter the sensitivity to midpoint probabilities. Particularly, this pattern of risk preferences was robust across both gain and loss-framed decisions. In addition, this work provides some evidence for oversensitivity to midpoint probabilities in the context of risky-choice framing task. These findings pose a challenge to the two traditional dual-system models, contradicting some of their formal predictions, while providing some support to fuzzy-trace theory. Future directions for theoretical research are discussed.
Author: Martina Raue Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319924788 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 384
Book Description
This authoritative collection goes beyond economic statistics and probability data to offer a robust psychological understanding of risk perception and risk taking behavior. Expert contributors examine various risk domains in life, and pinpoint cognitive, emotional, and personality factors contributing to individual differences in risk taking as well as the many nuances social demographics (e.g., culture, gender) bring to risk decisions. Coverage takes competing theories and studies into account to identify mechanisms involved in processing and acting on uncertainty. And implications and applications are demonstrated in varied fields, from updated risk models for the insurance sector to improved risk communication in health services to considering risk perception in policy decisions. A sampling of the topics: Personality and risk: beyond daredevils—risk taking from a temperament perspective. Cognitive, developmental, and neurobiological aspects of risk judgments. The group effect: social influences on risk identification, analysis, and decision-making. Cognitive architectures as a scaffolding for risky choice models. Improving understanding of health-relevant numerical information. Risk culture as a framework for improving competence in risk management. Psychological Perspectives on Risk and Risk Analysis will be of great interest to researchers in and outside of psychology, including decision-making experts and behavioral economists. Additionally, this volume will appeal to practitioners who often have to make risky decisions, such as managers and physicians.
Author: Rüdiger F Pohl Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1317448286 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 521
Book Description
Cognitive Illusions explores a wide range of fascinating psychological effects in the way we think, judge and remember in our everyday lives. Featuring contributions from leading researchers, the book defines what cognitive illusions are and discusses their theoretical status: are such illusions proof for a faulty human information-processing system, or do they only represent by-products of otherwise adaptive cognitive mechanisms? Throughout the book, background to phenomena such as illusions of control, overconfidence and hindsight bias are discussed, before considering the respective empirical research, potential explanations of the phenomenon, and relevant applied perspectives. Each chapter also features the detailed description of an experiment that can be used as classroom demonstration. Featuring six new chapters, this edition has been thoroughly updated throughout to reflect recent research and changes of focus within the field. This book will be of interest to students and researchers of cognitive illusions, specifically, those focusing on thinking, reasoning, decision-making and memory.
Author: Nick Chater Publisher: OUP Oxford ISBN: 0199216096 Category : Philosophy Languages : en Pages : 535
Book Description
The Probabilistic Mind is a follow-up to the influential and highly cited Rational Models of Cognition (OUP, 1998). It brings together developmetns in understanding how, and how far, high-level cognitive processes can be understood in rational terms, and particularly using probabilistic Bayesian methods.
Author: Jonathan Charles Corbin
Author: Jonathan Charles Corbin
Author: John Vincent Fulginiti
Author: Nataliya Rubinchik
Author: Maggie E. Toplak
Author: Henry Markovits
Author: Yuval Erez
Author: Martina Raue
Author: Rüdiger F Pohl
Author: Nick Chater
Author: Sandra L. Schneider