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Author: Min Qiang Zhao Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 157
Book Description
Abstract: My dissertation examines the relationship between the rise of female labor supply and the rise of the service economy and studies how labor market and unemployment policies affect family labor decisions. There are three essays in my dissertation. The first essay quantifies the Buera and Kaboski's (BK) service economy model and examines how the female labor supply is related to service growth. I discipline the model through calibration to assess how quantitatively plausible such an explanation is. By extending the BK model to a two-person household model, I incorporate a joint household decision on home and market production into the model, which provides a direct link between female labor supply and the growth of service economy. The calibrated analysis shows that both the BK model and the extended BK model are able to match nearly all of the growth in the service sector, and the channels emphasized in the BK model are quantitatively important. Using counterfactual experiments, I identify the rising efficient scale of service production and skill deepening of the labor force, particularly among the female population, as the most important channels of service growth. The second essay uses British Household Panel Survey data to examine how marital instability and partners' employment instability affect non-single mothers' employment responses to the 1999 in-work benefit reform in the United Kingdom. Previous studies have found small employment responses overall, but I find large responses among these subpopulations. My difference-in-difference analysis suggests that (1) there is about a 10 to 14 percentage point increase in the full-time employment of non-single mothers with unstable marriages relative to those with stable marriages as the result of the 1999 reform, and (2) there is about a 10 percentage point increase in the full-time employment of non-single mothers with unstably employed partners relative to those with stably employed partners. These results highlight the important interaction between household instability and the labor decisions of non-single mothers. The third essay examines how means-tested unemployment benefits affect couple's employment decisions. The literature has overly emphasized the negative work incentive of means-tested unemployment benefits, which does not provide full information for policy evaluation because the overall employment outcome matters more than the employment outcome of women with unemployed spouses. I show that means-tested unemployment benefits involve both negative and positive work incentives, the latter of which usually dominates to generate a higher employment rate, a greater proportion of dual-earner couples as well as a lower government expenditure on unemployment benefits.
Author: Min Qiang Zhao Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 157
Book Description
Abstract: My dissertation examines the relationship between the rise of female labor supply and the rise of the service economy and studies how labor market and unemployment policies affect family labor decisions. There are three essays in my dissertation. The first essay quantifies the Buera and Kaboski's (BK) service economy model and examines how the female labor supply is related to service growth. I discipline the model through calibration to assess how quantitatively plausible such an explanation is. By extending the BK model to a two-person household model, I incorporate a joint household decision on home and market production into the model, which provides a direct link between female labor supply and the growth of service economy. The calibrated analysis shows that both the BK model and the extended BK model are able to match nearly all of the growth in the service sector, and the channels emphasized in the BK model are quantitatively important. Using counterfactual experiments, I identify the rising efficient scale of service production and skill deepening of the labor force, particularly among the female population, as the most important channels of service growth. The second essay uses British Household Panel Survey data to examine how marital instability and partners' employment instability affect non-single mothers' employment responses to the 1999 in-work benefit reform in the United Kingdom. Previous studies have found small employment responses overall, but I find large responses among these subpopulations. My difference-in-difference analysis suggests that (1) there is about a 10 to 14 percentage point increase in the full-time employment of non-single mothers with unstable marriages relative to those with stable marriages as the result of the 1999 reform, and (2) there is about a 10 percentage point increase in the full-time employment of non-single mothers with unstably employed partners relative to those with stably employed partners. These results highlight the important interaction between household instability and the labor decisions of non-single mothers. The third essay examines how means-tested unemployment benefits affect couple's employment decisions. The literature has overly emphasized the negative work incentive of means-tested unemployment benefits, which does not provide full information for policy evaluation because the overall employment outcome matters more than the employment outcome of women with unemployed spouses. I show that means-tested unemployment benefits involve both negative and positive work incentives, the latter of which usually dominates to generate a higher employment rate, a greater proportion of dual-earner couples as well as a lower government expenditure on unemployment benefits.
Author: Sarah Damaske Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 0691219311 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 336
Book Description
An indispensable investigation into the American unemployment system and the ways gender and class affect the lives of those looking for work Through the intimate stories of those seeking work, The Tolls of Uncertainty offers a startling look at the nation’s unemployment system—who it helps, who it hurts, and what, if anything, we can do to make it fair. Drawing on interviews with one hundred men and women who have lost jobs across Pennsylvania, Sarah Damaske examines the ways unemployment shapes families, finances, health, and the job hunt. Damaske demonstrates that commonly held views of unemployment are either incomplete or just plain wrong. Shaped by a person’s gender and class, unemployment generates new inequalities that cast uncertainties on the search for work and on life chances beyond the world of work, threatening opportunity in America. Following in depth the lives of four individuals over the course of their unemployment experiences, Damaske offers insights into how the unemployed perceive their relationship to work. She reveals the high levels of blame that women who have lost jobs place on themselves, leading them to put their families’ needs above their own, sacrifice their health, and take on more tasks inside the home. This “guilt gap” illustrates how unemployment all too often exacerbates existing differences between men and women. Class privilege, too, gives some an advantage, while leaving others at the mercy of an underfunded unemployment system. Middle-class men are generally able to create the time and space to search for good work, but many others are bogged down by the challenges of poverty-level unemployment benefits and family pressures and fall further behind. Timely and engaging, The Tolls of Uncertainty posits that a new path must be taken if the nation’s unemployed are to find real relief.
Author: Richard Berthoud Publisher: ISBN: Category : Employment (Economic theory) Languages : en Pages : 68
Book Description
The total number of people in employment is higher now than it was in the mid-1970s. But changes in the distribution of work leave many more families with no job and no earnings. Richard Berthoud has undertaken a detailed analysis of the trends over the past thirty years.About two million adults are in work today, who would probably not have had a job in the mid-1970s. They are mainly mothers, especially those with adequate qualifications, good health, and a working partner. On the other hand, there are another two million adults who would have had a job thirty years ago, but are now out of work. They are mainly disabled men, with poor educational qualifications, and no working partner. These two trends have combined to increase inequality between the work-rich (families with two jobs) and the work-poor (families with no job). The proportion of work-poor has doubled from 7 per cent to 14 per cent over 30 years. Most of them live on social security benefits, and have very low incomes.The government argues that 'work is the best route out of poverty'. This report should be read by social policy makers and commentators concerned about the distribution of work between men and women, disabled and non-disabled people, and between families.
Author: June Carbone Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0199916594 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 267
Book Description
There was a time when the phrase "American family" conjured up a single, specific image: a breadwinner dad, a homemaker mom, and their 2.5 kids living comfortable lives in a middle-class suburb. Today, that image has been shattered, due in part to skyrocketing divorce rates, single parenthood, and increased out-of-wedlock births. But whether it is conservatives bewailing the wages of moral decline and women's liberation, or progressives celebrating the result of women's greater freedom and changing sexual mores, most Americans fail to identify the root factor driving the changes: economic inequality that is remaking the American family along class lines. In Marriage Markets, June Carbone and Naomi Cahn examine how macroeconomic forces are transforming our most intimate and important spheres, and how working class and lower income families have paid the highest price. Just like health, education, and seemingly every other advantage in life, a stable two-parent home has become a luxury that only the well-off can afford. The best educated and most prosperous have the most stable families, while working class families have seen the greatest increase in relationship instability. Why is this so? The book provides the answer: greater economic inequality has profoundly changed marriage markets, the way men and women match up when they search for a life partner. It has produced a larger group of high-income men than women; written off the men at the bottom because of chronic unemployment, incarceration, and substance abuse; and left a larger group of women with a smaller group of comparable men in the middle. The failure to see marriage as a market affected by supply and demand has obscured any meaningful analysis of the way that societal changes influence culture. Only policies that redress the balance between men and women through greater access to education, stable employment, and opportunities for social mobility can produce a culture that encourages commitment and investment in family life. A rigorous and enlightening account of why American families have changed so much in recent decades, Marriage Markets cuts through the ideological and moralistic rhetoric that drives our current debate. It offers critically needed solutions for a problem that will haunt America for generations to come.
Author: David B. Grusky Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation ISBN: 1610447506 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 342
Book Description
Officially over in 2009, the Great Recession is now generally acknowledged to be the most devastating global economic crisis since the Great Depression. As a result of the crisis, the United States lost more than 7.5 million jobs, and the unemployment rate doubled—peaking at more than 10 percent. The collapse of the housing market and subsequent equity market fluctuations delivered a one-two punch that destroyed trillions of dollars in personal wealth and made many Americans far less financially secure. Still reeling from these early shocks, the U.S. economy will undoubtedly take years to recover. Less clear, however, are the social effects of such economic hardship on a U.S. population accustomed to long periods of prosperity. How are Americans responding to these hard times? The Great Recession is the first authoritative assessment of how the aftershocks of the recession are affecting individuals and families, jobs, earnings and poverty, political and social attitudes, lifestyle and consumption practices, and charitable giving. Focused on individual-level effects rather than institutional causes, The Great Recession turns to leading experts to examine whether the economic aftermath caused by the recession is transforming how Americans live their lives, what they believe in, and the institutions they rely on. Contributors Michael Hout, Asaf Levanon, and Erin Cumberworth show how job loss during the recession—the worst since the 1980s—hit less-educated workers, men, immigrants, and factory and construction workers the hardest. Millions of lost industrial jobs are likely never to be recovered and where new jobs are appearing, they tend to be either high-skill positions or low-wage employment—offering few opportunities for the middle-class. Edward Wolff, Lindsay Owens, and Esra Burak examine the effects of the recession on housing and wealth for the very poor and the very rich. They find that while the richest Americans experienced the greatest absolute wealth loss, their resources enabled them to weather the crisis better than the young families, African Americans, and the middle class, who experienced the most disproportionate loss—including mortgage delinquencies, home foreclosures, and personal bankruptcies. Lane Kenworthy and Lindsay Owens ask whether this recession is producing enduring shifts in public opinion akin to those that followed the Great Depression. Surprisingly, they find no evidence of recession-induced attitude changes toward corporations, the government, perceptions of social justice, or policies aimed at aiding the poor. Similarly, Philip Morgan, Erin Cumberworth, and Christopher Wimer find no major recession effects on marriage, divorce, or cohabitation rates. They do find a decline in fertility rates, as well as increasing numbers of adult children returning home to the family nest—evidence that suggests deep pessimism about recovery. This protracted slump—marked by steep unemployment, profound destruction of wealth, and sluggish consumer activity—will likely continue for years to come, and more pronounced effects may surface down the road. The contributors note that, to date, this crisis has not yet generated broad shifts in lifestyle and attitudes. But by clarifying how the recession’s early impacts have—and have not—influenced our current economic and social landscape, The Great Recession establishes an important benchmark against which to measure future change.
Author: International Center for Research on Women Publisher: ISBN: Category : Developing countries Languages : en Pages : 110
Book Description
Research paper on the employment of woman workers in developing countries - analyses household activities, female labour force participation, labour supply and labour demand, esp. Agricultural employment and nonfarm employment of rural women, rural migration and men outmigration, unemployment and underemployment, employment opportunities, low wages, employment as domestic workers, in the informal sector or in multinational enterprises, and includes employment policy recommendations.
Author: Daphne Spain Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation ISBN: 9780871548146 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 268
Book Description
InBalancing Act, authors Daphne Spain and Suzanne Bianchi draw upon multiple census and survey sources to detail the shifting conditions under which women manage their roles as mothers, wives, and breadwinners. They chronicle the progress made in education where female college enrollment now exceeds that of males and the workforce, where women have entered a wider variety of occupations and are staying on the job longer, even after becoming wives and mothers. But despite progress, lower-paying service and clerical positions remain predominantly female, and although the salary gap between men and women has shrunk, women are still paid less. As women continue to establish a greater presence outside the home, many have delayed marriage and motherhood. Marked jumps in divorce and out-of-wedlock childbirth have given rise to significant numbers of female-headed households. Married women who work contribute more significantly than ever to the financial well-being of their families, yet evidence shows that they continue to perform most household chores. Balancing Act focuses on how American women juggle the simultaneous demands of caregiving and wage earning, and compares their options to those of women in other countries. The United States is the only industrialized nation without policies to support working mothers and their families most tellingly in the absence of subsidized childcare services. Many women are forced to work in less rewarding part-time or traditionally female jobs that allow easy exit and re-entry, and as a consequence poverty is the single greatest danger facing American women. As the authors show, the risk of poverty varies significantly by race and ethnicity, with African Americans most of whose children live in mother-only families the most adversely affected."
Author: Women Work! The National Network for Women's Employment Publisher: ISBN: Category : Census of population and housing (1990) Languages : en Pages : 80
Author: Min Qiang Zhao
Author: Min Qiang Zhao
Author: Sarah Damaske
Author: Richard Berthoud
Author: Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon
Author: June Carbone
Author: 
Author: David B. Grusky
Author: International Center for Research on Women
Author: Daphne Spain
Author: Women Work! The National Network for Women's Employment