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Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309172659 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 97
Book Description
Policy makers are caught between two powerful forces in relation to testing in America's schools. One is increased interest on the part of educators, reinforced by federal requirements, in developing tests that accurately reflect local educational standards and goals. The other is a strong push to gather information about the performance of students and schools relative to national and international standards and norms. The difficulty of achieving these two goals simultaneously is exacerbated by both the long-standing American tradition of local control of education and the growing public sentiment that students already take enough tests. Finding a solution to this dilemma has been the focus of numerous debates surrounding the Voluntary National Tests proposed by President Clinton in his 1997 State of the Union address. It was also the topic of a congressionally mandated 1998 National Research Council report (Uncommon Measures: Equivalence and Linkage Among Educational Tests), and was touched upon in a U.S. General Accounting Office report (Student Testing: Issues Related to Voluntary National Mathematics and Reading Tests). More recently, Congress asked the National Research Council to determine the technical feasibility, validity, and reliability of embedding test items from the National Assessment of Educational Progress or other tests in state and district assessments in 4th-grade reading and 8th-grade mathematics for the purpose of developing a valid measure of student achievement within states and districts and in terms of national performance standards or scales. This report is the response to that congressional mandate.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309172659 Category : Education Languages : en Pages : 97
Book Description
Policy makers are caught between two powerful forces in relation to testing in America's schools. One is increased interest on the part of educators, reinforced by federal requirements, in developing tests that accurately reflect local educational standards and goals. The other is a strong push to gather information about the performance of students and schools relative to national and international standards and norms. The difficulty of achieving these two goals simultaneously is exacerbated by both the long-standing American tradition of local control of education and the growing public sentiment that students already take enough tests. Finding a solution to this dilemma has been the focus of numerous debates surrounding the Voluntary National Tests proposed by President Clinton in his 1997 State of the Union address. It was also the topic of a congressionally mandated 1998 National Research Council report (Uncommon Measures: Equivalence and Linkage Among Educational Tests), and was touched upon in a U.S. General Accounting Office report (Student Testing: Issues Related to Voluntary National Mathematics and Reading Tests). More recently, Congress asked the National Research Council to determine the technical feasibility, validity, and reliability of embedding test items from the National Assessment of Educational Progress or other tests in state and district assessments in 4th-grade reading and 8th-grade mathematics for the purpose of developing a valid measure of student achievement within states and districts and in terms of national performance standards or scales. This report is the response to that congressional mandate.
Author: Elecia White Publisher: "O'Reilly Media, Inc." ISBN: 1449320589 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 329
Book Description
Interested in developing embedded systems? Since they donâ??t tolerate inefficiency, these systems require a disciplined approach to programming. This easy-to-read guide helps you cultivate a host of good development practices, based on classic software design patterns and new patterns unique to embedded programming. Learn how to build system architecture for processors, not operating systems, and discover specific techniques for dealing with hardware difficulties and manufacturing requirements. Written by an expert whoâ??s created embedded systems ranging from urban surveillance and DNA scanners to childrenâ??s toys, this book is ideal for intermediate and experienced programmers, no matter what platform you use. Optimize your system to reduce cost and increase performance Develop an architecture that makes your software robust in resource-constrained environments Explore sensors, motors, and other I/O devices Do more with less: reduce RAM consumption, code space, processor cycles, and power consumption Learn how to update embedded code directly in the processor Discover how to implement complex mathematics on small processors Understand what interviewers look for when you apply for an embedded systems job "Making Embedded Systems is the book for a C programmer who wants to enter the fun (and lucrative) world of embedded systems. Itâ??s very well writtenâ??entertaining, evenâ??and filled with clear illustrations." â??Jack Ganssle, author and embedded system expert.
Author: Utpal Lahiri Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA ISBN: 9780199246526 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 324
Book Description
Linguists have realized for some time that predicates of the "know" and "wonder" classes behave differently in semantic terms with respect to their interrogative complements, but have not so far fully understood how or why. This book seeks to explore and to provide solutions to this and to related problems in explaining the meaning and grammar of embedded interrogatives and the predicates that take interrogative complements (indirect questions and how they are answered).
Author: Fevzi Okumus Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing ISBN: 1801175489 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 231
Book Description
Contemporary Research Methods in Hospitality and Tourism delivers a comprehensive collection of chapters including new insights for traditional paradigms, approaches, and methods, as well as more recent developments in research methodology in the context of tourism and hospitality.
Author: Hadas Kotek Publisher: MIT Press ISBN: 0262351072 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 227
Book Description
An investigation of the syntax and semantics of wh-questions through the lens of intervention effects, offering a new proposal on overt and covert wh-movement. In this book, Hadas Kotek investigates the syntax and semantics of wh-questions, offering a new solution to a central question in the study of interrogatives: given that overt wh-movement is cross-linguistically common, is syntactic movement a prerequisite for the interpretation of wh-phrases? Some linguists argue that all wh-phrases undergo movement to interrogative C, even if covertly; others propose mechanisms of in-situ interpretation that do not require any movement. Kotek moves beyond these positions to argue that wh-in-situ does move covertly, but not necessarily to C. Instead, she contends, wh-in-situ undergoes a short movement step akin to covert scrambling. This makes the LF behavior of English parallel to the overt behavior of German. Kotek presents a series of self-paced reading experiments, alongside judgment data from German, to substantiate the idea of covert scrambling. She introduces new diagnostics for the underlying structure of questions, using as a principal tool the distribution of intervention effects. This system allows her to offer the first unified account for a range of phenomena of interrogative syntax-semantics as pied-piping, superiority effects, the cross-linguistically varied syntax of questions, and intervention effects. Kotek develops a theory of interrogative syntax-semantics; studies the phenomena of intervention effects in wh-questions, proposing that the nature of intervention is crucially tied to the availability of wh-movement in a question; and shows that covert wh-movement should be modeled as a short scrambling operation rather than an unbounded, successive-cyclic, and potentially long-distance movement operation.
Author: Xiaodan Zhu Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030604578 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 612
Book Description
This two-volume set of LNAI 12340 and LNAI 12341 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th CCF Conference on Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing, NLPCC 2020, held in Zhengzhou, China, in October 2020. The 70 full papers, 30 poster papers and 14 workshop papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 320 submissions. They are organized in the following areas: Conversational Bot/QA; Fundamentals of NLP; Knowledge Base, Graphs and Semantic Web; Machine Learning for NLP; Machine Translation and Multilinguality; NLP Applications; Social Media and Network; Text Mining; and Trending Topics.
Author: John G. Ruggie Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1351940759 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 454
Book Description
John Ruggie introduced the concept of embedded liberalism in a 1982 article that has become one of the most frequently cited sources in the study of international political economy. The concept was intended to convey the manner by which capitalist countries learned to combine the efficiency of markets with the broader values of the community that socially sustainable markets themselves require in order to survive and thrive. Examining the concept and the institutionalized practice of embedded liberalism, this collection provides a survey of the macro patterns in industrialized countries. Leading scholars combine to demonstrate the benefits of embedded liberalism in practice as well as its gradual erosion at national levels, and to analyze public opinion. They provide a better understanding of what embedded liberalism means, why it matters and how to reconstitute it in the context of the global economy. The contributors contextualize the current challenge historically and theoretically so that students, scholars and policy makers alike are reminded of what is at stake and what is required.
Author: Qiang Yang Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3030161455 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 648
Book Description
The three-volume set LNAI 11439, 11440, and 11441 constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the 23rd Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, PAKDD 2019, held in Macau, China, in April 2019. The 137 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 542 submissions. The papers present new ideas, original research results, and practical development experiences from all KDD related areas, including data mining, data warehousing, machine learning, artificial intelligence, databases, statistics, knowledge engineering, visualization, decision-making systems, and the emerging applications. They are organized in the following topical sections: classification and supervised learning; text and opinion mining; spatio-temporal and stream data mining; factor and tensor analysis; healthcare, bioinformatics and related topics; clustering and anomaly detection; deep learning models and applications; sequential pattern mining; weakly supervised learning; recommender system; social network and graph mining; data pre-processing and featureselection; representation learning and embedding; mining unstructured and semi-structured data; behavioral data mining; visual data mining; and knowledge graph and interpretable data mining.
Author: C. D. Wensley Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521540124 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 382
Book Description
The British Combinatorial Conference is held every two years and is a key event for mathematicians worldwide working in combinatorics. In June 2003 the conference was held at the University of Wales, Bangor. The papers contained here are surveys contributed by the invited speakers and are of the high quality that befits the event. There is also a tribute to Bill Tutte who had a long-standing association with the BCC. The papers cover topics currently attracting significant research interest as well as some less traditional areas such as the combinatorics of protecting digital content. They will form an excellent resource for established researchers as well as graduate students who will find much here to inspire future work.
Author: National Research Council
Author: National Research Council
Author: Elecia White
Author: Utpal Lahiri
Author: Wenxing Hong
Author: Fevzi Okumus
Author: Hadas Kotek
Author: Xiaodan Zhu
Author: John G. Ruggie
Author: Qiang Yang
Author: C. D. Wensley