Author: Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Effects of Prepartum Dietary Energy and Lipid Supplementation on Hepatic Transcriptome Profiles in Dairy Cows During the Transition Period
Author: Prepartum Energy Intake and Its Relationship to Periparturient Inflammation and Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows
Author: Nicole A. JanovickPublisher:
ISBN: 9780549910398
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 820
Book Description
Experiments were conducted to evaluate prepartum plane of energy intake, metabolism, and inflammation during the periparturient period. In experiment 1 housekeeping genes were evaluated for use with qPCR experiments in liver tissue. Ribosomal protein, S9 (RPS9) was most stable over dietary treatments and physiological states. In experiment 2, a qPCR study was conducted using 6 cows per treatment group that had either restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake prepartum. Expression for mRNA of genes related to fatty acid oxidation was greater for controlled energy cows on d 14 postpartum and related to lower lipid accumulation postpartum. Expression of mRNA for inflammatory genes was elevated pre- and postpartum in overfed cows and was associated with total liver lipid postpartum. In experiment 3, serum from 73 cows with restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake in the far-off period and either ad libitum or restricted intake in the close-up period was evaluated. Liver function and inflammatory variables were related to liver lipid accumulation postpartum. A poorer liver function index was noted for cows overfed energy or restricted prepartum. Experiment 4 used primiparous (n = 24) and multiparous (n = 23) cows with restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake prepartum. Controlling or restricting intake resulted in less severe change in dry matter intake and energy balance prepartum and improved metabolic profiles and health postpartum compared with cows having excess energy intake prepartum regardless of parity group. In experiment 5, a bovine oligonucleotide microarray was used to study temporal effects of mRNA transcript expression in subcutaneous adipose in 7 cows overfed energy and 7 cows with controlled energy intake prepartum from experiment 4. Over 3,400 mRNA transcripts were differentially expressed due to diet by time effects. The largest dietary effects occurred on d -14 and largest day effects between d -14 and d 1. Overconsumption of energy was linked to inflammatory markers studied in these experiments. A relationship between postpartum liver lipid accumulation and inflammation was observed. Avoiding overconsumption of energy prepartum improved metabolic status and metabolism, which was therefore beneficial to animal health and productivity. Evidence for inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in adipose tissue related to prepartum energy intake requires further study.
Blood and Liver Biomarkers and Transcriptome Alterations During the Transition Period Reveal Beneficial Effects of Rumen-protected Methionine Supplementation on Health Status and Performance in Dairy Cows
Author: Prepartum CLA Or Postpartum Ammonium Lactate Supplementation Improves Blood Metabolite Profile and Lactation Performance in Transition Dairy Cows
Author: Rafael Caputo OliveiraPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 168
Book Description
Reduced feed intake during the transition period of dairy cows coupled with the high energy demand for milk production results in mobilization of fatty acids (FA) from adipose tissue. Excessive mobilization of FA can exceed the hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of FA, leading to metabolic disorders such as hyperketonemia (HYK) and fatty liver. The overall hypothesis of this dissertation was that metabolic disorders can be prevented by nutritional interventions that decrease supply of blood FA to the liver and/or increase the hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of FA. In the first experiment, we hypothesized that prepartum supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) could be a strategy to decrease serum FA around calving, decrease prevalence of HYK, and improve lactation performance. Cows supplemented with CLA had greater milk protein and fat yield, resulting in an increased milk energy output. Cows fed with CLA had lower serum FA and [Beta]-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) immediately after calving compared to control. Prevalence of HYK reduced from 23% to 3% in CLA supplemented cows. In the second and third experiments, our hypothesis was that fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW) supplementation would increase the supply of gluconeogenic precursors to the liver, resulting in an improved postpartum plasma metabolic profile, lactation performance, and decreased liver triglyceride content. Postpartum FACW supplementation increased plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, and decreased those of FA and BHB. Incidence of HYK tended to be reduced from 60% to 37% in FACW supplemented cows. Cows supplemented with FACW also had lowered liver triglyceride content compared to control. Supplementation of FACW improved feed efficiency as accessed by measures of milk output relative to feed intake. Supplementation with FACW increased hepatic pyruvate carboxylase (PC) expression, but did not alter hepatic cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), resulting in greater PC:PCK1 ratio. The latter suggests greater hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of FA in FACW-fed cows compared to control. Nutritional interventions presented in this dissertation improved metabolic health in postpartum dairy cows likely driven by decreased supply of FA to the liver and/or by increased hepatic capacity for complete oxidation of FA as suggested in the FACW study.
Root Development
Author: Daniela RistovaPublisher: Humana Press
ISBN: 9781493977468
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 324
Book Description
This detailed volume provides diverse elegant methods, complemented with existing protocols, which are optimized for the current needs in plant root biology as well as for use in plant species other than Arabidopsis thaliana. The collection covers methods ranging from genetic screens, phenotypic analysis, and cell biology methods to systems biology tools and genome-wide approaches. The collection contains a range of complexity from fundamental methods for quantification of different root developmental processes to complex methods that require sophisticated equipment. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Root Development: Methods and Protocols serves as a valuable tool for plant biologists specialized in root development, from beginners to experienced researchers in the field.
Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows
Author: Burim N. AmetajPublisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319430335
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 281
Book Description
This book summarizes the results achieved so far by application of various biological systems (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) involved in the pathomechanisms and early diagnosis of periparturient diseases as specific biomarkers of disease in cattle. These emerging technologies help to extensively enhance our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of periparturient diseases of transition dairy cows. The book includes a chapter dedicated to ‘omics’ sciences and one that discusses the myths established in animal and veterinary sciences in recent decades and emerging, new paradigms. The diseases discussed include metritis, mastitis, laminitis, ketosis, rumen acidosis, periparturient immunosuppression, gastrointestinal microbiota and their involvement in disease, infertility, fatty liver, milk fever, and retained placenta. This book is intended for academics, veterinarians, animal nutritionists, researchers, and graduate students working in the field of ‘omics sciences’ with a special interest in dairy cattle health.
Nutritional Modulation of the Somatotropic Axis During the Transition Period of Dairy Cattle
Author: Laurie Ann WinkelmanPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Animal nutrition
Languages : en
Pages : 238
Book Description
Abstract: The somatotropic axis is a critical endocrine system for partitioning nutrients toward lactation during the transition period. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) 1A is down regulated in the liver of the dairy cow after calving, causing an uncoupling of the somatotropic axis that leads to increased plasma growth hormone (GH) and reduced circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Other mechanisms responsible for uncoupling the somatotropic axis have not been examined in the liver of transition dairy cows. This includes the presence of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) that inhibit post-receptor signaling. The objective of this study was to influence components of the somatotropic axis and its signaling cascade to improve IGF-I and insulin status of transition dairy cows through a diet designed to improve postpartum energy balance (EB). Approximately 45 days before expected calving date, multiparous Holstein cows were dried off and fed either a restricted (R, 9.4 kg DM/d; n 9) or ad libitum (AL, n = 9) diet that was balanced for energy requirements. The R diet was designed for the cows to maintain a more stable DMI and EB before calving. After calving, all cows were fed the same lactation ration. Blood samples were collected weekly beginning at dry-off, with more intensive sampling near parturition, and sampling continued until day 28 after calving. Liver biopsies were collected on days -21, -7, 2, and 28 relative to calving. Prepartum dietary treatment had no effect on postpartum dry matter intake (DMI) or EB. Plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, and IGF-I were not affected by dietary treatment either before or after calving, but there was an interaction between treatment and time for postpartum EB and plasma IGF-I. The R cows had higher plasma IGF-I concentrations on days 4 and 7 of lactation, coinciding with higher EB on days 2, 4 and 6. Relative steady state concentrations of SOCS-2 mRNA increased on day 2 of lactation for all cows and the increase was greater for R than AL cows. Changes in SOCS-2 mRNA coincided with increased plasma concentrations of estradiol-17[beta] near parturition. Liver GHR 1A mRNA relative abundance tended to decrease by 70 percent between day -7 and +2 relative to calving. We conclude that SOCS-2 is expressed in dairy cow liver and SOCS-2 mRNA expression is upregulated after calving. Liver SOCS-2 and reduced GHR 1A may work together after parturition, causing uncoupling of the somatotropic axis. The relationship between EB, SOCS-2, and GH signaling warrants further investigation.
Peripartal Lipid Metabolism and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition in Holstein Cows Fed Supplemental Fat During the Dry Period
Author: Bioactive Components of Milk
Author: Zsuzsanna BoszePublisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387740872
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 492
Book Description
Dairy foods have huge potential concerning functional foods. Therefore, there is a tremendous amount of interest in value-added milk products and the identification of components in food which have health benefits. This book provides an overview of these derived components and their diverse activities including: the stimulation of beneficial microflora, alerting the immune system to the presence of potential pathogens and allergens, binding and eliminating toxins, etc.
Nutrition Regulation and Stress in Ruminant
Author: Xianwen DongPublisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832552439
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 209
Book Description
Stress is an abnormal response of the organism to external environmental stimuli. In the process of breeding production, animals will show various stress reactions due to changes in their physiological functions, environmental conditions, and management levels. Transportation, high temperature, cold, and other stressors could induce protective reactions in the animal body, showing obvious physiological metabolic disorders and non-specific immune dysfunction, disrupting the physiological processes of nutrient metabolism, digestion and absorption, and immune defense, and ultimately leading to a decrease in production performance and feed conversion rate.