Effects of Leucine Supplementation in Combination with Resistance Training and Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Pre-frail and Frail Older Women PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download Effects of Leucine Supplementation in Combination with Resistance Training and Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Pre-frail and Frail Older Women PDF full book. Access full book title Effects of Leucine Supplementation in Combination with Resistance Training and Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Pre-frail and Frail Older Women by Kathryn Jacob. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Kathryn Jacob Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"Background: Frailty is a clinical condition associated with loss of muscle mass and strength, whose loss is termed sarcopenia, of which age-related resistance to anabolic stimuli is considered a key factor. Age-related anabolic resistance can be mitigated by a higher protein intake than presently recommended for the general population and has lower insulin sensitivity (IS) as a contributing factor, while mitochondria are centrally implicated in frailty and sarcopenia. Resistance training (RT) is the strongest stimuli to counteract sarcopenia via increasing muscle protein synthesis in the presence of sufficient amino acids, and may also stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as improve IS in frail older women. Leucine is a unique amino acid that acutely increases muscle protein synthesis independent of insulin. Leucine has paradoxically been shown to have both potential therapeutic value while also being implicated in the pathological development of insulin resistance. Furthermore, leucine has recently been shown to increase mitochondrial biogenesis in myocytes. The effects of chronic leucine supplementation in conjunction with RT on these factors within the context of frailty are currently unknown. Objective: The purpose of this double-blinded placebo-controlled study is to determine the effects of leucine supplementation and RT on indices of anabolism, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondria function in pre-frail and frail older women consuming optimal protein intake. Methodology: Nineteen pre-frail and frail elderly women (77.5 ± 1.3 y), based on the Frailty Phenotype, underwent 3-months of RT 3x/week with protein-optimized diet (~1.2 g·kg BW−1d·−1) and were randomized to 7.5 g/d of leucine supplementation or an isonitrogenous quantity of placebo (alanine). Indices of 1) insulin sensitivity during a metabolic test meal; 2) mitochondrial content (VDAC protein), function (respiration and reactive oxygen species production), and sensitivity to apoptosis (calcium retention capacity and time to mitochondria permeability transition pore opening) in permeabilized muscle fibers; and 3) muscle protein synthesis determined using L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine infusion in the postabsorptive and postprandial states, muscle fiber profile by immunohistochemistry, body composition by Dual X-ray Absorptiometry, physical function tests and maximal isometric strength were measured pre- and post-intervention. Results: Our main findings were that compared to 12 weeks of RT in pre-frail and frail older women consuming an optimal protein intake, additional leucine supplementation had: 1) no detrimental nor beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity; 2) increased mitochondrial content without affecting mitochondria function, capacity, or sensitivity to apoptosis; and 3) no added benefit on improvements in muscle protein synthesis, muscle function, and Frailty Phenotype. Conclusion: Leucine supplementation does not appear to influence insulin sensitivity, and although leucine increased mitochondrial content, this occurred without associated improvements in mitochondria function in older women consuming an optimal protein intake and undertaking RT in the context of frailty. The RT and dietary protein intake as described in this study appear to effectively and meaningfully stimulate basal (postabsorptive) muscle protein synthesis translating into measurable gains in muscle protein accretion, strength, and function resulting in marked improvements in the Frailty Phenotype." --
Author: Kathryn Jacob Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"Background: Frailty is a clinical condition associated with loss of muscle mass and strength, whose loss is termed sarcopenia, of which age-related resistance to anabolic stimuli is considered a key factor. Age-related anabolic resistance can be mitigated by a higher protein intake than presently recommended for the general population and has lower insulin sensitivity (IS) as a contributing factor, while mitochondria are centrally implicated in frailty and sarcopenia. Resistance training (RT) is the strongest stimuli to counteract sarcopenia via increasing muscle protein synthesis in the presence of sufficient amino acids, and may also stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as improve IS in frail older women. Leucine is a unique amino acid that acutely increases muscle protein synthesis independent of insulin. Leucine has paradoxically been shown to have both potential therapeutic value while also being implicated in the pathological development of insulin resistance. Furthermore, leucine has recently been shown to increase mitochondrial biogenesis in myocytes. The effects of chronic leucine supplementation in conjunction with RT on these factors within the context of frailty are currently unknown. Objective: The purpose of this double-blinded placebo-controlled study is to determine the effects of leucine supplementation and RT on indices of anabolism, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondria function in pre-frail and frail older women consuming optimal protein intake. Methodology: Nineteen pre-frail and frail elderly women (77.5 ± 1.3 y), based on the Frailty Phenotype, underwent 3-months of RT 3x/week with protein-optimized diet (~1.2 g·kg BW−1d·−1) and were randomized to 7.5 g/d of leucine supplementation or an isonitrogenous quantity of placebo (alanine). Indices of 1) insulin sensitivity during a metabolic test meal; 2) mitochondrial content (VDAC protein), function (respiration and reactive oxygen species production), and sensitivity to apoptosis (calcium retention capacity and time to mitochondria permeability transition pore opening) in permeabilized muscle fibers; and 3) muscle protein synthesis determined using L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine infusion in the postabsorptive and postprandial states, muscle fiber profile by immunohistochemistry, body composition by Dual X-ray Absorptiometry, physical function tests and maximal isometric strength were measured pre- and post-intervention. Results: Our main findings were that compared to 12 weeks of RT in pre-frail and frail older women consuming an optimal protein intake, additional leucine supplementation had: 1) no detrimental nor beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity; 2) increased mitochondrial content without affecting mitochondria function, capacity, or sensitivity to apoptosis; and 3) no added benefit on improvements in muscle protein synthesis, muscle function, and Frailty Phenotype. Conclusion: Leucine supplementation does not appear to influence insulin sensitivity, and although leucine increased mitochondrial content, this occurred without associated improvements in mitochondria function in older women consuming an optimal protein intake and undertaking RT in the context of frailty. The RT and dietary protein intake as described in this study appear to effectively and meaningfully stimulate basal (postabsorptive) muscle protein synthesis translating into measurable gains in muscle protein accretion, strength, and function resulting in marked improvements in the Frailty Phenotype." --
Author: Michelle Hone Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The regulation of skeletal muscle mass and function by nutrition and exercise is of fundamental interest in both athletic performance and healthy aging paradigms. The amino acid leucine has received much interest in recent years due its potential anabolic properties in athletes, and has been described as a pharmaconutrient for the preservation of skeletal muscle health in older adults. While it is well accepted that elevating plasma leucinemia is a potent stimulator of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), less is understood about how supplementation and dietary strategies can be manipulated to create a plasma aminoacidemia most optimal for MPS. Furthermore, the role of leucine-rich interventions on recovery from exercise induced muscle damage in young athletes, and longer term changes in muscle mass and function when administered over time in older adults, is inconclusive to date, and warrants further investigation. Consequently, the aim of this thesis is to contribute to our current understanding of these areas. Chapter 4 describes the habitual protein intake, distribution and dietary patterns in young and older adults in Ireland. Chapters 5 and 6 describe the plasma leucine kinetics after ingestion of microencapsulated leucine and free leucine, alone and in combination with a low leucine-containing meal in young, healthy males. Chapter 7 demonstrates that leucine supplementation in the 14 hour recovery period after intense resistance exercise exhibits no beneficial effect on markers of muscle damage and recovery of muscle function. Chapter 8 describes a dietary intervention targeting three leucine-rich meals per day can increase protein intake and improve protein distribution in older adults. Finally, chapter 9 establishes that the same dietary intervention in combination with concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training is an effective strategy to augment increases in lean body mass and lower limb strength in older adults over 12 weeks compared to training alone.
Author: Lonnie Michael Lowery Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1439844577 Category : Health & Fitness Languages : en Pages : 258
Book Description
Dietary supplement companies and the food industry spend millions to reach resistance trainers-often with exaggerated marketing messages-while health practitioners continue to counsel athletes that their interest in protein is misguided and even dangerous. There appears to be a disconnect between scientists and almost everyone else in sports nutrit
Author: Jerzy A. Zoladz Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128145943 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 619
Book Description
Muscle and Exercise Physiology is a comprehensive reference covering muscle and exercise physiology, from basic science to advanced knowledge, including muscle power generating capabilities, muscle energetics, fatigue, aging and the cardio-respiratory system in exercise performance. Topics presented include the clinical importance of body responses to physical exercise, including its impact on oxygen species production, body immune system, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, cardiac energetics and its functional reserves, and the health-related effects of physical activity and inactivity. Novel topics like critical power, ROS and muscle, and heart muscle physiology are explored. This book is ideal for researchers and scientists interested in muscle and exercise physiology, as well as students in the biological sciences, including medicine, human movements and sport sciences. - Contains basic and state-of-the-art knowledge on the most important issues of muscle and exercise physiology, including muscle and body adaptation to physical training, the impact of aging and physical activity/inactivity - Provides both the basic and advanced knowledge required to understand mechanisms that limit physical capacity in both untrained people and top class athletes - Covers advanced content on muscle power generating capabilities, muscle energetics, fatigue and aging
Author: Bagher Larijani Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2832542328 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 110
Book Description
This Research Topic is the second volume of the Community Series, Reducing the Burden of Age-related Disease in relation to Osteoporosis, Sarcopenia and Osteosarcopenia. Please find the first Edition here. Osteoporosis is a common disease worldwide, resulting in nearly 9 million bone fractures globally per year. The number of people living with osteoporosis is set to dramatically increase in the coming decades, because of aging populations and lifestyle changes. Developing countries suffer more from osteoporosis due to limited availability of resources. Osteoporotic fractures are one of the most prevalent causes of disability and 1/3 women and 1/5 men >50 years will experience an osteoporotic fracture. Worldwide, 40% of osteoporotic fractures occur in people of working age. In women over 45 years of age, osteoporosis accounts for more days of hospitalization than diabetes, heart attacks or breast cancer. Fractures are also directly responsible for a 30% increase in mortality in the first year after the incidence. While the underlying cause of fragility fracture is osteoporosis, and a previous fracture increases the risk of the following fracture by nearly twofold in men and women, only 9%–50% of patients with fragility fractures have formal bone health assessment and treatments. According to a systematic review, bone density scans were ordered only for 1 to 32% of adults who experience a fragility fracture. Furthermore, post-hip fracture mortality rates vary between 25-30% in western countries, and 2-3 folds higher in populations from the Middle East and Africa region. Sarcopenia is a syndrome defined by loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that gradually progresses by age and it is severely correlated with poor quality of life, dependency, and mortality. Documents showed that loss of muscle mass is associated with a higher duration of hospitalization and costs. The direct health care cost attributed to sarcopenia in U.S.A was estimated at $18.5 billion for the year 2000 (~ 1.5% of the total healthcare expenditure). The progressive loss in bone mineral density, muscle mass and strength are significant features of the aging process and the economic burden seems to significantly increase by the worldwide population aging. Osteosarcopenia, defined by the presence of sarcopenia and bone loss, can lead to higher clinical outcomes such as falls and fractures, while the information regarding this progressively increased geriatric syndrome is scarce. Despite the preventable nature of osteoporosis, sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia, and related complications, loss of accurate information on the distribution of related risk factors leftovers a major concern for policymakers in some countries and expanding appropriate interventions should be prioritized. To do this, a precise depiction of the situation, determination of the related risk factors in detail, providing acceptable strategies for prevention and treatment are required. The number of people living with dependency is set to dramatically increase in the coming decades due to aging populations and lifestyle changes. Musculoskeletal disorders are amongst the most impactful ailments that result in the inability to live independently. The forthcoming growth in the number of people living with dependency will place significantly greater demands on our systems of care. Despite much research for slowing the decline and prevention of related complications, lack of accurate information on the risk factors pose a major roadblock for policymakers in some countries as implementation of appropriate interventions needs to be prioritized. For these reasons, precise diagnosis of these disabilities, their underlying risk factors and proven strategies for prevention and treatment need definition.
Author: Gustavo Duque Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0128204206 Category : Reference Languages : en Pages : 350
Book Description
Falls, fractures, frailty, osteoporosis and sarcopenia are highly prevalent in older persons. While the concept of osteosarcopenia is new, it is a rapidly evolving and cross-disciplinary problem. Prevention and treatment are challenging and a combined therapeutic approach is needed. Osteosarcopenia provides evidence-based information on how to prevent and treat these conditions at multiple settings, including multiple illustrations, care pathways and tips to easily understand the pathophysiology, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approach to these conditions. This work evaluates the potential for a link between osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity. - Presents diagnostic and therapeutic tips that facilitate the design and implementation of new care pathways, impacting the wellbeing of our older population - Provides cross-disciplinary understanding by experts from the bone/osteoporosis field and the muscle/sarcopenia field - Covers muscle and bone biology, mesenchymal stem cells, age-related changes and cross-talk between muscle, fat and bone, falls and fracture risk, glucose metabolism, diagnosis, imaging, and genetics of osteosarcopenia
Author: Stéphane Walrand Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128104104 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 590
Book Description
Nutrition and Skeletal Muscle provides coverage of the evidence of dietary components that have proven beneficial for bettering adverse changes in skeletal muscle from disuse and aging. Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body, providing elements of contraction and locomotion and acting as an important contributor to whole body protein and amino metabolism, glucose disposal and lipid metabolism. However, muscle loss, atrophy or weakness can occur when there are metabolic imbalances, disuse or aging. This book addresses the topic by providing insight and research from international leaders, making it the go-to reference for those in skeletal muscle physiology. - Provides an understanding of the crucial role of skeletal muscle in global metabolic homeostasis regulation - Delivers the information needed to understand the utilization of crucial supplements for the preservation of skeletal muscle - Presents insights on research from international leaders in the field
Author: Danielle R. Bouchard Publisher: Human Kinetics ISBN: 1492592161 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 354
Book Description
Go beyond aging theories and examine the physiological and physical impacts of aging. Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults takes a close look at the physical implications of the aging process and how health, physical activity, and exercise interact in aging adults. With an international team of contributors composed of leading experts from across the field of gerontology, Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults delivers comprehensive, interdisciplinary coverage of the physical aging process and its effects on movement and exercise. Research on the physiological and physical implications of aging is presented, focusing on study outcomes and their practical application in optimizing healthy aging. Presented in an integrated and cohesive manner, this text is organized into four parts. Part I covers the theoretical foundations of biological aging, the implications of aging theories on medical research, and the social and economic impacts of demographic shifts due to population aging and global population size. Part II addresses age-related changes to the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and endocrine systems. Part III covers the physical effects of aging on other dimensions of life, including balance, motor control, and physical functions. Part IV focuses on exercise and older adults, taking an in-depth look at exercise measurements and the main barriers to regular exercise. One full chapter is devoted to recommendations for optimizing health for the general public, while another chapter is focused on performance by elite older athletes who exercise beyond functional fitness. Chapter objectives, end-of-chapter summaries, and review questions highlight key concepts and promote learning retention. Behavior Check sidebars look at the impacts of aging on behavior, how behavior affects physical health and activity, and how changes in behavior can improve everyday living. Functional Fitness Checkup sidebars focus on the performance of daily movements that are vital for older adults who want to maintain their physical independence. Putting It Into Practice elements provide examples of real-life application of the concepts presented, facilitating a practical understanding of how to use the content to benefit clients. A definitive resource for students and health care professionals who study physical aging, conduct clinical research, or work with older adults as clients and patients, Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults helps readers understand the aging process and its effects on movement, exercise, and other dimensions of life.
Author: Kathryn Jacob
Author: Kathryn Jacob
Author: Michelle Hone
Author: Matteo Cesari
Author: Lonnie Michael Lowery
Author: Jerzy A. Zoladz
Author: Wayne Winfield Campbell
Author: Bagher Larijani
Author: Gustavo Duque
Author: Stéphane Walrand
Author: Danielle R. Bouchard