Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Tropospheric Ozone and Plant Community Composition on Litter Production, Chemistry and Decomposition Dynamics in a Northern Hardwood Ecosystem PDF Download
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Author: Publisher: Newnes ISBN: 0080983421 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 647
Book Description
There are significant pressures from climate change and air pollution that forests currently face. This book aims to increase understanding of the state and potential of forest ecosystems to mitigate and adapt to climate change in a polluted environment. It reconciles process-oriented research, long-term monitoring and applied modeling through comprehensive forest ecosystem research. Furthermore, it introduces "forest super sites for research for integrating soil, plant and atmospheric sciences and monitoring. It also provides mechanistic and policy-oriented modeling with scientifically sound risk indications regarding atmospheric changes and ecosystem services. - Identifies current knowledge gaps and emerging research needs - Highlights novel methodologies and integrated research concepts - Assesses ecological meaning of investigations and prioritizing research need
Author: Kurt S. Pregitzer Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters ISBN: 0128055626 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 27
Book Description
The Aspen free-air carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment (FACE) experiment tested how three developing forest communities responded to elevated concentrations of CO2 and/or tropospheric ozone (O3). Throughout the 11-year experiment, elevated CO2 increased aboveground productivity, whereas the initial negative effects of elevated O3 on aboveground productivity became insignificant over time. During the first 2 years, fine root biomass and soil respiration responded positively to elevated CO2 and negatively to elevated O3. However, after 5 years, O3 effects on fine root biomass were weakly negative or positive and effects on soil respiration were positive. Despite altering litter inputs, neither elevated O3 nor elevated CO2 affected overall soil C storage at the end of the experiment, consistent with observations that elevated CO2 increased and elevated O3 tended to decrease the activity of litter-degrading extracellular enzymes. Overall, our understanding of belowground processes is still insufficient to predict how ecosystems will respond to global change.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Elevated CO2 and O3 have the potential to alter the productivity, biochemistry and species composition of leaf litter, which will affect litter decomposition, thereby controlling nutrient release rates and soil carbon formation. To assess those effects, leaf litter was collected from aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) and birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh) communities in 2003 at Aspen Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment experiment in Rhinelander, WI. A 935 day in situ litter decomposition study was conducted. The results suggested that small changes in litter chemistry under elevated CO2 and O3 will occur, and combined with changes in litter biomass production could significantly alter the inputs of soluble sugars, condensed tannins, soluble phenolics, cellulose and lignin to forest soils. Elevated CO2 significantly increased the fluxes to soil of all nutrients (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, and Zn) and elevated O3 had the opposite effect. Atmospheric changes had little effect on nutrient release rates, except for decreasing Ca and B release under elevated CO2 and decreasing N and Ca release under elevated O3. Elevated CO2 significantly reduced litter mass loss ( -10 %) in the first year, but increased litter mass loss (+46 %) in the second year. Elevated O3 reduced litter mass loss ( -13 %) in the first year, and had no effect on mass loss in the second year. The mean residence time of birch/aspen litter (3.1 years) was significant lower than that of pure aspen (4.8 years). To examine how changes in litter biochemistry and production under elevated CO2 influence microbial activity and soil C formation, a 230-day microcosm incubation was conducted with five mass addition levels. The results indicate that small decreases in litter [N] under elevated CO2 had minor impacts on microbial C, microbial N and dissolved organic C. Increasing mass addition resulted in higher total C and new C accumulating in whole soil and mineral soil fractions, associated with higher cumulative C lo.
Author: Jess Reed Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119545919 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 320
Book Description
RECENT ADVANCES IN POLYPHENOL RESEARCH Plant polyphenols are secondary metabolites that constitute one of the most common and widespread groups of natural products. They are essential plant components for adaptation to the environment and possess a large and diverse range of biological functions that provide many benefits to both plants and humans. Polyphenols, from their structurally simplest forms to their oligo/polymeric versions (i.e. tannin and lignin), are phytoestrogens, plant pigments, antioxidants, and structural components of the plant cell wall. The interaction between tannins and proteins is involved in plant defense against predation, cause astringency in foods and beverages, and affect the nutritional and health properties of human and animal food plants. This seventh volume of the highly regarded Recent Advances in Polyphenol Research series is edited by Jess Dreher Reed, Victor Armando Pereira de Freitas, and Stéphane Quideau, and brings together chapters written by some of the leading experts working in the polyphenol sciences today. Topics covered include: Chemistry and physicochemistry Biosynthesis, genetics and metabolic engineering Roles in plants and ecosystems Food, nutrition and health Applied polyphenols Distilling the most recent and illuminating data available, this new volume is an invaluable resource for chemists, biochemists, plant scientists, pharmacognosists and pharmacologists, biologists, ecologists, food scientists and nutritionists.
Author: Fayez Raiesi Gahrooee Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Elevated atmospheric CO2 has the potential to change the composition and dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM) and consequently C and N cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Because of the long-lived nature of SOM, long-lasting experiments are required for studying the effect of elevated CO2 on soil organic matter dynamics. Therefore, the study of ecosystems that have been exposed to long-term enhanced CO2 concentrations is highly desirable for better understanding feedback mechanisms between litter production, litter quality, soil organic matter decomposability and the atmospheric CO2 level. This work deals with the effect of enhanced atmospheric CO2 on chemical composition and C and N mineralization in a leaf litter-soil organic matter continuum around a mineral CO2 spring in a Mediterranean woodland ecosystem. Leaf litter from Quercus cerris L., Quercus pubescens Willd. and Smilax aspera L., and soil samples from the forest floor (F and HA layers) and 0-10 cm mineral soil were taken at elevated and ambient CO2 concentrations, and analyzed for chemical composition (C, N, lignin, cellulose, polyphenols). C and N mineralization in plant litter and soil samples were determined using litterbag and laboratory incubation methods. Elevated CO2 affected neither chemical composition nor elemental ratios of leaf litter. The C mineralization rate during litter decomposition was not affected by elevated CO2, in accordance with the absence of a CO2 effect on litter quality. Leaf litter produced at high CO2 had a higher N mineralization during the initial stage of decomposition period. This difference, however, disappeared at the end of the incubation. Q. pubescens had a higher litter quality than Q. cerris, and subsequently in vitro faster C and N mineralization rates, but litter decomposition under field conditions did not differ significantly between the two species. Total C contents in the forest floor were higher at elevated CO2, but not so in the 0-10 cm mineral soil. For the three layers, total N contents and C/N ratios were not affected by elevated CO2. Total C and N pool sizes in the forest floor were doubled by elevated CO2, but such effects were not seen in the 0-10 cm mineral soil. The C mineralization rates of the three soil layers of the areas exposed to elevated CO2 did not differ from those of the areas under ambient conditions. Although N immobilization in the F and HA layers from the elevated CO2 plots was lower, that of the 0-10 cm A horizon was not affected by high CO2. The increase in the organic carbon pool of the forest floor in the absence of an effect of elevated CO2 on litter quality and decomposability can be explained by increased biomass production under elevated CO2. Under elevated CO2 soil N pools also increased, but the rate of N immobilization in forest floor was lower than that under ambient CO2. This study of long-term CO2 effects casts some doubt on the common view that elevated CO2 changes litter quality of plants, and thereby slows down decomposability of litter and N release. Because species composition has a strong influence on C and N cycles than elevated CO2, effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 on species composition may be more important to feedbacks between CO2 concentration and soil organic matter than the CO2 effect on litter quality of a given species.
Author: Rihard L. Lindroth Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The overall purpose of this research was to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of elevated levels of CO{sub 2} and O{sub 3} on tree leaf litter quality and decomposition. This research was conducted at the Aspen FACE (Free Air CO{sub 2} Enrichment) facility near Rhinelander, Wisconsin. This research comprised one facet of a larger project assessing how CO{sub 2} and O{sub 3} pollutants will alter carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling in north temperate forest ecosystems.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Decomposition of leaf litter collected from an old-fi eld community grown under a combination of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (+300ppm) and elevated surface temperature (+ 3.2°C) was examined in ambient conditions over 8 months in two separate experiments. In the fi rst experiment, we examined the main effects and interactions of CO2 and warming on litter quality and subsequent mass loss rates. Multi-species litter bags were constructed with litter collected from chambers with ambient CO2 and ambient temperatures (ACAT), elevated CO2 and elevated temperature (ECET), ambient CO2 and elevated temperature (ACET), and elevated CO2 and ambient temperature (ECAT). Litter collected from 6 species in each chamber was represented in decomposition bags in equal proportions. There were no differences in initial litter percent carbon (C) or nitrogen (N) among treatments. After 8 months, litter collected from ACET chambers lost over 20% more mass than litter collected from ECET or ACAT chambers, although biological differences were small. In the second experiment, we examined the indirect effect climate change may have on plant community composition, litter inputs, and subsequent mass loss rates. Litter bags were made from the same chambers mentioned above, but the amount of litter in the bag from each species was proportional to peak standing biomass of that species within the treatment. Initial litter in ECAT bags had up to 4% less C and 29% less N than ECET and ACET bags. Mass loss from ACET bags was 48% higher than mass loss from ECAT bags and 37% higher than mass loss from ACAT bags after 8 months of decomposition. These differences may have been driven by the higher proportion of litter from Lespedeza, a N-fi xer, in the natural ACET bags. Taken together, these data suggest that climate change will have a larger effect on decomposition by causing shifts in plant communities than it will by altering litter quality.
Author: Luo Yiqi Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080500714 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 434
Book Description
This book focuses on the interactive effects of environmental stresses with plant and ecosystem functions, especially with respect to changes in the abundance of carbon dioxide. The interaction of stresses with elevated carbon dioxide are presented from the cellular through whole plant ecosystem level. The book carefully considers not only the responses of the above-ground portion of the plant, but also emphasizes the critical role of below-ground (rhizosphere) components (e.g., roots, microbes, soil) in determining the nature and magnitude of these interactions.* Will rising CO2 alter the importance of environmental stress in natural and agricultural ecosystems?* Will environmental stress on plants reduce their capacity to remove CO2 from the atmosphere?* Are some stresses more important than others as we concern ourselves with global change?* Can we develop predictive models useful for scientists and policy-makers?* Where should future research efforts be focused?
Author: Lingli Liu
Author: Lingli Liu
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Author: Kurt S. Pregitzer
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Author: Jess Reed
Author: Fayez Raiesi Gahrooee
Author: Rihard L. Lindroth
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Author: P. S. Curtis
Author: Luo Yiqi