Effects of Climate Change on Wave Climate and Consequent Coastal Impacts : Application to the Catalan Coast (NW Mediterranean Sea) PDF Download
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Author: Mercè Casas Prat Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 229
Book Description
Climate change is a hot research topic due to the consequent impacts on our environment in the near future. The last report of the International Panel on Climate Change¿the leading international body for assessment of climate change¿highlights a lack of information on the potential changes in wave climate and, consequently, on their coastal impacts. The problem is largely complicated because wave forcing is affected by a number of uncertainty factors, being the choice of the climate model one of the most relevant. The main purpose of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of the future wave climate in the area of interest: the Catalan coast, which is located in the NW part of the Mediterranean Sea, a basin particularly exposed to climate change. Based on previous studies, three methodological approaches are explored to address this issue: trend analysis, dynamical modelling and statistical modelling. The thesis work results in the generation and analysis, for the first time in this area, of a high temporal and spatial resolution database of future wave projections. The use in this thesis of atmospheric projections obtained by five combinations of regional-global climate models enables the study of the inter-model variability in terms of wave parameters. The results illustrate, for the winter season, the large variability associated to the parent global circulation model (particularly for the wave direction, a wave variable that seems to be especially affected by climate change in this area). In most of the domain, wave height and wave period tend to generally decrease for both mean and stormy conditions but extremes are associated to a large uncertainty. As expected, these changes are closely related to those of the (wave forcing) surface wind speed but fetch also plays an important role. For favourable fetch conditions (waves coming from east) wave climate changes are more accentuated and to the percentage of mixed sea states tends to increase. The second important contribution of this thesis is related with the methodology. New approaches of trend analysis that take into consideration the nature of the data are presented. Also, especial emphasis is given to the uncertainty analysis in order to detect statistically significant changes. In this regard, bootstrapping is shown to be a simple but effective method if adequately modified. Nevertheless, the most significant methodological contribution is perhaps the development of a new (computationally inexpensive) statistical method to model wave heights, that greatly improves the model performance at nearshore areas. The frequency and directional dispersion theory of wave propagation is used to explicitly model swell waves, making use of the principal component analysis to simplify the forcing into a set of representative atmospheric patterns. Finally, from an engineering perspective, this thesis reviews and quantifies the main physical impacts that changes in ocean wave patterns can have on coastal areas. It is found that mild variations of forcing wave conditions can greatly affect coastal processes, due to their non-linear relation. For example, longshore sediment transport can vary at a rate higher than 100% caused by a rotation of the mean wave direction of only 10o. Getting into more detail, a couple of case studies on the Catalan coast analyse the affectation on harbour agitation and longshore sediment transport on beaches.
Author: Mercè Casas Prat Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 229
Book Description
Climate change is a hot research topic due to the consequent impacts on our environment in the near future. The last report of the International Panel on Climate Change¿the leading international body for assessment of climate change¿highlights a lack of information on the potential changes in wave climate and, consequently, on their coastal impacts. The problem is largely complicated because wave forcing is affected by a number of uncertainty factors, being the choice of the climate model one of the most relevant. The main purpose of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of the future wave climate in the area of interest: the Catalan coast, which is located in the NW part of the Mediterranean Sea, a basin particularly exposed to climate change. Based on previous studies, three methodological approaches are explored to address this issue: trend analysis, dynamical modelling and statistical modelling. The thesis work results in the generation and analysis, for the first time in this area, of a high temporal and spatial resolution database of future wave projections. The use in this thesis of atmospheric projections obtained by five combinations of regional-global climate models enables the study of the inter-model variability in terms of wave parameters. The results illustrate, for the winter season, the large variability associated to the parent global circulation model (particularly for the wave direction, a wave variable that seems to be especially affected by climate change in this area). In most of the domain, wave height and wave period tend to generally decrease for both mean and stormy conditions but extremes are associated to a large uncertainty. As expected, these changes are closely related to those of the (wave forcing) surface wind speed but fetch also plays an important role. For favourable fetch conditions (waves coming from east) wave climate changes are more accentuated and to the percentage of mixed sea states tends to increase. The second important contribution of this thesis is related with the methodology. New approaches of trend analysis that take into consideration the nature of the data are presented. Also, especial emphasis is given to the uncertainty analysis in order to detect statistically significant changes. In this regard, bootstrapping is shown to be a simple but effective method if adequately modified. Nevertheless, the most significant methodological contribution is perhaps the development of a new (computationally inexpensive) statistical method to model wave heights, that greatly improves the model performance at nearshore areas. The frequency and directional dispersion theory of wave propagation is used to explicitly model swell waves, making use of the principal component analysis to simplify the forcing into a set of representative atmospheric patterns. Finally, from an engineering perspective, this thesis reviews and quantifies the main physical impacts that changes in ocean wave patterns can have on coastal areas. It is found that mild variations of forcing wave conditions can greatly affect coastal processes, due to their non-linear relation. For example, longshore sediment transport can vary at a rate higher than 100% caused by a rotation of the mean wave direction of only 10o. Getting into more detail, a couple of case studies on the Catalan coast analyse the affectation on harbour agitation and longshore sediment transport on beaches.
Author: Rafael J. Bergillos Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030313182 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 87
Book Description
This book presents the innovative concept of the dual function of wave farms as both renewable energy generators and coastal protection elements against erosion and flooding. Developing renewable energy is one of the most pressing targets for society in the coming decades due to the finite nature of fossil fuels, their high costs, and the environmental impacts of their exploration and use, including climate change and the subsequent sea-level rise. Wave energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, thanks to its huge potential and low impact on the environment. As such, this book discusses the development and application of artificial intelligence to optimise wave farm location and layout, assesses the influence of the wave energy converter geometry on coastal protection against erosion and flooding, and analyses how the performance of wave farms as coastal defence elements is affected by climate change and sea level rise. The concepts, methods and conclusions presented are helpful to students, researchers, academics, engineers, designers, stakeholders and managers around the globe interested in wave energy, coastal engineering, and coastal management.
Author: Doeke Eisma Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 100015775X Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 276
Book Description
Temperature and precipitation increase and decrease because of natural causes. However, anthropogenic changes, such as an enhanced greenhouse effect, may result in alterations in the regional climate and in relative sea level. Serious changes in climate and sea level-with adverse effects particularly along low-lying coasts-would affect millions of people. Climate Change takes an in-depth, worldwide look at coastal habitation with respect to these natural and anthropogenic changes. No universally applicable coastal model can be used to describe climatic changes. This unique book provides individual discussions of beaches and barrier islands, cliffs, deltas, tidal flats and wetlands, reefs, and atolls. The impact of climatic change on coastal ecology and agriculture is investigated, and human responses to the effects of climatic change along the world's coasts are included.
Author: Jan McDonald Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN: 1788112237 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 544
Book Description
This topical Research Handbook examines the legal intersections of climate change, oceans and coasts across multiple scales and sectors, covering different geographies and regions. With expert contributions from Europe, Australasia, the Pacific, North America and Asia, it includes insightful chapters on issues ranging across the impacts of climate change on marine and coastal environments. It assesses institutional responses to climate change in ocean and marine governance regimes, adaptation to climate impacts on ocean and coastal systems and communities, and climate change mitigation in marine and coastal environments. Through a plurality of voices, disciplinary and geographical perspectives, this Research Handbook explores cross-cutting themes of institutional complexity, fragmentation, scale and design trade-offs.
Author: Elena Pallarès López Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 194
Book Description
It is widely known that wind and wave predictions in the nearshore are less precise for semi enclosed domains than in the open ocean. The Catalan coast is a clear example of this situation, with a wave climate controlled by short fetches, complex bathymetry, high wind field variability in time and space, and sea and swell waves combined that generate bimodal spectra. These characteristics, typical for a semi-enclosed basin, limit the reliability of wave predictions in the area, with errors on the significant wave height around 10% and a clear under-prediction of the wave period with errors around 30%. The motivation of this work is to improve the actual wave forecasting abilities for the Catalan Coast using the SWAN v.4091 wave model. In order to achieve this goal, three working lines are considered: (1)adapting the model to the Catalan coast conditions, tuning the wave growth rates included in the model to better reproduce the observed values, (2) evaluate the effect of the currents and wind into the wave field by using a coupled system and (3) consider the use of unstructured grids as an alternative to the traditionally nested systems in order to obtain high resolution wave forecasts in coastal areas reducing the computational time and avoiding the use of internal boundary conditions with their associated errors. The results obtained support previous studies where the limited ability of the models to reproduce wave growth rates in young seas have been detected. The whitecapping term correction proposed in this document helps reducing under-prediction of the wave period observed with almost no effect on the significant wave height. This correction can be applied to similar environments. However, the proposed formulation is only suitable for the early stages of generation and should be discontinued after waves reach a certain maturity. Two coupling strategies are considered, a one-way coupling where current fields are directly introduced into the wave model, and a two-way coupling where the waves, currents and winds models run in parallel. The effects of the coupling are evaluated during calm periods but also during energetic events. The results show that during calm conditions the coupling does hardly improve the results while during energetic events, such as superficial currents intensifications or wind jet events, the coupling has greater importance. However, the two-way coupling has extremely high computational requirements, not always available. In this sense, the use of unstructured grids as an alternative to the traditional nested systems is presented. The main benefit of unstructured grids is that allows working with a single grid with different resolutions in each sub-domain, improving the resolution in coastal areas. Other advantage is the capacity to better reproduce the sharp coastline and the areas around the islands. The design of unstructured grids has been shown as one of the most delicate parts of this methodology, requiring special attention for the grid generation criteria. The validation of the results, performed with buoy measurements in the nearshore but also for the entire domain with altimetry measurements, allows stating that unstructured grids perform correctly in the study area. Finally, the proposed work suitability for an operational forecasting system has been considered. The whitecapping term modification is proven to be decisive in the quality of the wave forecast, while the coupling is not always recommended depending on computational capabilities. The use of unstructured grids with a regional triangular mesh covering the entire Western Mediterranean sea is considered as the first option, providing accurate high resolution wave conditions near the coast with a clear reduction of the computational time in comparison with a traditional nested system.
Author: Randall Abate Publisher: ISBN: 0199368740 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 748
Book Description
Ocean and coastal law has grown rapidly in the past three decades as a specialty area within natural resources law and environmental law. The protection of oceans has received increased attention in the past decade because of sea-level rise, ocean acidification, the global overfishing crisis, widespread depletion of marine biodiversity such as marine mammals and coral reefs, and marine pollution. Paralleling the growth of ocean and coastal law, climate change regulation has emerged as a focus of international environmental diplomacy, and has gained increased attention in the wake of disturbing and abrupt climate change related impacts throughout the world that have profound implications for ocean and coastal regulation and marine resources. Climate Change Impacts on Ocean and Coastal Law effectively unites these two worlds. It raises important questions about whether and how ocean and coastal law will respond to the regulatory challenges that climate change presents to resources in the oceans and coasts of the U.S. and the world. This comprehensive work assembles the insights of global experts from academia and major NGOs (e.g., Center for International Environmental Law, Ocean Conservancy, and Environmental Law Institute) to address regulatory challenges from the perspectives of U.S. law, foreign domestic law, and international law.
Author: Mercè Casas Prat
Author: Mercè Casas Prat
Author: Davide Bonaldo
Author: Rafael J. Bergillos
Author: Institut d'Estudis Catalans
Author: Doeke Eisma
Author: Jan McDonald
Author: Elena Pallarès López
Author: Roshanka Ranasinghe
Author: 
Author: Randall Abate